Ekskresi
TOKSIKAN eliminasi potensi toksik
turun (o.k. Peluang menumpuk &
merusak sel2 penting berkurang)
Elimination melalui metabolisme &
ekskresi
Eksresi eliminasi melalui organ
ekskretory khusus
JALUR EKSKRESI
berbagai rute
Jalur utama : urine, feces & ekshalasi
organ utama u/ ekskresi : urinary
system, gastrointestinal system &
respiratory system.
Jalur lain (krg penting) , kecuali dlm hal
tertentu
Jalur ekskresi :
a. GIT, sweat, & saliva
b. ASI, Air mata (tears), &
semen
c. Urinary & Fecal excretion
d. Ekshalasi
Urinary Excretion
Melalui ginjal urine
terpenting
Fgs utama ginjal : ekskkresi sisa
metabolisme & bhn kimia bbhy
Unit fungsional ginjal : Nephron
Sekresi
Terjadi di tubulus bagian atas/proximal
mengeluarkan molekul keluar dari darah
menjadi urine)
Yg disekresi : ion K, H, bbrp, xenobiotic
Sekersi terjadi dg transport aktif dpt
membedakan bahan berdasar polaritasnya
Ada 2 sistem sekresi :
a. Yg mentransport asam lemah (ex: obat
yg sdh terkonjugasi)
b. Yg mentransport basa (ex: histamine
& choline).
REABSORBSI
Terutama terjadi di proximal convoluted tubule
O.k.i:
Pada keracunan phenobarbital:
urine diubah menjadi basa
Pd keracunan amphetamine urine
dibuat asam (diet tinggi protein)
DAPAT DISIMPULKAN :
For Academics :
The reason that much of the blood
plasma filters into the renal tubule is
due to:
a. the large amount of blood, under
relatively high pressure, that flows
through kidney glomerulae whose
capillaries have large pores
b. its high lipid content
c. the high binding content of plasma
For Academics :
In which area of the nephron does
active secretion take place?
a. the collecting duct of
b. the nephron
c. the proximal tubule of the
nephron
d. the glomerulus of the nephron
For Academics :
Most of the material filtered through
the glomerulus is reabsorbed in the
proximal convoluted tubule of the
nephron. The primary property of a
xenobiotic that determines whether it
will be reabsorbed is:
a. protein binding
b. molecular size
c. its polarity
Fecal Excretion
Eliminasi toksikan mel. feces terjadi
dg 2 proses :
a. Ekskresi di empedu masuk
kembali ke
usus
b. Ekskresi langung ke lumen usus
Rute Billiar
Mekanisme penting pd ekskresi fecal
xenobiotik
> penting dari ekskresi metabolit
Rute ini > banyak SEKRESI AKTIF
daripada DIFUSI PASIF
- Molekul Terionisasi,
- Ukuran besar (>300),
- Terkonjugasi
reabsorbed.
For Academics :
Substances excreted in the bile are
primarily:
a. small, lipid soluble molecules
b. comparatively large, ionized
molecules
c. large lipid soluble molecules
For Academics :
Many substances excreted in bile undergo
enterohepatic circulation, which involves:
a. excretion of substances into the
circulating
system rather than into the intestine
b. excretion into the intestinal tract and
reabsorption and return to the liver by
the
portal circulation
c. the recycling of xenobiotics between the
liver
and gall bladder
Exhaled Air
Paru rute penting ekskresi xenobiotics
(& metabolites) yg bentuknya gas dlm
darah
Blood gases ekskresi pasif dari darah
alveolus- mengikuti gradien konsentrasi
(terjadi jika kadar gas dlm darah > di
alveoli)
Gas yg kkurang larut dl darah (jadi larut
lemak) > cepat dieliminasi dibanding
For Academics :
Xenobiotics are eliminated in exhaled
air by:
a. passive diffusion
b. active transport
c. facilitated transport
Other Routes of
Excretion
Several
minor routes of excretion exist,
primarily via:
a. mother's milk, d. tears
b. sweat,
e. semen
c. saliva,
Excretion into milk can be important since
toxicants can be passed with milk to the
nursing offspring.
In addition, toxic substances may be passed
from cow's milk to people.
Toxic substances are excreted into milk by
simple diffusion.
For Academics :
The following are minor routes of
excretion:
a. sweat and saliva
b. urinary excretion, fecal excretion,
and exhaled air