KOVALEN
Pemakaian bersama
pasangan elektron
Ikatan Kovalen
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Contoh
Resonansi
Bukan Resonansi
Pengecualian aturan 8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
H hanya 2 elektron
Be hanya 4 elektron
B hanya 6 elektron
Atom dalam molekul harus lebih 8
elektron
Molekul dengan elektron ganjil
Pengecualian aturan 8
Muatan Formal
1
Formal Charge Group Number - [Number LPE (Number BE)]
2
LPE = lone pair electrons
BE = bonding electrons
Formal Charge = 5 - [0 + (8)] = + 1
Formal Charge = 5 - [2 + (6)] = 0
Ion Karbonat
1
Formal Charge Group Number - [Number LPE (Number BE)]
2
LPE = lone pair electrons
BE = bonding electrons