Keseimbangan
Keseimbangan
Asam
Asam Basa
Basa
Chapter 18
Asam
Basa
Berasa pahit.
Licin. Umumnya sabun mengandung basa.
Berasa asam
Menjadikan logam berkarat
Elektrolit
Bereaksi dengan basa membentuk garam dan air
pH kecil dari 7
Merobah lakmus biru jadi merah Blue to Red A-CID
Tatanama Asam
HBr (aq)
H2CO3
H2SO3
asam bromida
Asam karbonat
Asam sulfit
Sebutkan namanya
HI (aq)
HCl (aq)
H2SO3
HNO3
HIO4
10
11
Ba(OH)2
Mg(OH)2
Actal (antacid)
12
Definisi Asam/Basa
Definisi #1: Arrhenius (traditional)
Asam pembentuk ion H+ (ion hidronium
H3O+)
Basa pembentuk ion OH(masalah: beberapa basa tidak mengandung
gugus hidroksida!)
13
14
basa
asam
Asam
konyugasi
15
Basa
konyugasi
16
TEORI ASAM-BASA
Menurut definisi Brnsted-Lowry NH3
adalah BASA dalam air dan air itu
sendiri adalah asam ASAM
NH
NH33+H
+H22O
O
Base
Acid
Base
Acid
NH
NH44++OH
+OH
Acid
Base
Acid
Base
Pasangan Konyugasi
17
18
Learning Check!
Tentukan yang mana asam, basa, asam
konyugasi, dan basa konyugasi dalam reaksi
berikut:
19
OH
H OH
+
H
H
H
ACID
BASE
20
21
22
Gugus heme
Ion Fe dalam
hemoglobin adalah
asam Lewis
O2 dan CO dapat
bertindak sebagai
basa Lewis
23
Dibawah 7 = asam
7 = netral
Diatas 7 = base
24
Perhitungan pH
pH = - log [H+]
(Ingat, [ ] berarti konsentrasi Molar)
25
26
27
Perhitungan pH Menentukan H+
Bila pH Coca Cola 3,12; [H+] = ???
Karena pH = - log [H+] maka
- pH = log [H+]
Ambil antilog (10x) kedua
sisi diperoleh
10-pH = [H+]
[H+] = 10-3,12 = 7,6 x 10-4 M
*** untuk mendapatkan antilog pada calculator, tekan tombol
Shift atau 2nd function kemudian tombol log
Perhitungan pH Menentukan H+
Suatu larutan mempunyai pH 8,5.
Berapa konsentrasi molar ion hidrogen
dalam larutan?
pH
pH == -- log
log [H
[H++]]
8,5
8,5 == -- log
log [H
[H++]]
-8,5
-8,5 == log
log [H
[H++]]
Antilog
Antilog -8,5
-8,5 == antilog
antilog (log
(log [H
[H++])
])
-8,5 = [H++]
10
10-8,5
= [H ]
33 X
X 10
10-9-9 == [H
[H++]]
28
29
Air
Air
H2O dapat berfungsi sebagai ASAM dan BASA
Air murni mengalami AUTOIONISASI
Konstantakeseimbanganair=Kw
Kw=[H3O+][OH]=1.00x1014pada25oC
Autoionisasi Air
30
OH
OH
++
H
O
H33O
pOH
Karena asam dan basa
berlawanan, pH dan pOH juga
berlawanan!
pOH sesungguhnya tidak ada,
tetapi berguna untuk perhitungan
pH.
pOH = - log [OH-]
Karena pH dan pOH berlawanan
maka,
pH + pOH = 14
31
32
pH
[H++]
[OH--]
pOH
NaOH 0.0010 M?
33
34
36
37
38
39
40
ammonia
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
41
Basa Lemah
42
Keseimbangan pada
Asam dan Basa Lemah
Perhatikan asam asetat, HC2H3O2 (HOAc)
HC2H3O2 + H2O H3O+
Asam
C2H3O2 -
Base konyugasi
[H3 O+ ][OAc - ]
Ka
1.8 x 10-5
[HOAc]
(K dinyatakan sebagai Ka untuk asam)
K berupa perbandingan ion-ion (terurai) dengan
molekul (tidak terurai)
43
Basa
Konyugasi
Kekuatan
bertambah
Konstanta Keseimbangan
Asam Lemah
44
Konstanta Keseimbangan
Basa Lemah
45
46
Hubungan
antara
Ka, Kb,
[H3O+]
dan pH
[OAc-]
awal
1.00
1.00
00
00
berobah
-x
+x
-x
+x
1.00-x
1.00-x xx
+x
+x
xx
Kes.
47
[HOAc]
1.00 - x
Merupakanpersamaankuadrat.Selesaikan
denganrumusabc.
Asumsi
Asumsi dapat
dapat dilakukan
dilakukan bila
bila xx sangat
sangat kecil!
kecil!
(Secara
(Secara umum:
umum: Bila
Bila K
Kaa 10
10-5-5 atau
atau lebih
lebih kecil)
kecil)
48
Tahap 3. Penyelesaian
+ ][OAc - ]
2
[H
O
x
3
Ka 1.8 x 10-5 =
[HOAc]
1.00 - x
x2
1.00
49
x2
1.00
50
51
OH-
Kb = 1.8 x 10-5
Step 1. Konsentrasi komponen dengan tabel
[NH3]
awal
berobah
Kes.
[NH4+]
0.010
0.010
-x
-x
[OH-]
00
00
+x
+x
0.010
0.010 -- xx
+x
+x
xx
xx
52
OH-
Kb = 1.8 x 10-5
Tahap 2. Penyelesaian
-5
Kb 1.8 x 10
[NH4+ ][OH- ]
x2
=
=
[NH3 ]
0.010 - x
53
OH-
Kb = 1.8 x 10-5
Tahap 3. Perhitungan pH
[OH-] = 4.2 x 10-4 M
maka pOH = - log [OH-] = 3.37
Karena, pH + pOH = 14,
pH = 10.63
54
55
Pengukuran pH
Beberapa cara penentuan pH
Kertas lakmus biru (merah = asam)
Kertas lakmus merah (biru = basa)
Kertas pH (universal)
pH meter (7 netral, <7 asam, >7 basa)
Indicator seperti fenolftalein
Indikator alam seperti kol merah,
bunga
56
57
Paper testing
pH paper
58
59
pH meter
Mengukur potensial
yang dihasilkan larutan
Merobah potensial jadi
pH
Murah dan teliti
Harus dikalibrasi
dengan larutan buffer
pH indicators
Indicators are dyes that can be
added that will change color in
the presence of an acid or base.
Some indicators only work in a
specific range of pH
Once the drops are added, the
sample is ruined
Some dyes are natural, like radish
skin or red cabbage
60
ACID-BASE
ACID-BASE REACTIONS
REACTIONS
Titrations
Titrations
H2C2O4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) --->
acid
base
Na2C2O4(aq) + 2 H2O(liq)
H2C2O4
61
62
63
Titration
Titration
1. Add solution from the buret.
2. Reagent (base) reacts with
compound (acid) in solution
in the flask.
3. Indicator shows when exact
stoichiometric reaction has
occurred. (Acid = Base)
This is called
NEUTRALIZATION.
LAB
LAB PROBLEM
PROBLEM #1:
#1: Standardize
Standardize aa
solution
solution of
of NaOH
NaOH
i.e.,
i.e., accurately
accurately
determine
determine its
its concentration.
concentration.
35.62 mL of NaOH is
neutralized with 25.2 mL of
0.0998 M HCl by titration to
an equivalence point. What
is the concentration of the
NaOH?
64
65
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: You
You have
have 50.0
50.0 mL
mL of
of 3.0
3.0 M
M
NaOH
NaOH and
and you
you want
want 0.50
0.50 M
M NaOH.
NaOH.
What
What do
do you
you do?
do?
Add water to the 3.0 M solution to lower
its concentration to 0.50 M
66
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: You
You have
have 50.0
50.0 mL
mL of
of 3.0
3.0 M
M
NaOH
NaOH and
and you
you want
want 0.50
0.50 M
M NaOH.
NaOH. What
What do
do
you
you do?
do?
H2O
3.0 M NaOH
Concentrated
0.50 M NaOH
Dilute
67
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: You
You have
have 50.0
50.0 mL
mL of
of 3.0
3.0 M
M
NaOH
NaOH and
and you
you want
want 0.50
0.50 M
M NaOH.
NaOH. What
What do
do
you
you do
do??
How much water is added?
The important point is that --->
68
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: You
You have
have 50.0
50.0 mL
mL of
of 3.0
3.0 M
M NaOH
NaOH and
and
you
you want
want 0.50
0.50 M
M NaOH.
NaOH. What
What do
do you
you do?
do?
Amount of NaOH in original solution =
MV
300 mL
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: You
You have
have 50.0
50.0 mL
mL of
of 3.0
3.0 M
M
NaOH
NaOH and
and you
you want
want 0.50
0.50 M
M NaOH.
NaOH. What
What do
do
you
you do?
do?
69
Conclusion:
H2O
add 250 mL
of water to
3.0 M NaOH
Concentrated
50.0 mL of
3.0 M NaOH
to make 300
mL of 0.50 M
0.50 M NaOH NaOH.
Dilute
70
Preparing Solutions by
Dilution
A shortcut
M1 V1 = M2 V2
71
72
73
Table
74
AcidBasePropertiesofAqueousSolutionsofVariousTypesofSalts
TypeofSaltExamplesCommentpHofSolution
CationisfromNeitheractsas
strongbase;KCl,KNO3anacidoraNeutral
anionisfromNaCl,NaNO3base
strongacid
CationisfromAnionactsas
strongbase;NaC2H3O2abase;cationBasic
anionisfromKCN,NaFhasnoeffect
weakacidonpH
CationisconjugateCationactsas
acidofweakbase;NH4Cl,anacid;anionAcidic
anionisfromNH4NO3hasnoeffect
Table
75
AcidBasePropertiesofAqueousSolutionsofVariousTypesofSalts
TypeofSaltExamplesCommentpHofSolution
CationisconjugateCationactsasAcidicif:
acidofweakbaseNH4C2H3O2anacid;anionKa>Kb
anionisconjugateNH4CNactsasabaseBasicif:
baseofweakacidKb>Ka
Neutralif:
Ka=Kb
CationishighlyHydratedcation
chargedmetalion;Al(NO3)3,actsasanacid;Acidic
anionisfromFeCl3anionhasno
strongacideffectonpH
Example
76
Predictwhetheranaqueoussolutionofeachofthefollowingsalts
willbeacidic,basic,orneutral.
a)NH4C2H3O2b)NH4CNc)Al2(SO4)3
lution:
Theionsaretheammoniumandacetateions,KaforNH4+is
5.6x1010,andKbforC2H3O2is5.6x1010.Sincetheareequal
thesolutionwillbeneutralandthepHcloseto7.
Thesolutionwillcontaintheammoniumandcyanideions,the
KavalueforNH4+is5.6x1010,and
Kw
Kb(forCN )==1.6x105
Ka(forHCN)
SinceKbforCNismuchlargerthanKaforNH4+,thissolution
willbebasic.
ThissolutioncopntainsthehydratedAluminumionandthesulfate
ion.KaforAl(H2O)63+=1.4x105,forsulfate,Kb=8.3x1013;
77
Example
78
CalculatethepHofa0.010MAlCl3solution.TheKavalueforthe
Al(H2O)63+ionis1.4x105.
Solution:
SincetheAl(H2O)63+ionisastrongeracidthanwater,thedominate
equilibriumwillbe:
Al(H2O)63+(aq)Al(OH)(H2O)52+(aq)+H+(aq)
2+
+
[Al(OH)(H
O)
][H
]
2
5
5
1.4x10 =Ka=
[Al(H2O)63+]
InitialConcentration(mol/L)EquilibriumConcentration(mol/L)
Xmol/L
3+
[Al(H2O)63+]0=0.010[Al(H
2O)6 ]=0.010x
2+
[Al(OH)(H2O)52+]=0[Al(OH)(H
Al(H2O)63+
2O)5 ]=x
~
+
+
Dissociates
[H ]0=0[H
]=x
toreach
equilibrium
Example
79
Thus:
2+
+
[Al(OH)(H
O)
][H
]
2
5
5
1.4x10 =Ka==
[Al(H2O)63+]
(x)(x)
Ka==
0.010x
x2
0.010
x=3.7x104
Sincetheapproximationisvalidbythe5%rule:
[H+]=x=3.7x104MandpH=___________
Increasingacidity
Molecular model: C1 ,
3+
A1(H2O)6 , H2O
-
81
11
w
KbofNO2 ===1.4x10
KaofHNO2 7.1x104
SinceKaofFe3+>KbofNO2,thesolutionisacidic.