Model-Model
Pengajaran I
Apakah Ciri-Ciri
Seorang
Guru yang BAIK
?
Guru Berkesan ?
Bagaimanakah
seseorang Guru boleh
menghasilkan
Pengajaran Berkesan ?
EMPAT ORIENTASI
PEMBELAJARAN
Behavioris
(Pembelajaran Berasaskan Guru)
Kognitif
Pembelajaran Sosial
Humanistik
(Pembelajaran Berasaskan murid)
ORIENTASI BEHAVIORIS
Diperolehi
daripada
Rangsangan
luaran
ANDAIAN-ANDAIAN
Persekitaran membentuk/mengawal
tingkahlaku
MODEL PENGAJARAN...
Pembelajaran Masteri
Latih tubi
Simulasi
Ya
Tidak
Sudahkah
murid
menguasainy
a?
Ya
Tindakan Susulan:
Akt. Pemulihan
MODEL PENGAJARAN...
Pembelajaran Masteri
Latih tubi
Simulasi
ORIENTASI KOGNITIF
ANDAIAN-ANDAIAN
PENDEKATAN PENGAJARAN
Penekanan P&P harus bertumpu kepada
MODEL PENGAJARAN
Advance Organizer
Latihan Inkuiri
Ingatan / Penghafalan
Kreativiti (cth. Synectics)
Pemerolehan Konsep
(Concept Attainment)
Penyelesaian Masalah
MODEL PENGAJARAN
Advance Organizer
Latihan Inkuiri
Ingatan / Penghafalan
Kreativiti (cth. Synectics)
Pemerolehan Konsep
(Concept Attainment)
Penyelesaian Masalah
ORIENTASI SOSIAL
ANDAIAN-ANDAIAN
ANDAIAN-ANDAIAN
Melalui pemerhatian, murid
memperolehi pengetahuan,
kemahiran, peraturan, strategi,
kepercayaan & sikap yang
sesuai/tidak sesuai.
MODEL PENGAJARAN
Modeling/Mentoring
Main Peranan
Jurisprudential Model
Konstruktivisme
Pembelajaran Kontekstual
Koperatif & Kolaboratif
ORIENTASI HUMANISTIK
ANDAIAN-ANDAIAN
PENDEKATAN PENGAJARAN
Tiada penggredan/peperiksaan
sebagai pengiktirafan/hukuman
PENDEKATAN
PENGAJARAN...
MODEL PENGAJARAN
Pembelajaran Pandu Kendiri
(Self-Directed Learning)
Pengajaran Tanpa Arah
(Non-Directive Teaching)
Learner-Centered Approach
Five Premises
1. Learners are distinct and unique and this must
be taken into consideration if learners are to
engage in and take responsibility for their own
learning.
2. Learners must be provided with challenges and
opportunities for learning and
self-development.
3. Learning is a constructive process and learning
occurs best when what is learnt is relevant and
meaningful and learner is actively involved in
learning process.
Learner-Centered Approach
Five Premises
4. Learning occurs best in a positive environment where learners
feel appreciated, acknowledged, respected and validated.
5. Learning is a natural process learners are naturally curious
and basically interested in learning about mastering their
world.
Rujukan
Cooper, J.M. (1994). Classroom Teaching Skills.
Lexington, MA: Heath & Co.
Joyce, B., Weil, M., & Showers, B. (1992).
Models of Teaching. Allyn and Bacon.
Henderson, J. (1993), Reflective Teaching:
Becoming an inquiring educator, New York:
Macmillan