Fisika : phenomenal
Astronomi
Kimia : detail reaktif
Geologi
Biologi : implemantasi hidup
Esensinya
Mekanika : sebagai pemberi makna fisis (bergerak)
Logika (alat komunikasi), terdiri dari : induktif ( statistik ) dan deduktif ( matematika )
Untuk mencari pengaruh dari salah satu faktor, maka faktor yang lain dibuat tetap atau
konstan.
Persamaan Diferensial
1.
dy
dx
2.
d2 y
dx 2
+ sin x = 0
+yx=0
d2w
dx 2
3.
h
mE y = 0
g ( y)
f 1 ( x ) dx + g 1( y) dy= 0
2
F(x) + G(x) = c
Contoh :
x 3 dx + ( y +1 )2 dy=0 variabel sudah terpisah maka langsung diintegralkan
1.
x 3 dx+ ( y +1 )2 dy= 0
1 4 1
2
x + ( y +1 ) dy =C
4
3
4
3 x +4 ( y +1 ) =12C
3 x 4 +4 ( y +1 )3 =C
Konstanta yang
baru
2.
dx
dy
+
=0
5
sin x ( 1sinx )
5
Dikali dengan ( sin x ) ( 1sinx )
( 1sinx ) dx + sin5 x dy = 0
2
2
1
x+ cos x+ cos y cos 3 y+ cos5 y=C
3
5
3
Contoh soal
1.
( 1+ x ) y dx + ( 1 y ) x dy =0 dikali dengan
( 1+ x )
1
xy
( 1+ x )
( 1 y )
dx+ (1 y )
dy=0 diintegralkan
x
y
1
( 1+ x ) x dx + ( 1 y ) y dy= 0
1
Pembuktian :
Mendifferensialkan hasilnya
d ln x+ dx+ d ln y dy=d C
1
1
dx+ dx+ dy dy=0
x
y
1+ x
1 y
dx+
dy=0
x
y
( 1+ x ) y dx + ( 1 y ) x
RUMUS INTEGRAL
1.
e u du=eu +C
2.
a u du= ln au +C
au
u n+1
+C
n+1
un du=
3.
dy = 0
dikali xy
(TERBUKTI)
4.
5.
u ln u =ln ( ln u ) +C
6.
ue du=e ( u1)+C
7.
un ln u du=un+1
du
u
1
+C
n+1 ( n+1 )2
A
P
x
Ketika t = 0 maka A = a Berkurang sebesar x tiap waktu ( t )
t = t maka A = ( a-x )
maka persamaan laju reaksinya adalah :
dA dp
1
= =k [ A ]
dt
dt
d ( ax )
=k ( ax )
dt
d ( ax )
=k dt
(ax)
x
d ( ax )
( ax ) = k dt
0
0
x
ln ( ax ) kt
0
ln ( ax ) +ln a=kt
ln aln ( ax )=kt
Didapat
ln
a
ax
ln
a
=kt
ax
, maka grafiknya :
-----------------t
t=t 1
jika
ln
0,693=k t 1
2
t1
2
ln
0,693
k
a
=kt
( ax )
a
kt
=e
(ax)
( ax ) =a ekt
At =
a ekt
A = Ao
=konstanta peluruhan
At = peluruhan
Radioaktif
SOAL
x
1. A + B
P
t = 0 A=a, B=a
d (ax )
= k dt
(ax)2
(ax) d ( ax )= k dt
2
1
k t
2+1 0
0
x
1
kt
(ax) 0
0
1
1
=kt
(ax) a
aa+ x
=kt
a ( ax )
x
=kt
a(ax)
2. A + B + C
P
t=0
A=B=C=a
t=t
A=B=C=a-x
maka persamaan laju reaksinya :
dA dB dC
=
=
=k [ A ] [ B ] [C]
dt
dt
dt
d ( ax )
=k ( ax ) ( ax ) (ax )
dt
d ( ax )
3
=k ( ax )
dt
d ( ax )
=k dt
(a x)3
d (ax )
= k dt
3
(ax)
1
( ax )2
2
x
k t
0
1
kt
2( ax )2 0
0
1
1
2 =kt
2
2( ax ) 2 a
Misal : y = u x
dy = u dx + x du
u = y/x
(1 + u2) dx = 2u (u dx + x du)
(1 + u2) dx = 2u2 dx + 2 ux du
(1 + u2 ) dx - 2u2 dx - 2 ux du = 0
(1 + u2 - 2u2) dx 2 ux du = 0
[(1 - u2 ) dx - 2 ux du] = 0
dx / x 2u / 1-u2
ditukar
du = 0
dx / x - 2u / 1-u2
du = 0
ln x + ln (1 - u2 ) = ln C
ln x (1 - u2 ) = ln C
x (1 - u2 ) = C
x (1- (y/x)2) = C
{x( 1- y2/x2) = C}
: x2
x / x2 (x2 - y2) = C
[x2 - y2 / x] = C
dikali x
x2 - y2 = C x
Contoh Soal
1. (x3 + y3) dx 3xy2 dy = 0
[(x3 + y3) dx = 3xy2 dy]
: x3
(1 + y3 / x3 ) dx = 3 y2 / x2 dy
Misal :
y=ux
; dy = u dx + x du
u =y /x
(1 + u3) dx = 3 u2 (u dx + x du)
(1 + u3) dx = 3 u3 dx + 2 u2 x du
(1 + u3) dx - 3 u3 dx - 3 u2 x du = 0
(1 + u3 - 3 u3) dx - 3 u2 x du = 0
[(1-2u3) dx 3u2x du = 0]
ditukar
du = 0
ln x + ln (1-2u3) = ln C
2 ln x + ln (1-2u3) = ln C
ln x2 (1-2u3) = ln C
x2 (1-2u3) = C
x2 (1-2 (y/ x)3 ) =C
{ x2 (1-2 y3/ x3 ) = C}
dibagi x3
dikali x
x3 2y3 = Cx
2. (2x + 3y) dx + (y x) dy = 0
[ (2x + 3y) dx = - (y x) dy ]
(2 + 3y / x) dx = -y /x + 1 dy
Misal :
dibagi x
y = ux
; dy = u dx + x du
u = y/x
(2 + 3u) dx = -u +1 (u dx + x du )
(2 + 3u) dx = -u +1 (u dx + x du )
(2 + 3u) dx = -u2 dx u x du + u dx + x du
(2 + 3u) dx + u2 dx + u x du - u dx - x du = 0
(2 + 3u + u2 u) dx + (ux x) du = 0
dx / ux x + du / 2+3u+u2 = 0
dx / ux-x + du / 2+3u+u2 = 0
y e
p ( x ) dx
y = U.V
dy = U.dV + V.dU
dy p ( x ) dx
e
dx
= y. de
= y p(x) e
p ( x ) dx
e p x dx
( )
e p x dx y p ( x ) +
( )
p ( x ) dx
dy
dx
p ( x ) dx
dy
+ p ( x) y
dx
dy
dx
p ( x ) dx
dy
dx
p ( x ) dx
dy e p ( x) dx
y e
Q ( x ) . e
p ( x ) dx
Q( x )e p ( x) dx dx+ c
Contoh soal :
dy
x
y=2 e
dx
e
y.
p ( x ) dx
Q ( x ) e p ( x ) dx dx +c
dx
dx
= 2 e x . e dx+ c
y e
ye = 2 e . e dx +c
x
ye
dx +c
yex =2 x+ c
x
dx
Q(x )e p ( x) dx dx
p ( x ) dx
Q(x)
y=2 x e + c e
dy
=2 [ x e x + e x ] + c
dx
ex
dy
y=2 e x
dx
2 ( x e x +e x ) +C e x ( 2 x e x +C e x )=2 e x
2 x e +2 e 2 x e C e =2 e
2 ex
x
=2 e
Soal
1.
dy
dx
x 3
+ 3x2y = x . e
Jawab :
dy
2
1.
dx + 3x y
y. e
p ( x ) dx
y. e
3 x 2 dx
x 3
=x. e
Q(x )
x .e x3 . e 3 x 2 dx dx+ C
. e
p ( x ) dx
x3
y. e
x .e x3 . e x3 dx +C
x3
y. e
1
2
x2 + C
1
2
x2 . e
x 3
dx + C
x 3
+C . e
dy
n
+ p ( x ) y=Q ( x) y
dx
misal :
yn
dy
+ p ( x ) y(n+1 )=Q( x)
dx
1
dy
+ p ( x ) u= p ( x)
(n+1) dx
u= y(n+1)
du
dx
yn
= (-n+1)
dy
dx
dy
1
dy
=
dx (n+1) dx
contoh :
dy
y=x y 5
dx
Jawab :
dy
y=x y 5
dx
yn
dy
y 4 =x
dx
misal
y4 =u
du
-4 dx
du
5 dy
=4 y
dx
dx
u=x
du
+ 4 u=4 x
dx
u . e
4x
4 dx
du
-4 dx
4 x . e 4 dx . dx +c
4x
u . e = 4. e dx +c
4x
4x
u . e = x d e + c
=y
dy
dx
[ x e e dx ] + c
4x
4x
1
u . e4 x = x e 4 x e 4 x +c
4
: e
4x
1
4 x
u=x + +c . e
4
1
y4 =x + +c . e4 x
4
Pembuktian:
1
dy4 =d x+ +c . e4 x
4
4 y 5 dy=(14 c . e4 x ) dx
4 y 5
dy
=( 14 c . e4 x )
dx
: -4
y5
dy 1
= +c . e4 x
dx 4
( 14 +c . e ) x+( 14 + c . e )=x
4 x
4 x
x=x
Soal
1.
dy
+ xy=x 3 y 3
dx
2. Sin y
dy
=cos y (1xcos y)
dx
(Terbukti)
3.
dy
+ y tg x= y 3 sec 6 x
dx
4.
dy
2
2
+ y ctg x = y cos x
dx
Jawaban
1.
dy
+ xy=x 3 y 3
dx
y3
dy
dx
xy
= x
Misal :
y2
=u
du
dx
= -2
du
2 dx
+ xu =
du
3
2 xu=2 x
dx
ux
2 x dx
= 2 x e
u ex 2 =
2 x3 dx
2 x 3 ex2
2
dx + c
x 2
2 x x e
=
= x
x 2
d e
dx + c
+c
2 x 2
2 x 2
2 x .e x2 dx
= x e
= x e
x2
dx
2 x 2
x 2
x e
x 2 ex 2 +ex 2
U=
+ de
+c
+1+c e
x2
x2 + 1 + c ex 2
y3 =
)x dy
F
F
= ( x )y dx + ( y
)x dy
F
( x )y
F
( y )x = N(x,y)
= M(x,y)
F
F
( x )y dx + ( y )x dy = 0
M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0
M
( y )x
N
=( x )y
F
( x )y
= M(x,y)
dF
F(x,y) =
(x,y) dx + h(y)
(x,y) dx + h(y)
F
( x )
= y
N(x,y) = y
F(x,y) =
nR
V
=
N(x,y) -
dT -
(x,y)dx]dy
M
(x,y)dx]dy
dy
(x,y)dx +
nRT
V2
h( y )
(x,y) dx + d dy
dh( y )
(x,y) dx + dy
dh(y) = [N(x,y) -
h(y)
(x,y) -
nR
V
N(T,V) = -
M
nR
( V )T = - V 2
F
( T )V = M(T,V)
N(T,V)
(x,y)dx]dy
nR
nRT
V
nRT
V2
N
nR
( T )V = - V 2
M
N
( V )T = ( T )V
F(T,V) =
dV = 0
M(T,V) =
dF
dT + h(V)
+ h(V)
F
( V )T
nRT
=- V 2
nRT
V2
P=
dh (V )
dV
F(T,V) =
nRT
V2
=-
nRT
V
nRT
V
dh (V )
+ dV
dh (V )
dV
= h(V) = 0
+0
PV = nRT
SOAL
1. (3e3xy-2x)dx + e3xdy = 0
2. (y2exy2 + 4x3)dx + (2xyexy2 3y2)dy = 0
JAWABAN
1. (3e3xy-2x)dx + e3xdy = 0
M(x,y) = 3e3xy-2x
M
( y )x = 3e3x
N(x,y) = e3x
N
( x )y = 3e3x
M
N
( y )x = ( x )y
F
( x )y = M(x,y)
F
( y )x = M(x,y)
dF
dF
3x
=
3e y-2x)dx + h(y)
(x,y)dx + h(y)
3x
dh( y )
0 = dy
h(y) = 0
Jadi, hasilnya adalah....
F(x,y) = e3xy-x2 + h(y)
F(x,y) = e3xy-x2
N
( x )y = 2xy3exy2 + 2yexy2
M
N
( y )x = ( x )y
F
( x )y = M(x,y)
dF
dF
F
( y ) = N(x,y)
(x,y)dx + h(y)
2 xy2
+ 4x3)dx + h(y)
xy2
N(x,y) = 2xye
dh( y )
+ dy
dh( y )
dy
dh( y )
dy
dh(y) = -3y2dy
h(y) = 3 y2dy
h(y) = -3.1/3y3
h(y) = -y3
maka hasilnya adalah..
F(x,y) = exy2 + x4 + h(y)
F(x,y) = exy2 + x4 y3
Pembuktian
Dengan mendiferensialkan hasil secara parsial terhadap x dan y....
F(x,y) = exy2 + x4 y3
F
[ x ]y = y2exy2 + 4x3
F
[ y ]x = 2xexy2 3y2
F
F
dF(x,y) = [ x ]y dx + [ y ]x dy = 0
dF(x,y) = (y2exy2 + 4x3)dx + (2xyexy2 3y2)dy
m ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy=0
( my ) x ( Nx ) y
( my ) x( Nx ) y 0
Maka untuk menyelesaikannya harus diubah terlebih dahulu menjadi Persamaan
Differensial Eksak dengan cara mengalikannya dengan faktor integral dari persamaan
tersebut.
Beberapa faktor integral diantaranya:
Jika:
m N
y x
f (x)dx
=f ( x ) ,maka faktor integralnya fi=e
N
(
(
1.
2.
)
)
m N
y x
=f ( y ) , maka faktor integralnya fi=e f ( y)dy
m
3.
1
mx+ Ny
y f ( x , y ) dx+ x g ( x , y ) dy=0
4.
5. Dll
Contoh :
1.
x
( 2+ y + x )dx + xy dy=0
Jawab :
1
mxNy
x
( 2+ y + x ) dx + xy dy=0
x 2+ y 2 + x
m( x , y) =
M
( y
N (x , y ) =
N
( x
2y
M N
y x
xy
= y
y x 2 y y
=
N
xy
y
xy
1
x
f(x)
1x dx
fi e
=
fi =
ln x
( x 3+ x y 2 + x 2) dx + x 2 y dy =0
m( x , y) =
x 3+ x y 2+ x2
N (x , y )
2
= x y
( My ) x=2 xy
( Nx ) y =2 xy
M N
=
y x
F
( x
m( x , y)
eksaks.
F
( y
= N (x , y )
dF=m ( x , y ) dx
df = ( x 3+ x y 2 + x 2) dx +h ( y)
1 4 1 2 2 1 3
x + x y + x +h ( y)
4
2
3
F ( x,y ) =
Selanjutnya mencari nilai h(y) dengan cara mendifferensialkan fungsi diatas secara
parsial terhadap y:
F
( y
x2 y
x y
x2 y
dh( y )
dy
dh( y )
dy
dh( y ) = 0 dy
h(y)=0
Maka hasilnya menjadi:
1 4 1 2 2 1 3
F ( x,y ) = 4 x + 2 x y + 3 x +h ( y)
1 4 1 2 2 1 3
x + x y + x +0
4
2
3
1 4 1 2 2 1 3
= 4 x +2 x y + 3 x
Pembuktian :
Dibuktikan dengan cara mendifferensialkan hasilnya secara parsial terhadap x
maupun y:
1 4 1 2 2 1 3
x + x y+ x
4
2
3
F
( x
= F ( x,y )
3
2
2
y = ( x + xy + x )
( y
= x2 y
d F ( x , y )=
( Fx ) y dx+( Fy ) x dy =0
= ( x3 + xy2) dx + x2y dy = 0 : x
= (x2 + y2 + x ) dx + xy dy = 0 terbukti
Soal :
1.
( 2 x y 4 . e y + 2 x y 3+ y ) dx+ ( x 2 y 4 . e y x2 y 23 x ) dy=0
f. Integral = f(y)
3 2
2
2
4
3
2
2. ( 2 x y +4 x y+ 2 x y + x y +2 y ) dx +2 ( y + x y+ x ) dy =0 f. Integral = f(x)
3.
Jawab :
1.
( 2 x y 4 . e y + 2 x y 3+ y ) dx+ ( x 2 y 4 . e y x2 y 23 x ) dy=0
m ( x , y )=2 x y 4 . e y +2 x y3 + y
N ( x , y )=x 2 y 4 . e y x 2 y 23 x
( my ) x=8 x y . e +e 2 x y + 6 x y +1
3
( Nx ) y =2 x y . e 2 x y 3
4
( my ) x ( Nx ) y
maka harus mencari faktor integralnya :
m N
3
y
y
4
2
4
y
2
y x 8 x y . e +e 2 x y +6 x y +1(2 x y . e 2 x y 3)
=
m
2 x y 4 . e y + 2 x y3 + y
8 x y 3 e y + 8 x y 2+ 4
2 x y 4 e y +2 x y 3 + y
4 (2 x y 3 . e y +2 x y 2 +1)
y (2 x y3 . e y + 2 x y 2+1)
4
y
4 y
f ( y ) dy
maka fi=e
4y
e
dy
e4 ln y
4
e ln y
1
4
y
fi=
sehingga :
1
4
y
4
y
3
2 4
y
2 2
[ ( 2 x y . e + 2 x y + y ) dx+ ( x y . e x y 3 x ) dy=0 ]
( my ) x=2 x e 2 x y
y
3 y4
( Nx ) y =2 x e 2 x y
y
3 y 4
( my ) x=( Nx ) y
F
( x
m( x , y)
( Fx ) y=2 x e +2 x y
y
+ y3
dF=2 x e +2 x y + y dx
dF= ( 2 x e y +2 x y 1 + y 3 ) dx +h( y )
F ( x , y )=x 2 e y + x 2 y1+ y3 + h( y )
persamaanini didifferensialkan secara parsial terhadap y
= N (x , y )
d h ( y)
F
x=x 2 e y + (x 2 y2 )3 x y4 +
y
dy
( )
d h( y )
dy
x 2 e y x 2 y 2 3 x y4 =x2 e y x 2 y 23 x y4 +
0=
d h( y)
dy
d h( y )
dy
h ( y )=0
maka persamaannya menjadi :
F ( x , y )=x 2 e y + x 2 y1+ y3 + h( y )
x 2 e y + x2 y1+ y3+ 0
x 2 e y + x2 y1+ y3
Pembuktian :
Dengan cara mendifferensialkan hasil diatas secara parsial terhadap x
maupun terhadap y:
F ( x , y )=x 2 e y + x 2 y1+ y3
( Fx ) y=2 x e +2 x y
y
( Fy ) x=x e x y
2
d F ( x , y )=
+ y3
3 x y4
( Fx ) y dx+( Fy ) x dy =0
( 2 x e y + 2 x y1+ y3 ) dx + ( x 2 e y x 2 y23 x y 4 ) dy=0
terbukti
2.
( 2 x3 y 2 +4 x 2 y+ 2 x y 2+ x y 4 +2 y ) dx +2 ( y 3+ x 2 y+ x ) dy =0
m ( x , y )=2 x 3 y 2+ 4 x 2 y+ 2 x y 2+ x y 4 +2 y
3
N ( x , y )=2 y + 2 x y+ 2 x
( my ) x=4 x y + 4 x + 4 xy + 4 x y +2
3
( Nx ) y =4 xy +2
( my ) x ( Nx ) y
3
2
3
y x 4 x y+ 4 x + 4 xy + 4 x y +2(4 xy +2)
=
m
2 y 3+ 2 x 2 y+2 x
4 x 3 y + 4 x 2+ 4 x y 3
2 y 3 +2 x2 y +2 x
2 x (2 y +2 x y +2 x)
(2 y 3+2 x 2 y +2 x)
f ( x )=2 x
maka fi=e
f ( x ) dx
e
fi=e x
2 x dx
e x [ ( 2 x 3 y 2+ 4 x 2 y +2 x y 2 + x y 4 +2 y ) dx+ 2 ( y 3 + x 2 y + x ) dy=0]
2
( 2 x3 y 2 e x + 4 x 2 y e x +2 x y 2 e x + x y 4 e x + 2 y e x ) dx + ( 2 y 3 e x +2 x 2 y e x + 2 x e x ) dy=0
2
m ( x , y )=2 x 3 y 2 e x + 4 x 2 y e x + 2 x y 2 e x + x y 4 e x +2 y e x
2
N ( x , y )=2 y 3 e x +2 x 2 y e x + 2 x e x
m
x=4 x 3 y e x +4 x 2 e x + 4 xy e x +4 x y 3 e x +2 e x
y
( )
N
y =2 x .2 y 3 e x +4 xy e x +2 xe x 2 x2 y +2 e x +2 xe x 2 x
x
( )
4 x y 3 e x + 4 xy e x + 4 x 3 y e x +2 e x + 4 x 2 e x
( my ) x=( Nx ) y
( Fx ) y=m( x , y)
( Fy ) x=N (x , y)
( Fy ) x=2 y e +2 x y e + 2 x e
x2
x2
x2
( 2 y 3+2 x 2 y +2 x ) .e x
2
dF=( 2 y 3 +2 x 2 y +2 x ) . e x dy
2
1 4 2 2
y + x y + 2 xy . e x +h( x )
2
( )
m ( x , y )=2 x y 2 e x +2 y e x + x y 4 e x +2 x 3 y 2 e x + 4 x 2 y e x +
2
dh(x)
dx
2
2 x 3 y 2 e x + 4 x 2 y e x + 2 x y 2 e x + x y 4 e x +2 y e x =2 x3 y 2 e x + 4 x 2 y e x +2 x y 2 e x + x y 4 e x + 2 y e x +
0=
dh ( x)
dx
h(x) = 0
maka hasilnya adalah :
1 4 2 2
y + x y + 2 xy . e x +h( x )
2
(
)
1
( y + x y + 2 xy ) .e +0
2
1
F ( x , y )=( y + x y + 2 xy ). e
2
F ( x , y )=
Pembuktian :
dh(x)
dx
F ( x , y )=
1 4 2 2
y + x y + 2 xy . e x
2
4
F
2
x
x 1
u
(
)
y= 2 x y +2 y . e +2 x e
y + x 2 y 2 +2 xy
x
2
( )
2 x y 2 e x +2 y e x + x y 4 e x +2 x 3 y 2 e x + 4 x2 y e x
F
x=( 2 y 3 +2 x 2 y+ 2 x ) . e x
y
( )
2 y 3 e x +2 x 2 y e x +2 x e x
( Fx ) y dx +( Fy ) x dy=0
dF ( x , y )=
( 2 x y 2 e x + 2 y e x + x y 4 e x +2 x3 y 2 e x + 4 x 2 y e x ) dx + ( 2 y 3 e x +2 x 2 y e x + 2 x e x ) dy=0
terbukti.
3.
( x 4 + y 4 ) dxx y 3 dy=0
m ( x , y )=x 4 + y 4
( my ) x=4 y
N ( x , y )=x y 3
( Nx ) y = y
( my ) x ( Nx ) y
fi=
1
mx+ Ny
1
( x + y ) x+ (x y 3 ) y
1
x + x y 4x y 4
fi=
1
x5
1
[( x 4 + y 4 ) dxx y 3 dy=0]
5
x
( x 1 + x5 y 4 ) dxx4 y 3 dy =0
1
m ( x , y )=x + x
( my ) x=( Nx ) y
( Fx ) y=m( x , y)
( Fx ) y=x
4 3
N ( x , y )=x y
( Fy ) x=N (x , y)
+ x5 y 4
dF=x + x y dx
( Fy ) x=x
y3 +
d h( y )
dy
x 4 y 3=x4 y 3 +
0=
d h( y)
dy
d h( y )
dy
h ( y )=0
1 4 4
F ( x , y )=ln x x y +h( y )
4
1
ln x x4 y 4 +0
4
1
F ( x , y )=ln x x4 y 4
4
Pembuktian :
Dengan cara mendifferensialkan hasil tersebut secara parsial terhadap x
maupun y:
1
F ( x , y )=ln x x4 y 4
4
( Fx ) y= 1x + x
( Fy ) x=x
d F ( x , y )=
y4
y3
( Fx ) y dx+( Fy ) x dy =0
5
( 1+ x
x
4 3
y ) dx+ ( x y ) dy=0
x
4 3
( 1+ x y ) dxx y dy =0
terbukti.
y c =c 1 e
Q( x)
( Dm1 ) ( Dm2 ) ( Dm3 ) ( Dmn )
misal :U=
Q(x)
( Dm1 )
( Dm1 ) U=Q ( x )
du
m1 U =Q ( x )
dx
U e
m1 xdx
=Q ( x ) e
m1 xdx
dx
D=
d
dx
U=U ( x )
y p=
U (x)
( Dm2 ) ( Dm3 ) ( Dmn )
misal :Z=
U (x)
( Dm 2)
( Dm2 ) Z=U ( x )
dz
m Z=U ( x )
dx 2
Z e
m2 dx
=U ( x ) e
m2 dx
dx
Z =Z ( x )
yp
Z(x)
( Dm3 ) ( Dm n )
Contoh:
d2 y
dy
x
3 +2 y=e
2
1.
dx
dx
y p=
misal :U=
ex
( D2 )
( D2 ) U=e X
du
2U =e x
dx
U e
2 xdx
= e x e
2 xdx
U e2 x = e x e2 x dx
2 x
Ue
= e dx
x
dx
2 X
UE
=e
U=e
x
x
sehingga , y p=
e
( D1 )
x
misal :Z=
e
( D1 )
( D1 ) Z =e x
dz
Z=e x
dx
Z e
dx
dx
x
= e e dx
x
Z e = e e dx
Z e = dx
x
Z e =x
Z =x e
sehingga , y px e x
maka: y = y c + y p
y=c1 e 2 x + c 2 e x x e x
Pembuktian:
y = y c + yp
2x
y=c1 e + c 2 e x e
dy
2x
x
x
x
=2c 1 e +c 2 e [ x e +e ]
dx
d2 y
2x
x
x
x
x
=4 c 1 e +c 2 e [ x e + e ] e
2
dx
2
maka:
d y
dy
3 +2 y =e x
2
dx
dx
4 c1 e 2 x +c 2 e x x e x e x e x 3 [ 2c 1 e 2 x + c 2 e x x e x e x ]+ 2 [ c1 e 2 x + c 2 e x x e x ]=e x
4 c1 e 2 x +c 2 e x x e x 2e x 6 c 1 e 2 x 3 c2 e x +3 x e x +3 e x +2 c 1 e 2 x +2 c 2 e x 2 x e x =e x
x
2 e +3 e =e
x
e =e
Jika dijumpai :
yc=( C 1+C2 +C 3 ) e
+C 4 e
m2x
Jika dijumpai :
D 2=1
D= 1=i
yc=C 1 e ix +C 2 eix
ix
e =cos xisin x
ix
x
x
cos xi sin
x+ i sin +C 2
cos
yc =C 1
A cos x+ B i sin x
Soal :
1.
d3 y
d2 y
2 x
+3
4 y=x e
3
2
dx
dx
Jawaban :
d3 y
d2 y
2 x
+
3
4 y =x e
3
2
dx
dx
d
d
2 x
+ 3 2 4 y=x e
3
dx
dx
[ D3 +3 D24 ] y=x e2 x
Akar akarnya :
3
2
1
2
-1
-1
0
2
1
2
1
-1
1
0
2
-2
-2
0
-4
-4
0
yp=
x e2 x
( D1 )( D+2 ) ( D+2 )
2 x
u=
xe
( D1 )
( D1 ) u=x e2 x
du
dx
-u=
x e2 x u . e
dx
= x e2 x . e
2 x
u e = x e
x
u ex = x e3 x dx
u
3 x
dv=e
dx
dx
dv
dx
. e dx
v=
1 3 x
e
3
u ex =
1 3 x 1 3 x
x e e dx
3
3
1
1
x e3 x e3 x
3
9
MATRIKS
A = 14
23
B = ex
2 x2
sin x
cos x
Sub matriks adalah bagian dari matriks induk yang bisa berbentuk kolom atau
mendatar
Sub matriks dari A = [a,j], C = [i,4], D =
4
3
Operasi Matriks
1. Penjumlahan
A=
A+B=
1
2
1
2
4
3
4
3
, B=
+
6
1
6
1
2
-5
6
1
2
-5
2
-5
=
7
3
A+ B=B+A
2. Pengurangan
A B=
1
2
4
3
A+ B B+A
-5
1
2
8
6
-2
3. Perkalian
A.B= 1
. 6 2
1 -5
A.B B.A
A.C=
2
4
1.2 + 4.4
2.2 + 3.4
18
16
A= mxn
B =nxr
A. B = m x r
Metode Transpose
A=
1
2
4
3
Mencari AT dari A
AT=
1
4
2
3
AT = A
A=
1 ,
-4 0
A . CT = 3
-1
-4 0
= 64 0
64 0
64
A-1 = CT / det A
MATRIKS IDENTITAS
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
I3 =
HCl
H2
Cl2
Cl 1
1 2 01 0 0
1 0 20 1 0
0 0 10 0 1
I
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
A-1
X(-1)
C=
12 6
-16
16
, CT =
12 10 16
.
12
12
2 -10
-16 16 1 6
12
12
-10
-16
16
16
1 2 0
1 0 2
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 2 0
0 2 2
0 0 1
1 0 0
1 1 0
X(-2)
0 0 1
+
1 2 0
0 2 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
1 1 2
0 0 1
X1
1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 1
1 1 2
1 1 2
0 0 1
: -2
A-1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
-1
A =
1
1
2
0
1
1
2
0
1 2
1
1
2
0
1
1 2
1
1
2
0
1
A.A-1 = I
PEMBUKTIAN
A . A-1 = I
1 2 0
1 0 2
0 0 1
1
1
2
0
1 2
1
1
2
0
1
Cara membuktikan
1
1 .1. 0 2+2 . 0
2+0.0
0+0+ 0
1+ 0+0 2+0+ 2
0+0+ 0
0+ 0+0 0+ 0+1
1.0+2.
Cl2
HCl
H2
Cl
1 0 0
0 1 0
+
0 0 X(-2)
1
+
2 1 0
0 1 2
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 2
0 0 1
:2
2 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 2
0 1 2
0 0 1
A-1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
2
0
0
-1
A =
=I
2 1 0
0 1 2
0 0 1
1
2
0
0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 2
0 1
1 2
0 1
1Cl2 - 2 HCl + H2 = 0
Cl2 + H2
2 HCl
x (-1)
Jika :
Fe3+
Fe
1
e
0
Muatan 3
e Fe2+
0
1
1
0
-1
2
SOAL
1.
N
O
N2O5
2
5
O2
0
2
N2
2
0
N
O
O2
2
0
N2O5
5
2
2
0
2.
N2
JAWABAN
I
1.
A-1
X(-2)
X(-2)
(-)
2 0 0
1 2 0
0 0 1
:2
(-)
:2
1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 1
:2
A . A-1 = I
=
-1 N2O5 + 5/2 O2 + 1N2 = 0
5
/2 O2 + 1N2
N2O5
A-1
2. A =
+
X(-2)
:2
(-)
2 5 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
X5
:2
Bukti : A . A-1 = I
=
5
/2 O2 1 N2O5 + 1N2 = 0
5
/2 O2 + 1N2
N2O5
1
0
0
1
0
0
5
5
2
1
1
2
0 1
0 0
1
1
2
0 1
2 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 2
0 0 1
2 5 0
0 2 0
0 0 1
2 5 0
0 2 2
0 0 1
Determinat
j
a ij c ij
aij
c ij
c ij
[ ]
1 2
3 4
[ ]
a b
c d
|A| = 1 . 4 2 . 3
= -2
1+1
1+2
|A| = (1) .1. ( 4 ) +(1) .2 .(3)
= (1 ) . ( 4 )+ (1 ) . ( 6 )
=46
= -2
1+2
2+2
|A| = (1) . 2. (3) + (1)
.4.1
= -1 . 6 + 4
= -2
[ ]
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
| |
| |
| |
1+1
5 6
1 +2
4 6
1+ 3
4 5
|A| = (1) .1. 8 9 +(1) .2 . 7 9 +(1) .3 . 7 8
= 1 .1 (-3) + 2 . 6 + 3 . (-3)
= -3 + 12 + (-9)
=0
3 2 1
1 6
3
2 4 0
C11 C 12 C13
C 21 C 22 C23
C 31 C 32 C33
Cij
i+ j
= (1)
M ij
C11
1+1
= (1)
= 1 . 12 = 12
C12
1+2
= (1)
3
= (1) . (-6)
= (-1) . (-6)
6 3
4 0
| |
1 3
2 0
=6
C13
1+3
= (1)
1 6
2 4
= 1 . (-4 - 12)
= -16
C21
2+1
= (1)
2 1
4 0
= -1 . (-4)
=4
C22
2+2
= (1)
| |
3 1
2 0
= 1 . (0 (-2))
=2
C23
2+3
= (1)
3 2
2 4
= -1 . (-12 - 4)
= -1 . -16
= 16
C31
3+1
= (1)
| |
2 1
6 3
= 1 . (6 (-6))
= 1 . 12
= 12
C32
3+ 2
= (1)
= -1 . (9 (-1))
= -1 . 10
| |
3 1
1 3
= -10
C33
| |
3 2
1 6
3+3
= (1)
= 1 . (18 - 2)
= 16
C=
C11 C 12 C13
C 21 C 22 C23
C 31 C 32 C33
A. C
] [
=
12
6 16
4
2
16
12 10 16
]
] [
12
4
12
6
2 10
16 16 16
3 2 1
1 6
3
2 4 0
64 0 0
0 64 0
0 0 64
12
4
12
6
2 10
16 16 16
]
|
| |
1+1
6 3
1+2
1 3
1+3
1 6
|A| = (1) .3 . 4 0 +(1) .2. 2 0 +(1) .1 . 2 4
A. C
A. C
det( A)
0
0
0
det (A )
0
0
0
det ( A)
= det (A )
[ ]
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
A. C
T
A. C
= det (A ) . I
= det (A ) . A .
= det ( A ) .
A1
1
C
det( A)
A1 =
adj(A )
det( A)
Soal :
Penerapan dalam kimia
UV
I0
log It
=ECtx= A
Io
It
x,y,
z
y
1 = 3x + 2y + 5z = 9
2 = x + 3y + 2z
= 18
3 = 2x + y + 4z
= 12
A=
[ ]
3 2 5
1 3 2
2 1 4
B=
[]
x
y
z
C=
[]
9
8
12
| |
3 2
1 4
|A| = (-1)1+1 3
A-1 = ? C =
It
- log I 0
+ (-1)1+2 (2)
10
0 5
3
2
1
11 1 7
Ct
| |
1 2
2 4
=A
1 => 3x + 2y + 5z = 9
x + 3y + 2z = 8
2x + y + 4z = 12
3 2 5
x
1 3 2
B= y
2 1 4
z
A=
[ ]
C=
C11
C11 C 12 C13
C 21 C 22 C23
C 31 C 32 C33
1+1
= (1)
[]
]
| |
3 2
1 4
= 1 . (12 2)
= 10
C12
1+2
= (1)
| |
1 2
2 4
= -1 . (4 - 4)
= (-1) . 0
=0
C13
1+3
= (1)
= 1 . (1 - 6)
| |
1 3
2 1
C=
[]
9
8
12
+ (-1)1+3
| |
3 3
2 1
=5
= -5
C21
2+1
= (1)
| |
2 5
1 4
= -1 . (8 - 5)
= -3
C22
2+2
= (1)
| |
3 5
2 4
= 1 . (12 10)
=2
C23
2+3
= (1)
| |
3 2
2 1
= -1 . (3 - 4)
= -1 . -1
=1
C31
3+1
= (1)
| |
2 5
3 2
= 1 . (4 15)
= 1 . -11
= -11
C32
3+ 2
= (1)
| |
3 5
1 2
= -1 . (6 5)
= -1. 1
= -1
C33
3+3
= (1)
= 1 . (9 - 2)
| |
3 2
1 3
=7
C=
C11 C 12 C13
C 21 C 22 C23
C 31 C 32 C33
] [
=
10 3 11
0
2 1
5 1
7
1
5
10
0 5
3
2
1
11 1 7
10 3 11
0
2 1
5 1
7
[ ]
[ ]
[]
3
5
2
A1 . D= 0
5
1
1
5
2
24
5
A1 . D= 0 +16
5
+8
9
5
18
66
5
1
A . D= 4
5
47
5
Pembuktian :
1=3 x +2 y +5 z =9
11
5
9
1
8
5
12
7
5
[]
11
5
12
5
+84
5
1=3
198 8 235
+ +
=9
5
5 5
1 =
1=9=9
terbukti
2=x +3 y +2 z=8
2 =
2 =
66 12 94
+ + =8
5
5 5
2=8=8
terbukti
3 =2 x + y +4 z=12
3 =2
3 =
132 4 188
+ +
=12
5
5 5
3 =12=12
terbukti
[]
[]
66
5
x
4
B= y =
5
z
47
5
9 2 5
A 1= 8 3 2
12 1 4
| |( ) | |( ) | |
| A1|=(1 )2 . 9 31
2 + 1 3 2 8 2 + 1 4 5 8 3
4
12 4
12 1
3 9 5
A 2= 1 8 2
2 12 4
| |( ) | |( ) | |
8
| A2|=(1 )2 .3 12
2 + 1 3 9 1 2 + 1 4 5 1 8
4
2 4
2 12
3 2 9
A 3= 1 3 8
2 1 12
| |( ) | |( ) | |
| A3|=(1 )2 . 3 31
8 + 1 3 2 1 8 + 1 4 9 1 3
12
2 12
2 1
[]
|A 1|
| A|
x
A
A1 . D= y = | 2|
| A|
z
|A 3|
[]
| A|
C = C
i j
H
H
H ij = 1 j d
apabila i = j
apabila i j (ada ikatan langsung)
apabila i j (tidak ada ikatan langsung) 0
S ij = 1 j d
Jika i = j 1
Jika i j 0 , [terhadap dirinya sendiri (1,1) atau (2,2 ),dll]
H ij E . Sij =0
H
C = C
i j
C11 ; E .1=0
C12 ; E .0=0
C21 ; E .0=0
C22 ; E .1=0
=0
=0
dibagi dengan
Misal
E
=x
[ ]
x 1 =0
1 x
| |
x 1 = x 21=0
1 x
X2 = 1
X1 = -1
X2 = 1
E
=1
E=
E= +
E
=1
E=
E=
Nilai 0
Gambar :
Soal
1. 1,3 butadiena
C=CC=C
2. Benzena
Jawaban
1. C = C C = C
C11 ; E .1=0
C31 ; 0E .0=0
C12 ; E .0=0
C32 ; E .0=0
C13 ; 0E .0=0
C33 ; E .1=0
C14 ; 0E .0=0
C34 ; E .0=0
C21 ; E .0=0
C 41 ; 0E.0=0
C22 ; E .1=0
C 42 ; 0E.0=0
C 43 ; E .0=0
C23 ; E .0=0
C 44 ; E .1=0
C24 ; 0E .0=0
0 0
E
0
=0
0
0
0
0 0
1 0
0
0
1
0
Misal :
E
=x
1
E
=0
[ ]
| |
x 1 0 0
1 x 1 0 =0
0 1 x 1
0 0 1 x
x
1
0
0
1
x
1
0
0
1
x
1
0
0 =x 43 x 2+ 1
1
x
x=
( 12 ( 1+ 5) )= 1,618
x=
( 12 ( 51) )= 0,618
1.
E
=1,618
E
=0,618
7.
E=1,618
8.
E=0,618
3. E= 1,618
E
=1,618
4.
9.
E= 0,618
2.
10.
5.
E=1,618
11.
6.
E= +1,618
12.
13.
E= +0,618
14. Gambar :
E
15.
- 1,618
16.
- 0,618
17.
18.
+ 0,618
19.
+ 1,618
20.
21. 2.Benzena
E
=0,618
E=0,618
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
C11 ; E .1=0
C12 ; E .0=0
C13 ; 0E .0=0
C14 ; 0E .0=0
C15 ; 0E .0=0
C16 ; E .0=0
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
C36 ; 0 E.0=0
C 41 ; 0E.0=0
C 42 ; 0E.0=0
C 43 ; E .0=0
C 44 ; E .1=0
47.
C 45 ; E .0=0
31.
C21 ; E .0=0
48.
C 46 ; 0E .0=0
32.
C22 ; E .1=0
49.
C51 ; 0E .0=0
33.
C23 ; E .0=0
50.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
C24 ; 0E .0=0
C25 ;0E .0=0
C26 ;0E.0=0
C31 ;0E .0=0
C32 ; E .0=0
51.
52.
53.
54.
C52 ; 0E .0=0
C53 ; 0E .0=0
C54 ; E .0=0
C55 ; E .1=0
C56 ; E .0=0
55.
C61 ; E .0=0
39.
C33 ; E .1=0
56.
C62 ; 0E .0=0
40.
C34 ; E .0=0
57.
C63 ; 0E .0=0
41.
C35 ; 0E .0=0
58.
C64 ; 0E .0=0
59.
61.
62.
63.
Misal
64.
65.
1.
C65 ; E .0=0
C66 ; E .1=0
60.
0 0 0
E
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
E
E
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
E
1
0
0
1
E
0
0
1
E
dibagi
E
=x
[ ]
| |
x
1
0
0
0
1
1
x
1
0
0
0
0
1
x
1
0
0
0
0
1
x
1
0
0
0
0
1
x
1
1
0
0
0
1
x
x
1
0
0
0
1
1
x
1
0
0
0
0
1
x
1
0
0
0
0
1
x
1
0
0
0
0
1
x
1
1
0
0 =x 66 x 4 +9 x 24
0
1
x
66.
x= 2
67.
x= 1
E
=2
2.
E=2
3.
E= 2
4.
E
=2
5.
E=2
E= +2
6.
E
=1
7.
8.
E=
9.
E=
10.
E
=1
11. E=
12.
13.
14.
Cahaya n=4
1,6
15.
En=3
0,6
------------------------------
17.
En=2
+0,6
18.
En=1
+1,6
16.
19.
E= +
Melepas e