fungsi sekering, grounding, resistor, kapasitor, trafo.
diagram ladder star delta, gambar plc, perbedaan motor dan generator, digital multiplexer, demultiplexer, rangkaian dasar digital, macam" dioda. bilangan hexa, biner, desimal. LAN, MAN, WAN. rangkain adaptor ( dioda bridge ) rangkaian lampu tl.