Turbin gas itu adalah sebuah mesin berputar yang mengambil energi dari arus gas pembakaran. Dia memiliki
kompresor naik ke-atas dipasangkan dengan turbin turun
ke-bawah, dan sebuah bilik pembakaran di-tengahnya.
Energi ditambahkan di arus gas di pembakar, di mana udara dicampur dengan bahan bakar dan dinyalakan.
Pembakaran meningkatkan suhu, kecepatan dan volume
dari aliran gas. Kemudian diarahkan melalui sebuah penyebar (nozzle) melalui baling-baling turbin, memutar
turbin dan mentenagai kompresor.
Energi diambil dari bentuk tenaga shaft, udara terkompresi dan dorongan, dalam segala kombinasi, dan digunakan untuk mentenagai pesawat terbang, kereta, kapal,
generator, dan bahkan tank.
Sejarah
150: Heros Engine (aeolipile) - tampaknya Pahlawan mesin uap itu dianggap tidak lebih dari satu
1500:
The "Chimney Jack" digambar oleh
Leonardo da Vinci yang memutar pemanggangan.
1
1 SEJARAH
Udara panas dari api naik melalui serangkaian
penggemar yang menghubungkan dan memutar
pemanggangan.
1551: Jawad al-Din menemukan sebuah uap turbin, yang ia gunakan untuk kekuasaan diri-rotating
meludah. [1]
1629: Jets uap turbin yang dirotasi kemudian diputar digerakkan mesin pabrik stamping memungkinkan untuk dikembangkan oleh Giovanni Branca.
1678: Ferdinand Verbiest membangun sebuah model kereta uap mengandalkan jet kekuasaan.
1791: Sebuah paten diberikan kepada John Barber,
seorang Inggris, untuk pertama turbin gas sejati. Penemuannya itu sebagian besar elemen hadir dalam
turbin gas modern. Turbin ini dirancang untuk menyalakan sebuah yg tdk mempunyai kuda kereta.
telah sendiri menyatakan bahwa penemuannya akan sulit untuk mencapai tanpa gidius Elling karya. Pertama yang berhasil menggunakan mesin-nya
pada April 1937.
1934: Ral Pateras de Pescara dipatenkan pada
free-piston mesin sebagai gas generator turbin gas.
1936: Hans von Ohain dan Max Hahn di Jerman
mengembangkan desain mesin dipatenkan sendiri
pada saat yang sama bahwa Sir Frank Whittle adalah
mengembangkan desain di Inggris.
turbin yang diperlukan untuk menggerakkan kompresor tidak terpengaruh, tekanan terkait rasio lebih
besar, yang mengurangi ekspansi yang tersedia untuk menyediakan kerja yang bermanfaat.
3. Tekanan kerugian dalam asupan udara, combustor
dan knalpot: mengurangi ekspansi yang tersedia untuk menyediakan kerja yang bermanfaat.
Seperti semua siklus mesin panas s, suhu pembakaran
yang lebih tinggi berarti lebih besar esiensi. Faktor
pembatas adalah kemampuan baja, nikel, keramik, atau
materi lain yang membentuk mesin untuk menahan panas dan tekanan. Teknik cukup masuk ke bagian turbin
menjaga dingin. Kebanyakan turbin juga mencoba untuk memulihkan knalpot panas, yang sebaliknya adalah
energi terbuang. Recuperator s adalah heat exchanger s
3
yang lulus knalpot panas ke udara terkompresi, sebelum
pembakaran. Gabungan siklus desain lulus limbah panas
ke uap turbin sistem. Dan gabungan panas dan kekuasaan (co-generation) menggunakan limbah panas untuk
produksi air panas.
udara bertekanan dan bahan bakar. Proses pembakaran tersebut berlangsung dalam keadaan tekanan konstan
sehingga dapat dikatakan ruang bakar hanya untuk menaikkan temperatur. Gas hasil pembakaran tersebut dialirkan ke turbin gas melalui suatu nozel yang berfungsi
untuk mengarahkan aliran tersebut ke sudu-sudu turbin.
Daya yang dihasilkan oleh turbin gas tersebut digunakan
untuk memutar kompresornya sendiri dan memutar beban lainnya seperti generator listrik, dll. Setelah melewati
turbin ini gas tersebut akan dibuang keluar melalui saluran buang (exhaust).
Pendahuluan
Gas-turbine engine adalah suatu alat yang memanfaatkan gas sebagai uida untuk memutar turbin dengan pembakaran internal. Didalam turbin gas energi kinetik dikonversikan menjadi energi mekanik melalui udara bertekanan yang memutar roda turbin sehingga menghasilkan daya. Sistem turbin gas yang paling sederhana terdiri dari tiga komponen yaitu kompresor, ruang bakar dan
turbin gas.
Pembuangan gas (exhaust) gas hasil pembakaran dikeluarkan lewat saluran pembuangan.
Pada kenyataannya, tidak ada proses yang selalu ideal,
tetap terjadi kerugiankerugian yang dapat menyebabkan
turunnya daya yang dihasilkan oleh turbin gas dan berakibat pada menurunnya performa turbin gas itu sendiri. Kerugian-kerugian tersebut dapat terjadi pada ketiga
komponen sistem turbin gas. Sebab-sebab terjadinya kerugian antara lain:
Adanya gesekan uida yang menyebabkan terjadinya kerugian tekanan (pressure losses) di ruang bakar.
Adanya kerja yang berlebih waktu proses kompresi
yang menyebabkan terjadinya gesekan antara bantalan turbin dengan angin.
Berubahnya nilai Cp dari uida kerja akibat terjadinya perubahan temperatur dan perubahan komposisi kimia dari uida kerja.
Adanya mechanical loss, dsb.
Turbin gas dapat dibedakan berdasarkan siklusnya, konUdara masuk kedalam kompresor melalui saluran masuk truksi poros dan lainnya. Menurut siklusnya turbin gas
udara (inlet). Kompresor berfungsi untuk menghisap dan terdiri dari:
menaikkan tekanan udara tersebut, sehingga temperatur
udara juga meningkat. Kemudian udara bertekanan ini
Turbin gas siklus tertutup (Close cycle)
masuk kedalam ruang bakar. Di dalam ruang bakar di Turbin gas siklus terbuka (Open cycle)
lakukan proses pembakaran dengan cara mencampurkan
Perbedaan dari kedua tipe ini adalah berdasarkan siklus yang diakhiri dengan proses pelepasan panas pada tekanuida kerja. Pada turbin gas siklus terbuka, akhir eks- an konstan. Pada siklus Bryton tiap-tiap keadaan proses
pansi uida kerjanya langsung dibuang ke udara atmosr, dapat dianalisa secara berikut:
sedangkan untuk siklus tertutup akhir ekspansi uida kerjanya didinginkan untuk kembali ke dalam proses awal.
T
P
Combustion
3
Fuel
Turbine
4
1
Fresh Air
4.1
Exhaust
gasses
co
q in
s
Work
out
co
ns
t.
t.
ns
co
Compressor
ns
t.
q in
s=
Dalam industri turbin gas umumnya diklasikasikan dalam dua jenis yaitu :
q out
P-v Diagram
2
1
p=
t.
ns
co
q out
T-s Diagram
Siklus Brayton
Turbin jenis ini digunakan untuk menggerakkan generator listrik yang menghasilkan energi listrik untuk keperProses 1 ke 2 (kompresi isentropik). Kerja yang dibutuhkluan proses di industri.
an oleh kompresor: Wc = ma (h2 h1). Proses 2 ke 3,
pemasukan bahan bakar pada tekanan konstan. Jumlah
4.2 Turbin Gas Poros Ganda (Double kalor yang dihasilkan: Qa = (ma + mf) (h3 h2). Proses
3 ke 4, ekspansi isentropik di dalam turbin. Daya yang
Shaft)
dibutuhkan turbin: WT = (ma + mf) (h3 h4). Proses 4
ke 1, pembuangan panas pada tekanan konstan ke udara.
Turbin jenis ini merupakan turbin gas yang terdiri dari
Jumlah kalor yang dilepas: QR = (ma + mf) (h4 h1)
turbin bertekanan tinggi dan turbin bertekanan rendah,
dimana turbin gas ini digunakan untuk menggerakkan
beban yang berubah seperti kompresor pada unit proses.
5.1
Siklus Ericson
Merupakan siklus mesin kalor yang dapat balik (reversible) yang terdiri dari dua proses isotermis dapat balik
(reversible isotermic) dan dua proses isobarik dapat balik (reversible isobaric). Proses perpindahan panas pada
proses isobarik berlangsung di dalam komponen siklus
internal (regenerator), dimana esiensi termalnya adalah
: hth = 1 T1/Th, dimana T1 = temperatur buang dan
Th = temperatur panas.
5.2
Siklus Stirling
5.3
Siklus Brayton
Disain pertama turbin gas dibuat oleh John Wilkins seorang Inggris pada tahun 1791. Sistem tersebut bekerja
dengan gas hasil pembakaran batu bara, kayu atau minyak, kompresornya digerakkan oleh turbin dengan perantaraan rantai roda gigi. Pada tahun 1872, Dr. F. Stolze
merancang sistem turbin gas yang menggunakan kompresor aksial bertingkat ganda yang digerakkan langsung
oleh turbin reaksi tingkat ganda. Tahun 1908, sesuai dengan konsepsi H. Holzworth, dibuat suatu sistem turbin
gas yang mencoba menggunakan proses pembakaran pada volume konstan. Tetapi usaha tersebut dihentikan karena terbentur pada masalah konstruksi ruang bakar dan
tekanan gas pembakaran yang berubah sesuai beban. Tahun 1904, Societe des Turbomoteurs di Paris membuat
suatu sistem turbin gas yang konstruksinya berdasarkan
disain Armengaud dan Lemate yang menggunakan bahan bakar cair. Temperatur gas pembakaran yang masuk
sekitar 450 C dengan tekanan 45 atm dan kompresornya
langsung digerakkan oleh turbin.
Selanjutnya, pada tahun 1935 sistem turbin gas mengalami perkembangan yang pesat dimana diperoleh esiensi
sebesar kurang lebih 15%. Pesawat pancar gas yang pertama diselesaikan oleh British Thomson Houston Co
pada tahun 1937 sesuai dengan konsepsi Frank Whittle
(tahun 1930).
7.3
Combustion Section.
5
Inlet Casing, merupakan bagian dari casing
yang mengarahkan udara masuk ke inlet bellmouth dan selanjutnya masuk ke inlet guide
vane.
section, turbine section, dan exhaust section. Sedangkan komponen pendukung turbin gas adalah starting equipment, lube-oil system, cooling system, dan beberapa
komponen pendukung lainnya. Berikut ini penjelasan
tentang komponen utama turbn gas:
7.1
Berfungsi untuk menyaring kotoran dan debu yang terbawa dalam udara sebelum masuk ke kompresor. Bagian
ini terdiri dari:
Combustion Section.
Inertia Separator, berfungsi untuk membersihkan Pada bagian ini terjadi proses pembakaran antara bahdebu-debu atau partikel yang terbawa bersama uda- an bakar dengan uida kerja yang berupa udara bertekanan tinggi dan bersuhu tinggi. Hasil pembakaran ini
ra masuk.
berupa energi panas yang diubah menjadi energi kine Pre-Filter, merupakan penyaringan udara awal yang tik dengan mengarahkan udara panas tersebut ke transition pieces yang juga berfungsi sebagai nozzle. Fungsi
dipasang pada inlet house.
dari keseluruhan sistem adalah untuk mensuplai energi
Main Filter, merupakan penyaring utama yang ter- panas ke siklus turbin. Sistem pembakaran ini terdiri dadapat pada bagian dalam inlet house, udara yang te- ri komponen-komponen berikut yang jumlahnya bervalah melewati penyaring ini masuk ke dalam komp- riasi tergantung besar frame dan penggunaan turbin gas.
Komponen-komponen itu adalah :
resor aksial.
Inlet Bellmouth, berfungsi untuk membagi udara
agar merata pada saat memasuki ruang kompresor.
Inlet Guide Vane, merupakan blade yang berfungsi sebagai pengatur jumlah udara yang masuk agar
sesuai dengan yang diperlukan
7.2
Compressor Section.
Turbin Section.
Compressor Stator. Merupakan bagian dari casing Turbin section merupakan tempat terjadinya konversi
gas turbin yang terdiri dari:
energi kinetik menjadi energi mekanik yang digunakan
sebagai penggerak compresor aksial dan perlengkapan lainnya. Dari daya total yang dihasilkan kira-kira 60 % digunakan untuk memutar kompresornya sendiri, dan sisanya digunakan untuk kerja yang dibutuhkan. Komponenkomponen pada turbin section adalah sebagai berikut :
Turbin Rotor Case
Berfungsi untuk memindahkan daya dan putaran dari po First Stage Nozzle, yang berfungsi untuk menga- ros yang bergerak ke poros yang akan digerakkan. Ada
rahkan gas panas ke rst stage turbine wheel.
tiga jenis coupling yang digunakan, yaitu:
First Stage Turbine Wheel, berfungsi untuk mengkonversikan energi kinetik dari aliran udara yang
berkecepatan tinggi menjadi energi mekanik berupa
putaran rotor.
Second Stage Nozzle dan Diafragma, berfungsi untuk mengatur aliran gas panas ke second stage turbine wheel, sedangkan diafragma berfungsi untuk
memisahkan kedua turbin wheel.
Filter System
Valving System
Piping System
Instrumen untuk oil
8.1
Starting Equipment.
9.2
Repair Maintenance.
7
Turning Around Maintenance. Perawatan terhadap
peralatan yang sengaja dihentikan pengoperasiannya.
Kegiatan perawatan yang dilakukan setelah terjadi kerusakan atau kelainan pada peralatan sehingga tidak dapat
berfungsi seperti biasanya.
9.1
*****Engineering*****
Preventive Maintenance.
Suatu kegiatan perawatan yang direncanakan baik itu secara rutin maupun periodik, karena apabila perawatan dilakukan tepat pada waktunya akan mengurangi down time dari peralatan. Preventive maintenance dibagi menjadi:
8
of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specic operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.[2][3] One who practices engineering is called an
engineer, and those licensed to do so may have more formal designations such as Professional Engineer, Chartered Engineer, Incorporated Engineer, Ingenieur or European Engineer. The broad discipline of engineering encompasses a range of more specialized sub disciplines,
each with a more specic emphasis on certain elds of
application and particular areas of technology. Contents
[hide] 1 History 1.1 Ancient era 1.2 Renaissance era 1.3
Modern era 2 Main branches of engineering 3 Methodology 3.1 Problem solving 3.2 Computer use 4 Social
context 5 Relationships with other disciplines 5.1 Science 5.2 Medicine and biology 5.3 Art 5.4 Other elds 6
See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links
[edit]History
Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans
devised fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever,
and wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with the modern denition of engineering, exploiting basic
mechanical principles to develop useful tools and objects. The term engineering itself has a much more recent
etymology, deriving from the word engineer, which itself
dates back to 1325, when an engineer (literally, one who
operates an engine) originally referred to a constructor
of military engines.[4] In this context, now obsolete, an
engine referred to a military machine, i.e., a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a catapult). Notable exceptions of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, e.g.,
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The word engine
itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the
Latin ingenium (c. 1250), meaning innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention.[5] Later,
as the design of civilian structures such as bridges and
buildings matured as a technical discipline, the term civil
engineering[3] entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such
non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline of military engineering. [edit]Ancient era The
Pharos of Alexandria, the pyramids in Egypt, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Acropolis and the Parthenon in Greece, the Roman aqueducts, Via Appia and
the Colosseum, Teotihuacn and the cities and pyramids
of the Mayan, Inca and Aztec Empires, the Great Wall of China, among many others, stand as a testament to
the ingenuity and skill of the ancient civil and military
engineers. The earliest civil engineer known by name is
Imhotep.[3] As one of the ocials of the Pharaoh, Djosr, he probably designed and supervised the construction
of the Pyramid of Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630-2611 BC.[6] He may also have been responsible for the rst known use of columns
in architecture[citation needed]. Ancient Greece developed machines in both the civilian and military domains. The Antikythera mechanism, the rst known me-
9.7
und the turn of the century from the 19th century to the
20th although the work of Sir George Cayley has recently
been dated as being from the last decade of the 18th century. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was
largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported
from other branches of engineering.[14] The rst PhD
in engineering (technically, applied science and engineering) awarded in the United States went to Willard Gibbs
at Yale University in 1863; it was also the second PhD
awarded in science in the U.S.[15] Only a decade after
the successful ights by the Wright brothers, there was
extensive development of aeronautical engineering through development of military aircraft that were used in
World War I . Meanwhile, research to provide fundamental background science continued by combining theoretical physics with experiments. In 1990, with the rise of
computer technology, the rst search engine was built by
computer engineer Alan Emtage. [edit]Main branches of
engineering
Main article: List of engineering branches Engineering,
much like other science, is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with diering areas of engineering work. Although initially an engineer will usually
be trained in a specic discipline, throughout an engineers career the engineer may become multi-disciplined,
having worked in several of the outlined areas. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches:[16][17] Chemical engineering The exploitation
of both engineering and chemical principles in order to
carry out large scale chemical process. Civil engineering The design and construction of public and private
works, such as infrastructure (airports, roads, railways,
water supply and treatment etc.), bridges, dams, and buildings. Electrical engineering a very broad area that
may encompass the design and study of various electrical and electronic systems, such as electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical bers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications, instrumentation, controls, and electronics.
Mechanical engineering The design of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft products, weapon systems, transportation products engines, compressors, powertrains, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, and vibration isolation
equipment. Beyond these four, sources vary on other
main branches. Historically, naval engineering and mining engineering were major branches. Modern elds sometimes included as major branches include aerospace,
systems,architectural, biomedical,[18] industrial, materials science[19] and nuclear engineering.[20][citation needed] New specialties sometimes combine with the traditional elds and form new branches. A new or emerging
area of application will commonly be dened temporarily as a permutation or subset of existing disciplines; there
is often gray area as to when a given sub-eld becomes
large and/or prominent enough to warrant classication
9
as a new branch. One key indicator of such emergence
is when major universities start establishing departments
and programs in the new eld. For each of these elds
there exists considerable overlap, especially in the areas
of the application of sciences to their disciplines such as
physics, chemistry and mathematics. [edit]Methodology
Design of a turbine requires collaboration of engineers
from many elds, as the system is subject to mechanical, electro-magnetic and chemical processes. The blades, rotor and stator as well as the steam cycle all need to
be carefully designed and optimized. Engineers apply the
sciences of physics and mathematics to nd suitable solutions to problems or to make improvements to the status
quo. More than ever, engineers are now required to have
knowledge of relevant sciences for their design projects,
as a result, they keep on learning new material throughout their career. If multiple options exist, engineers weigh
dierent design choices on their merits and choose the
solution that best matches the requirements. The crucial
and unique task of the engineer is to identify, understand,
and interpret the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result. It is usually not enough to build
a technically successful product; it must also meet further
requirements. Constraints may include available resources, physical, imaginative or technical limitations, exibility for future modications and additions, and other factors, such as requirements for cost, safety, marketability,
productibility, and serviceability. By understanding the
constraints, engineers derive specications for the limits
within which a viable object or system may be produced
and operated. [edit]Problem solving Engineers use their knowledge of science, mathematics, logic, economics,
and appropriate experience or tacit knowledge to nd suitable solutions to a problem. Creating an appropriate
mathematical model of a problem allows them to analyze
it (sometimes denitively), and to test potential solutions.
Usually multiple reasonable solutions exist, so engineers
must evaluate the dierent design choices on their merits
and choose the solution that best meets their requirements. Genrich Altshuller, after gathering statistics on a large number of patents, suggested that compromises are at
the heart of low-level engineering designs, while at a higher level the best design is one which eliminates the core
contradiction causing the problem. Engineers typically
attempt to predict how well their designs will perform to
their specications prior to full-scale production. They
use, among other things: prototypes, scale models, simulations, destructive tests, nondestructive tests, and stress
tests. Testing ensures that products will perform as expected. Engineers take on the responsibility of producing
designs that will perform as well as expected and will not
cause unintended harm to the public at large. Engineers
typically include a factor of safety in their designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failure. However, the greater
the safety factor, the less ecient the design may be. The
study of failed products is known as forensic engineering,
and can help the product designer in evaluating his or her
design in the light of real conditions. The discipline is
10
12
PRANALA LUAR
of greatest value after disasters, such as bridge collapses, with it a great responsibility. Many engineering societies
when careful analysis is needed to establish the cause or have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to
causes of the failure. [edit]Computer use
guide members and inform the public at large. EngineA computer simulation of high velocity air ow around ering projects can be subject to controversy. Examples
the Space Shuttle during re-entry. Solutions to the ow from dierent engineering disciplines include the deverequire modelling of the combined eects of the uid lopment of nuclear weapons, the Three Gorges Dam, the
ow and heat equations. As with all modern scientic and design and use of Sport utility vehicles and the extraction
technological endeavors, computers and software play an of oil. In response, some western engineering companies
have enacted serious corporate and social responsibility
increasingly important role. As well as the typical business application software there are a number of computer policies. Engineering is a key driver of human development.[23] Sub-Saharan Africa in particular has a very
aided applications (Computer-aided technologies) specically for engineering. Computers can be used to genera- small engineering capacity which results in many African
nations being unable to develop crucial infrastructure wite models of fundamental physical processes, which can
be solved using numerical methods. One of the most wi- thout outside aid. The attainment of many of the Millennium Development Goals requires the achievement of sudely used tools in the profession is computer-aided design (CAD) software which enables engineers to create cient engineering capacity to develop infrastructure and
3D models, 2D drawings, and schematics of their de- sustainable technological development.[24] All overseas
signs. CAD together with Digital mockup (DMU) and development and relief NGOs make considerable use of
CAE software such as nite element method analysis or engineers to apply solutions in disaster and development
analytic element method allows engineers to create mo- scenarios. A number of charitable organizations aim to
dels of designs that can be analyzed without having to use engineering directly for the good of mankind: Engimake expensive and time-consuming physical prototypes. neers Without Borders Engineers Against Poverty RegisThese allow products and components to be checked for tered Engineers for Disaster Relief Engineers for a Susaws; assess t and assembly; study ergonomics; and to tainable World Engineering for Change
analyze static and dynamic characteristics of systems such as stresses, temperatures, electromagnetic emissions,
electrical currents and voltages, digital logic levels, uid ows, and kinematics. Access and distribution of all
this information is generally organized with the use of
Product Data Management software.[21] There are also
many tools to support specic engineering tasks such as
Computer-aided manufacture (CAM) software to generate CNC machining instructions; Manufacturing Process
Management software for production engineering; EDA
for printed circuit board (PCB) and circuit schematics for
electronic engineers; MRO applications for maintenance
management; and AEC software for civil engineering. In
recent years the use of computer software to aid the development of goods has collectively come to be known as
Product Lifecycle Management (PLM).[22] [edit]Social
context
This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references.
Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page.
(July 2010) Engineering is a subject that ranges from large collaborations to small individual projects. Almost all
engineering projects are beholden to some sort of nancing agency: a company, a set of investors, or a government. The few types of engineering that are minimally constrained by such issues are pro bono engineering
and open design engineering. By its very nature engineering is bound up with society and human behavior. Every
product or construction used by modern society will have been inuenced by engineering design. Engineering
design is a very powerful tool to make changes to environment, society and economies, and its application brings
10 Lihat pula
turbin
mesin jet
putaran Brayton
11 Referensi
[1] Jawad al-Din dan Steam Turbine Pertama. Diakses
2008/03/29. Unknown parameter |pertama= ignored
(help); Unknown parameter |kerja= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |terakhir= ignored (help)
12 Pranala luar
First Marine Gas Turbine 1947
MIT Gas Turbine Laboratory
MIT Microturbine research
DIY Gas Turbines Yahoo Group
Gas Turbine Builders Resources
ALSTOM Gas Turbines
11
Rolls-Royce Gas Turbines
Mitsubishi Gas Turbines
GE Gas Turbines
Siemens Gas Turbines
Capstone Microturbines
M-Dot Microturbines
Solar Turbines
12
13
13
13.1
13.2
Images
13.3
Content license