DataLinkLayer - 09
DataLinkLayer - 09
Hendrawan
hend@stei.itb.ac.id
Outline
Error Control
Efisiensi Transmisi
Framing
Error control
Flow control
Standar data link control ISO: High-level Data Link Control (HDLC)
LLC
Frames
Frames
MAC
Physical
Bits
Signals
LLC
MAC
MAC
Physical
Physical
Penting saat lebih dari satu komputer ingin kirim data (pd waktu
bersamaan melalui circuit yg sama); mis.,
Link half duplex point-to-point
Konfigurasi Multipoint
Pendekatan utama
Controlled access
Contention based access
Controlled Access
X-ON/X-OFF dan
Polling
X-ON / X-OFF
B
A
Protokol controlled
access yg lama
Request to Transmit
X-ON
not busy
X-OFF
busy
transmitting data
data
Pausing
(periodically done)
X-ON
transmitting
Masih digunakan antara
komputer dan printer
data
data
not busy
Polling
Tipe-tipe polling
Clients
C
E
B
Server
A
C
token
Contention
Performansi Relatif
Tergantung pd kondisi jaringan
Cross-over
point: sekitar
20 komputer
Network lebih
efisien digunakan
Kontrol Error
Network errors
Human errors:
Burst error
Fungsi-fungsi utama
Mencegah error
Mendeteksi error
Mengkoreksi errors
BER vs PER
D
H ACK
Contoh:
Asumsi BER dan error independen,
Packet Error Rate = PER = 1 (1 BER)N
PER ~= N (BER) if N (BER) << 1
mis. N = 104, BER = 10-7 = PER = 10-3
Sumber-Sumber Error
Tanda-tanda
Bit-bit extra
Bit-bit berubah (flipped bits)
Bit-bit hilang
What causes it
How to prevent it
More important
mostly on analog
Line Outages
White Noise
(Gaussian Noise)
Impulse Noise
Cross-talk
Echo
Attenuation
Intermodulation
Noise
Use repeaters or
amplifiers
Move or shield the wires
Jitter
Tune equipment
Harmonic
Distortion
Tune equipment
(Spikes)
Deteksi Error
Pengirim mengkalkulasi
Error Detection Value (EDV)
dan mentransmisikan
bersama data
Mathematical
calculations
Mathematical
calculations
?
=
Data yg akan
ditransmisikan
EDV
Parity checks
Longitudinal Redundancy Checking (LRC)
Polynomial checking
Checksum
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
Parity Checking
Jika dua (atau sejumlah genap) bit mengalami error, parity check
tampak benar
Mendeteksi sekitar 50% dari error
sender
receiver
01101010
Jum semua 1
ditransmisikan EVEN
ODD parity
parity
sender
Jum semua 1
ditransmisikan ODD
receiver
01101011
parity
Letter
ASCII
Parity bit
D 10001001
A 10000011
T 10101000
A 10000011
BCC 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
Polynomial Checking
Contoh:
P = 58
G=8
Q=7
R =2
Quotient
Remainder:
(keseluruhan Ditambahkan ke
bil.)
message sbg EDV
Dp 8 bit, 16 bit, 24 bit,
Sebuah bil tetap
atau 32 bit
(menentukan
panjang R)
Hanya ilsutrasi aktualnya
Koreksi Error
Receiver
Kirim
acknowledgement
Kirim paket
berikutnya
Kirim negative
acknowledgement
Kirim ulang
paket
Continuous ARQ
Sender kirim paket secara
kontinyu tanpa menunggu
acknowledge dari receiver
Perhatikan bhw
acknowledgments skrg
mengidentifikasi paket yg
di- acknowledged
sender
0123456789
receiver
...3 2 1 0
ACK 0...
(slide window)
0123456789
...4
ACK 4...
(slide window)
0123456789
8 7 6 5
ACK 7..
(slide window)
0123456789
..9
(timeout)
0123456789
...9 8
set window
size to 2
Only
Hanya
bekerja for
utk
works
satu bit
bit
one
error
errors
Klasifikasi
Asynchronous transmission
Synchronous transmission
Berbeda oleh
Message delineation
Frame length
Frame field structure
frame k-1
frame k
frame k+1
Asynchronous Transmission
Kadang disebut start-stop transmission
Digunakan oleh
receiver utk
memisahkan
karakter dan utk
synch.
Kirim antara
transmisi
(deretan
stop bits)
Digunakan pd
Point-to-point asynchronous circuits
Biasanya melalui sal telepon via modem
Komputer ke komputer utk transfer file data
Start
of
Header
Checksum
(128 bytes)
Kermit
Synchronous Transmission
Byte-Oriented Protocol
8
STX
Text (Data)
ETX
Contoh-contoh protocol:
Byte-Count Protocol
Bit-Oriented Protocol
8
Start
sequence
Text (Data)
End
sequence
Digunakan suatu flag: deretan bit tetap (pola tetap) utk indikasi awal
dan akhir suatu paket
Pola start sequence dan end sequence dapat sama, mis pd HDLC
01111110
Jika tidak
0111110111 0111110111
011111111 0111110111
Destuffing (Penerima)
Akhir
(01111110)
data
Address
tujuan(8 atau
16 bit)
CRC-32
Problem: Transparansi
Pengulangan pola
dari
(1010101010)
(jumlah byte pd
field message)
Digunakan utk
pertukaran info kontrol
(mis., tipe protokol
network layer yg
digunakan)
Size
Error Detection
Retransmission
Media Access
Asynchronous Xmission
Parity
Continuous ARQ
Full Duplex
XMODEM
132
8-bit Checksum
Stop-and-wait ARQ
Controlled Access
XMODEM-CRC
132
8-bit CRC
Stop-and-wait ARQ
Controlled Access
XMODEM-1K
1028
8-bit CRC
Stop-and-wait ARQ
Controlled Access
ZMODEM
32-bit CRC
Continuous ARQ
Controlled Access
KERMIT
24-bit CRC
Continuous ARQ
Controlled Access
SDLC
16-bit CRC
Continuous ARQ
Controlled Access
HDLC
16-bit CRC
Continuous ARQ
Controlled Access
Token Ring
32-bit CRC
Controlled Access
Ethernet
32-bit CRC
Contention
SLIP
None
None
Full Duplex
PPP
16-bit CRC
Continuous ARQ
Full Duplex
Synchronous Protocols
Efisiensi Transmisi
Tujuan suatu jaringan:
SDLC Transmission
Asumsi 100 karakter info (800 bit), 2 flag (16 bit)
Address (8 bits), Control (8 bits), CRC (32 bits)
Efisiesnsi transmisi = 800 / 64 92.6%
mis., V.92 modem with 56 Kbps 51.9 Kbps effective rate
Throughput
TRIB
= Jumlah bit info diterima / total waktu diperlukan utk mendpkan bit
Ex:
K=7 bits/character
M = 400 char/block
R= 4.8 Kb/s
C = 10 char/block
P = 1%
T = 25 ms
Probability that
a block will
require
retransmission
K (M C) (1 P)
(M / R) + T
7(400-10)(1-0.01)
TRIB =
Packet
length in
characters
(400/600)+0.025)
= 3.908 Kb/s