Case Hypokalemia
Case Hypokalemia
Hipokalemia
Disusun oleh:Berat
dr Rizka
Identitas Pasien
Nama
Tn A
Jenis Kelamin
Laki-laki
Umur
27 tahun
Agama
Islam
Pendidikan
SMA
Pekerjaan
Karyawan swasta
Status
Menikah
Minggu 30 Oktober
2014
Ruang Rawat
Bangsal Melati
DPJP
Anamnesis
Keluhan
Utama
Anamnesis
RPD
Anamnesis
R. Keluarga
Riwayat
Kebiasaan
Riwayat
Pengobatan
Pemeriksaan Fisik
KU
TTV
T 110/60 mmHg
N 72 x/m
S 36.6 C
RR 16 x/m
Kepala
Thorax
Abdomen
Patologis
2/2
- /-
N/N
+ /+ R.
+/ +
Hasil
Satuan
Nilai Rujukan
n
Darah Lengkap
Hb
17,4
g/dl
11,0 16,5
Eritrosit
5,18
106/uL
3,8 5,8
Hematokrit
42,0
35,0 50,0
Leukosit
21,96
103/uL
4 11
Trombosit
259
103/uL
150 450
mm/jam
LED
0,0
01
Eosinofil
3,7
05
Neutrofil
69,3
46 -75
Limfosit
17,5
17 48
Monosit
9,5
4 10
Kimia Darah
1,09
mg/dl
Up to 1,10
total
SGOT
SGPT
ALP
Ureum
Kreatinin
Natrium
Kalium
Chlor
GD
Sewaktu
27
U/l
15
U/l
94
U/l
44,4
mg/dL
1,22
mg/dL
Elektrolit Darah
140
meq/l
1,6
meq/l
109
meq/l
Gula Darah
98
mg/dl
Up to 38
Up to 41
80-306
10 50
0,7 1,2
135 147
3,5 5,0
94 111
70 140
Elektrolit Serial
Tanggal 30/10/1 01/11/1 03/11/1 05/11/1 06/11/1
Natriu
4
140
4
138
4
139
4
139
4
130
m
Kalium
1.6
1.7
2.4
2.6
3.2
Chlor
109
105
105
107
100
Kuning
Kejernihan
Agak keruh
SEDIMEN
Berat jenis
1.010
Lekosit
20-30 / LPB
pH / reaksi
Eritrosit
Penuh / LPB
Protein
II
Silinder
Reduksi
Benda keton
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Urobilin
Protein kuantitatif
Darah samar
IIIII
Lain-lain
Hyalin
Granular Epitel
Bakteri
Kristal
Lain-lain
Rontgen Thorax PA
Tak tampak deviasi trakea
Sinus, diafragma, dan
pleura baik
Corakan bronkovaskuler
tissue baik
Kesan :
Pulmo : tak tampak
kelainan
Cor : tak tampak
kelainan.
EKG
Kesan EKG :
Hipokalemia
: Normoaxis
Gelombang P: Normal
Interval PR
: Normal
Kompleks QRS
Segmen ST
: Normal
: ST changes (-)
: di lead V1 -
USG (03-11-14)
Kesan :
Nefrolithiasis
Diagnosis
Berdasarkan anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik, dan
pemeriksaan penunjang maka diagnosis kerja
yang ditegakkan adalah
Penatalaksanaan
Non-medikamentosa
Diet TKTP (tinggi karbohidrat tinggi protein)
Konsumsi pisang 6x/hari
Konsul urologi atas diagnosis nefrolithiasis
Medikamentosa
IVFD Ringer laktat 500 cc + KCl 50 mEq/8 jam dengan 2x
pemberian
KSR 3 x 1 tab
OMZ 2 x 1 amp
Resume
Laki-laki, 27 tahun dengan keluhan parese kedua
Resume
Pada pemeriksaan laboratorium didapatkan
Follow Up
Tgl Follow up
Penatalaksanaan
30/1 Os datang ke IGD -Pemeriksaan darah rutin, urin, ureum,
0
dengan
keluhan creatinin
-Pemeriksaan EKG
31/1 Mengeluh
0
lemah
10.0
0
- Omeprazole 2x1
masih -Serfac (citicoline) 2x500 mg
-Neurobion 1x1
-KSR tab 3x1
K: 1.7
-Ceftriaxone 2x1
-cek elektrolit serial selesai koreksi
Follow Up
Tgl Follow up
Penatalaksanaan
01/1 Keluhan lemah badan -koreksi KCl 50 meq dilanjutkan sampai
1
0
-diet tambahan pisang 6 bh/hari
02/1 Tangan dan kaki sudah -USG Abdomen
1
13.3
0
03/1 K: 2.4
2x lagi
20.1
5
04/1
meq/8 jam 2x
Follow Up
Tgl
Follow up
Penatalaksanaan
05/11 K: 2.6
15.00
06/11 K: 3.2
15.00
07/11 Pasien
boleh
08.30 dipulangkan
Saran control ke poli
urologi
METABOLISME KALIUM
K+
- Kation utama ICF
- Total Body Stores:
ICF (98%)
140-150 mmol/L
(3000-4000 mmol)
Sintesis protein
Pertumbuhan sel
3
Na+
3000-4000 mmol
- 50 mmol/kgBB
Na+/K+ATPas
e
2
K+ ECF
(2%)
3.5-5.0 mmol/L
(60-80 mmol)
Insuli
n
Stool
Keseimbangan K+
Ratio K+ ICF : ECF menentukan
K+
ICF
Kekurangan K+:
ECF
Perangsangan Neuromuskular
Pada jaringan neuromuskuler (mis: saraf, otot
Asupan
kalium
harian
(dietary
intake)
Cellular
uptake
Metabolisme
K+ oleh ginjal
K+
homeosta
sis
Penyerap
an oleh
GIT
60-150
mmol/har
i
Lonjakan
K+
Na+/K+ATPas
e
5-10%
8
mmol/har
i
FESES
90-95%
92
mmol/hari
URIN
Asupan
kalium
Insulin
Katekolamin
Aldosteron
Alkalosis
K+
K+
H
+
ACIDOSI
S
ALKALOSIS
An oversimplification in
Renal Adaptation
Ginjal
dapat
beradaptasi
dengan
adanya
perubahan (akut/kronik) dalam intake K+
Obligatory renal losses: 10-15 mEq/hari
K+ homeostasis dapat dipertahankan hingga GFR
< 15-20 ml/min
Pada gagal ginjal, K+ yang diekskresi melalui
feses akan
Aldosteron
sor
b
a
e
R
a+
bsi N i
es
Sekr
K+
Aktivitas
dan
sintesis
Na+/K+
ATPase
Aldostero
n
Distal tubular
fluid flow rate
meningkat
(mis: diuretik)
Peningkat
an
kalium
plasma
Alkalosis
metabolic
Sekresi kalium
di urin
HIPOKALEMIA
Hipokalemia
Kalium plasma < 3.5 mmol/L
Mild
: 3.0 3.5 mEq/L : asymptomatic
Moderate : < 3.0 mEq/L : symptomatic
Severe
: <2.5 mEq/L
Gangguan keseimbangan elektrolit yang paling sering
Etiologi Hipokalemia
Inadequa
te
dietary
intake
Redistrib
usi
(Trancell
ular shift)
Hipokalem
ia
K+ loss
(Renal/
Non
renal)
Inadequate intake
Manifestations of hypokalemia
Neuromuscular manifestations
Cardiovascular manifestations
Arrhythmias
increased sensitivity to digitalis
Gastrointestinal manifestations
Metabolic alkalosis
ECG changes
Depression of the ST segment
Flattening of the T wave
Appearance of a prominent U wave
Prolonged PR interval
CVv
CV
C
CV V
Treatment of hypokalemia
Reduction of K+ losses and restore K+
Dietary consumption of K+ should be supplemented with
K+ replacement therapy
Determine causes prevent future episodes
Evaluate potential toxicity ECG & electrolyte serial
K+ replacement is recommended for individuals who are
sensitive to sodium or unwilling to reduce salt intake,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bulimia, diuretic/laxative abuse
K+ supplements are best administered orally in moderate
dosage over period of days to weeks
Serum K+ is not always accurate indicator of total body
potassium.
A dosage of 20 mmol/day of K+ oral is sufficient for
prevention. 40-100 mmol/d is sufficient for treatment
Reduction of K+ losses
In treating hypokalemia, the first step is to identify
rate
Reduction of K+ losses
Every 1 mEq/L loss in plasma ~ total K+ deficit
of 200-400 mEq
Mild-moderate hypokalemia (2.5-3.5mEq/L): oral
kalium replacement
Po administration KCl should occur more slowly
over several days at 80 - 160 meq/day in divided
doses
Severe hypokalemia (<2.5 mEq/L): IV kalium
IV rate: 10 mEq/hour
Severe emergency: 40 mEq/hour through central
venous line and close monitoring in ICU
Oral + IV simultaneously is safe
Daftar Pustaka
1. Assadi F. Diagnosis of Hypokalemia: a Problem-solving
Consequences,
Causes and Correction. Journal of American Society of
Nephrology p1180-1187.