EMBRYOLOGI SISTEM

MUSKULOSKLETAL
dr. May Valzon
Sistem Skeletal
Berkembang dari mesodermparaxial, mesoderm
lateral plate (somatic layer), neural crest
(ektoderm)
Mesoderm paraxial somitomers (somite)
Somite sclerotome dan dermomyotome
Minggu IV sclerotome menjadi mesencyme
fibroblasts, chondroblasts, or osteoblasts (bone-
forming cells)
bone-forming capacity sclerotome dan
mesoderm lateral plate (somatic layer)
Sclerotome sel-sel
dinding anteromedial somite
membentuk vertebra dan
costa
Dermomyotome sel-sel
dinding posterolateral
membentuk ekstrimitas dan
otot dinding tubuh
Neural crest mesencyme cranium dan
ossa faciei
Occipital somites and somitomeres basis
cranii dan os occipitale
Ada 2 macam proses penulangan (ossifikasi)
Intramemebranosa mesencyme langsung
menjadi tulang
Endochondral mesencyme terlebih dahulu
menjadi kartilago hyalin
Perkembangan Tengkorak
Neurocranium(asal mesederm, kec. Os frontale)
Membranous neurocranium ossifikasi intramembranosa
calvaria
Cartilaginous neurocranium ossifikasi endochondral
basis
Viscerocranium(asal ectoderm)
Is formed mainly from the first two pharyngeal arches
Membranous viscerocranium dari Arcus pharyngealis I:
Pars dorsalis(processus maxillaris)maxilla, the zygomatic bone,
and part of the temporal bone
Pars ventralis (process mandibularis) berisi kartilago Meckel
mengalami ossifikasi intramembranosa menjadi mandibulae
Cartilaginous neurocranium dari AP I dan II ossicula
auditiva dan os hyoid
Ossifikasi intramembranosa
diawali dengan pembentukan
spikula
Asal embriyologi tulang tengkorak: biru
(neural crest), merah (somit dan
somitomeres)
Figure 9.4 Skull of a newborn, seen from above (A) and the right side (B). Note the
anterior and posterior fontanelles and sutures. The posterior fontanelle closes about 3
months after birth; the anterior fontanelle closes about the middle of the second year.
Many of the sutures disappear during adult life.
Korelasi klinis
Craniofacial Defects
and Skeletal
Dysplasias
Anencephaly
Cranioschisis
Dwarfism:
Achondroplasia (ACH)
Thanatophoric
dysplasia
Hypochondroplasia
Craniosynostosis: scaphocephaly (A),
acrocephaly, dan brachycephaly (B)
Achondroplasia (ACH)
Perkembangan Skeleton Axiale
Vertebrae dan costa berkembang dari
Sclerotome
Sternum berkembang dari mesoderm dinding
anterior tubuh
Korelasi klinis: Vertebral Defects:
Scoliosis
Klippel-Feil sequence
spina bifida
Perkembangan Skeleton Appedicular
Pertengahan Minggu IV upper limb buds dan lower
limb buds
Mesencyme dari mesoderm dibungkus ektoderm
Minggu VI hand plates dan foot plates
Minggu VII segmentasi brachium antebrachium
manus ; femur cruris pedis
Minggu VIII segmentasi membentuk regio bahu, cubiti,
carpal
Ossifikasi endochondral dimulai pada akhir minggu VIII
Minggu XII muncul pusat ossifikasi primer
Pusat ossifikasi sekunder baru muncul setelah lahir
Limb Growth and Development
Korelasi klinis
Bone Age USG usia kehamilan
Limb Defects 6 per 10 rb kelahiran
Meromelia Phocomelia
Amelia
micromelia
Penggunaan Thalidomide (1957 s.d 1962) Limb Defects
Periode sensitif Mg IV dan V
Kelaian jari: brachydactyly, syndactyly, polydactyly,
ectrodactyly
Cleft hand and foot (lobster claw deformity), Clubfoot
Amniotic bands
Congenital hip dislocation
deficiency of the radius
A. Amelia unilateral, B. Meromelia called
phocomelia
A: Brachydactyly, B: Syndactyly, C: Polydactyly, D: Cleft
foot, lobster claw deformity
OSSIFIKASI ENDOCHONDRAL PADA TULANG PANJANG
Ossifikasi Endochondral
Pusat ossifikasi primer diaphysis
Pusat ossifikasi sekunder epiphysial plate
Sistem Muscular
Otot skelet Paraxial mesoderm
Otot polos dan jantung splanchnic
mesoderm
Otot skelet dari dermomyuotome:
ventrolateral edge or lip (VLL) (hypomeric,
hypaxial) musculature
dorsomedial edge or lip (DML) epimeric,
epaxial musculature
Korelasi klinis
Poland anomaly
Prune belly syndrome
MIOLOGI UMUM
Ada 3 type Otot:
Otot Skelet
Otot Jantung
Otot Halus
Fungsi:
1.Alat gerak aktif
2.Penyokong statis
3.Memberi bentuk tubuh
4.Penyedia panas
Komponen Otot skelet
Caput (bellies) a fleshy contractile portion
Tendon dan aponeurosis a white non-
contractile portion composed mainly of collagen
bundles
Otot skelet melekat ke: tulang, kartilago,
ligamentum, atau kombinasi struktur tersebut,
organ (contohnya?), membran mukosa
(contohnya?), dan kulit (contohnya?)
Otot skelet melekat melalui tendon atau
aponeurosis
Penamaan Otot Skelet
Berdasarkan fungsi contohnya? m.
abductor digiti minimi
Berdasarkan nama tulang tempat melekat
m. sternocleidomastoid
Berdasarkan bentuk dasar m. deltoideus
Berdasrakn posisi (lat, med, ant, post),
panjang (longus, brevis), ukuran (maximus,
minimus), jumlah perlekatan (triceps, biceps)
Otot skelet berdasar
bentuk:
Pennatus = bulu: uni,
bi, multi pinnatus
Fusiform
Flat
Quadratus
Convergent muscles
Circular muscle
Tipe otot skelet berdasarkan jenis serabutnya:
Berdasarkan myoglobin: Otot merah vs Otot putih
Berdasarkan frekwensi kontraksi: Fast twitch vs
slow twitch
Berdsarkan kedua hal tersebut :
1. slow oxidative fibers
2. fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers
3. fast glycolytic fibers
Slow Oxidative Fibers
Diameter kecil
large amounts of myoglobin and many blood
capillaries, dark red in color
These slow-twitch
generate ATP mainly by aerobic cellular
respiration
fatigue-resistant fibers
are adapted formaintaining posture and for
aerobic, endurance-type activities such as
running a marathon
Fast OxidativeGlycolytic Fibers
Diameter sedang
contain large amounts of myoglobin and many
blood capillaries, red
contribute to activities such as walking and
sprinting
intracellular glycogen level is high
Generated ATP from aerobic respiration and
glycolysis
Fast Glycolytic Fiber
largest in diameter most powerful
contractions
low myoglobin content, relatively few blood
capillaries, few mitochondria, and appear white
in color
contain large amounts of glycogen and generate
ATP mainly by glycolysis
adapted for intense anaerobic movements of
short duration lifting or throwing a ball
fatigue quickly
Kontraksi otot
Tiga jenis kontraksi otot:
Reflexive contraction
Tonic contraction
Phasic contraction:
Isometric
contractions
Isotonic
contractions
Concentric
contraction
Eccentric
contraction
Muscles serve specific functions in moving and
positioning the body
A prime mover or agonist
Fixators
Synergist
Antagonist