EKSPLORASI GEOFISKA

DOSEN :
Dr. Prihadi Sumintadireja
(2010)

EKSPLORASI GEOFISKA

Pendahuluan
Konsep dan Metoda Eksplorasi
Eksplorasi Geofisika
Methoda Geofisika
Parameter Fisik Batuan
Metoda Seismik Refleksi
Gravity
Magnetik
Resistivity
Induced Polarization (IP)
Georadar
Magnetotelurik

KONSEP EKSPLORASI
Referensi:
R. P. Koesoemadinata
elsandcompany.com

KONSEP
EKSPLORASI
Alur pemikiran yang
sistematis
Perumusan objek / target eksplorasi,
Perumusan model geologi
(jenis cebakan dan lingkungan
geologinya),
Perumusan sistem percariannya
(strategi, metoda, dan teknologi
eksplorasi)
4

KONSEP
EKSPLORASI
1. PERUMUSAN OBJEKTIF EKSPLORASI
Formulasi objektif / target eksplorasi ditentukan oleh:
-Kondisi ekonomi
(kecenderungan pasar, gejolak harga, perkembangan teknologi
pertambangan, metalurgi, dll.)
-Cadangan mineral
(kadar dari unsur/logam, unsur-unsur yang tidak dikehendaki, susunan
mineral)
-Letak daerah
(prasarana, jenis kontrak / undang-undang pertambangan)

Batubara

surabaya.indonetwork.
or.id

KONSEP
EKSPLORASI

Cari apa ya?

Emas

Tembaga

serc.carleton.edu

gwydir.demon.co.uk

KONSEP
EKSPLORASI
2. PENENTUAN MODEL GEOLOGI DARI OBJEKTIF
DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENGENDALINYA
Formulasi model geologi ditentukan oleh jenis cebakan, karakteristik,
dan lingkungan geologinya (melalui literatur).

Faktor faktor pengendalinya berdasarkan model geologi ditentukan ol

1. Petunjuk geologi sebagai pengendali keberadaan cebakan
2. Menentukan gejala geologi yang mengendalikan proses pembentukan
cebakan
3. Menentukan sifat-sifat geologi, fisika, dan kimia dari petunjuk geologi

KONSEP
EKSPLORASI
USGS Porphyry Model

gccoal.com

Eluvial gold placers

e-goldprospecting.com

e-goldprospecting.com

Seperti apa ya
bentuknya di
dalam bumi?

Epithermal Gold Deposit

gccoal.com

KONSEP
EKSPLORASI

eos.ubc.ca

ampt.com.au

Bagaimana ya
cara
mencarinya?

Applied Geophysics

Mineral Exploration Drilling

Surface & Underground
9

MODEL
GEOLOGI
CEBAKAN
Model:
Suatu konsep pemersatu
yang menjelaskan suatu gejala rumit dengan maksud
mengkomunikasikan informasi mengenai gejala
tersebut.
Cox dan Singer (1986):
Model cebakan mineral adalah informasi yang
disusun secara sistematis yang mendeskripsikan
sifat-sifat dari suatu kelompok cebakan mineral
10

MODEL
GEOLOGI
CEBAKAN
PENGGUNAAN MODEL GEOLOGI DALAM EKSPLORASI
- Masa lalu (para prospektor)
Secara empiris memiliki bayangan dan petunjuk kondisi daerah yang
prospek
untuk dicari cebakan mineralnya, jenis batuannya, jenis mineralisasinya,
dan bahkan keadaan geomorfologinya.
- Masa kini (para geologist explorationist)
Melanjutkan bayangan empiris tersebut dengan pengetahuan
dan
menjelaskan petunjuk gejala geologi secara genetik.

11

PENYUSUNAN
MODEL
GEOLOGI
CEBAKAN
Model Empiris
(Model Statistik)
Model Tonase-Kadar
(grade tonnage models)

Model genetik / model deteministik

(Genetic Model)
12

Model Empiris
(Model Statistik)

- Merekam penyebaran populasi cebakan yang diketahui

- Gejala geologi dinilai atas reabilitasnya menurut frekuensi
relatif
dari asosiasinya dengan cebakan
- Gejala yang diperoleh dengan frekuensi tinggi (9-10)
lebih berarti meski jarang jarang didapat, begitu pula
sebaliknya
- Ketidak hadiran dalam suatu gejala harus direkam dalam suatu
13
contoh

Model Empiris
(Model Statistik)

KELEMAHAN:
- Sebagian kecil data dari populasi tidak dapat digunakan untuk
memformulasikan model
- Ada data yang diketahui dari satu cebakan secara genetik tapi
tidak dapat digunakan karena secara statistik tidak berlaku
- Tidak dapat meramalkan gejala-gejala yang tidak tercantum
dalam data aslinya
14

Model Empiris
(Model Statistik)

Schematic cross-sections
through destructive plate
margins.
(After Mitchell and Garson)

15

Model Tonase-Kadar
(grade tonnage models)

(Cox dan Singer, 1986)

Menyajikan Model Tonase-Kadar
yang memperlihatkan dalam format grafis
dan membandingkan jenis cebakan dengan besarnya cadangan

16

Model Tonase-Kadar
(grade tonnage models)

17
pubs.usgs.gov

Model genetik / model deteministik

(Genetic Model)

(Hodgson, 1989)
Model Genetik merupakan kompilasi sifat-sifat yang saling
berhubungan dari suatu kelompok cebakan.

KELEMAHAN:
Mengabaikan gejala-gejala yang tidak dapat dijelaskan
oleh teori-teori geologi.
18

Model genetik / model deteministik

(Genetic Model)
em.csiro.au

Schematic diagram illustrating

the genesis of sulphide ores
in mafic/ultramafic intrusions

19

PENYUSUNAN
MODEL
GEOLOGI
CEBAKAN
(Hodgson, 1989)
Pendekatan terbaik dalam penyusunan model geologi cebakan:
Model empiris kasar yang menggunakan teori dan data geologi
sehingga menjadi suatu model genetik

20

PENYUSUNAN
MODEL
GEOLOGI
CEBAKAN

21

Berdasarkan:
hubungan antara gejala tektonik lempeng
dengan berbagai jenis cebakan yang
Mengandung unsur atau bijih tertentu

Model Tektonik Lempeng

Model Paleogeograf

yukongoldcorp.com

Model Tektonik Lempeng

Tectonic model for the Devono-Mississipian margin of western North America,

showing a complex history of ocean plate subduction, back-arc rifting and the for motion 23
of VMS, SEDEX and MVT deposits in the northern Canadian Cordillera (Nelson et al., 2002).

Model tektonik lempeng di

Indonesia serta hubungannya
dengan mineralisasi (Charlyle and
Mitchell, 1994) divisualisasikan
dalam bentuk peta dan
penampang

geoinfo.nmt.edu

Model Paleogeograf

Continental reconstruction during Late Permian (Kazanian) time. In this model, the Permian basin
lay just south of the equator and close to the western margin of the Pangean continent. Approximate
present-day continental outlines shown for reference. Redrawn from Scotese and others (1979).

25

instruct.uwo.ca

Model Paleogeograf

26

Berdasarkan:
Genesa endapan mineral

1.Batuan sekutu (associated

rocks)
2.Proses-proses geologi
3. Waktu pembentukan

Model lingkungan geologi

yang bersifat regional,
dengan menggunakan
cebakan G. Pongkor
sebagai model cebakan
epithermal dalam
lingkungan kaldera
(Milesi, dkk., 1999)

1.Batuan sekutu (associated rocks)

Batuan yang berasosiasi dengan cebakan
Source Rock (Asal / Sumber batuan)
a. Sumber magmatik (Fe, Ni, Co, Pt, W, Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, etc.)
b. Sumber dari lingkungan (Batubara, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, oxides)
c. Sumber dari batuan beku / sedimen yang mengalami
metamorfisme / pelapukan (minyak dan gasbumi, Sn, Ni, Al)
Host Rock (Batuan penerima / pendamping)
- sebagai replacement
- sebagai vein (urat kuarsa)
- sebagai stockwork
- sebagai disseminated ore

 Source Rock (Asal / Sumber batuan)

northstone-ni.co.uk

surabaya.indonetwork.or.id

30

Figure 1aThis diagram shows life existing

in an ancient sea hundreds of millions of years ago
and burial of organic matter in the sediments.

Figure 1b--Millions of years later, life still exists

in a shallow sea and the sediments have increased
in thickness. The organic matter is being altered into petroleum.

Figure 1d--The rocks

have been folded
forming an anticline.
The petroleum is
trapped
at the crest of the
anticline.

Figure 1c--The sea no longer exists. Petroleum is

migrating from the source rocks into porous rocks.

31
kgs.ku.edu/

 Host Rock (Batuan penerima / pendamping)

Quartz veinlets
in silicified dacite porphyry

Stockwork of interconnected
grey quartz veins in rusty,
clay-altered rock

tbgf.org

stratexexploration.com

32

msu.edu

The separation of the native

copper from its host rock
was based on a difference
in tenacity.
Copper is malleable
and the host rock is brittle.

33

2. Proses Proses Geologi

Proses yang mengkonsentrasikan logam
dalam endapan mineral
1. Proses ortomagmatik
(membentuk batuan beku dan bijih)
2. Proses pasca magmatik
a. Pirometasomatik
b. Pegmatitik
c. Hidrotermal hipogen (epitermal, mesotermal, hipotermal)
3. Proses pelapukan
(oksidasi, pelarutan / leaching, pengayaan supergen /
supergen enrichment, endapan supergen hidrotermal
4. Proses sedimentasi
(pengendapan sedimen mekanis / klastik, pengendapan
sedimen kimiawi, pengendapan sedimen koloid, proses diagenesa
5. Proses metamorfisme regional, termal, dan dinamik
6. Kombinasi dari proses-proses diatas
34

 Proses
ortomagmatik

smenet.org

Iron-titaniumchromium oxides
in ultramafic rocks

jmu.edu

A number of mineral deposits have

formed by magmatic, segregation
processes; they are often called
orthomagmatic deposits. These
Deposits are important sources of
chromium, titanium, vanadium,
the platinum group metals, copper,
nickel (and diamonds). Much titanium,
diamond and significant amounts
of the platinum group metals are mined from
sedimentary placer deposits, formed by the
weathering of these primary deposits.
(Wilson (ed.), 1969)

35

 Proses pasca magmatik

geol.umd.edu

Metasomatism:
Fuids rich in dissolved ions may migrate into adjacent rocks, causing reactions that change the rock's
bulk composition. Common examples of this are seen in metamorphic rocks that are cris-crossed by
veins of quartz. This quartz originated as silica dissolved in pore fluid precipitated inside fractures. The
silica originated in the surrounding rock but migrated out with pore fluid during metamorphism. Note: 36
metasomitism is an important process by which deposits of metals and metal ores are formed.

oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

Cross-section of a typical submarine volcano with an active

hydrothermal system.
As magma ascends, water and gases contained in magma exsolve and enter the deep hydrothermal
system as pressure is released. Cold seawater (blue arrows) permeates the volcano and becomes heated
by the hot rock near the magma body. Hybrid hydrothermal fluids (red arrows), derived from seawater and
magmatic gas and fluid, buoyantly rise to the summit while altering the volcanic rock (white=alteration).
Fluids discharged at the seafloor rise 10s to 100s of meters before they spread laterally in the
hydrothermal plume. The plume is dispersed by the local currents, carrying various dissolved and
particulate chemical species derived from the magma and the volcanic rock. Image courtesy of Institute of
37
Geological and Nuclear Sciences.

 Proses pelapukan

This allowed surface

ground water to attack the
granite in these areas.
More recently in the ice
age, mechanical erosion
has removed the material,
leaving the core stones or
tors surrounded by clitter.

38

Oxide pit

home.att.net

Colors caused by supergene enrichment

in the oxidized zone of the deposit.

Supergene Enrichment
*veins undergo a secondary
enrichment - become
more concentrated in ores

39

swwrc.wsu.edu

Proses sedimentasi

In coastal waterways, sedimentation rates refer to the amount of material

(organic and mineral) deposited by the action of water over a given interval of time.
Sedimentation is measured in terms of vertical accumulation over time or sediment
density per unit area over time.

40

ozcoasts.org.au

new.blackwarriorriver.org

Sedimentation in Bayview Lake

from the Birmingham Airport Expansion

northstone-ni.co.uk

42
rovicky.wordpress.com

 Proses metamorfisme
indiana.edu

Metamorphic rocks are the result of the application of heat, pressure

and directed stress, or some combination of these effects applied to
pre-existing rock of any type. The process by which metamorphic
rocks are produced is called metamorphism.
There are three types of metamorphism, which are characterized by
the nature of the conditions that cause them. They are; Regional,
Contact, and Dynamic metamorphism

43

Contact metamorphism

northstone-ni.co.uk

Contact metamorphism is confined to rocks

(often referred to as country rocks) immediately
surrounding an igneous intrusion. The alteration
of the surrounding country rocks is caused
by heat and fluids emanating from
the intruding igneous body. The zone of alteration
(metamorphic aureole) can vary from only
a few centimetres to several kilometres in width.
The size of the alteration zone depends on the size
and temperature of the intrusion. Contact
metamorphism
is greater round very large, hot intrusions.

Contact metamorphism:
Cause: Transformation of rocks
by heat in immediate vicinity of
igneous intrusions.
Effects: Thin aureoles of
metamorphism adjacent to
intrusions.

44
www.geol.umd.edu

MYLONITE ALONG A THRUST

DYNAMIC METAMORPHISM

When large scale movements take place in the Earth's crust,

especially along fault lines, dynamic metamorphism occurs.
Great masses of rock are forced over other rocks.
Where these rock masses come into contact with each other,a
crushed and powdered
metamorphic rock -called mylonite- forms.

www.geol.umd.edu
users.forthnet.gr

Dynamic (or deformational) metamorphism:

Cause: Movements of blocks of crust along
fault planes imparts mechanical shear forces.
Effects: At shallow depths, breccias of broken
rock fragments called fault breccias
(sometimes called cataclastics) result. As
great depths, rocks are sheared rather than
broken, yielding mylonites. Often found in
association with regional metamorphism

45

www.geol.umd.edu

Regional metamorphism
Cause: Where high temperature and pressure are imposed over
broad belts of crust. EG subduction zones, volcanic arcs, and
regions of continental crust collisions.
Effects: Destroys original textures of both igneous and sedimentary
rocks through growth of new minerals.
46

indiana.edu

Kombinasi proses-proses geologi

47

https:/.../images/hydrothermal
%20deposits.htm

48

3. Waktu Pembentukan
a. Singenetik
Dibentuk pada waktu yang sama dengan batuan yang mengelilinginya
(batuan sedimen)
b. Epigenetik
Terbetuk setelah konsolidasi batuan yang mengelilinginya, yang dipengaruhi
dari atas (supergen), dari bawah (hipogen), dan dari sekelilingnya (laterogen)
c. Kombinasi antara singenetik dengan epigenetik
Contoh: Rand-Gold-Uranium di Afrika Selatan

49

Berdasarkan:
Geometri tubuh geologi
Hubungan tubuh geologi dengan lingkungan geologi
- Hubungan genetik
- Hubungan struktural
Sifat-sifat geologi
Sifat-sifat Geokimia
SIfat-sifat Geofisika
50

Model geologi cebakan

rinci yang bersifat lokal
yang memperlihatkan
hubungan cebakan
hidrothermal terhadap
suatu intrusi batuan
asam/intermediate,
bentuk geometris wujud
endapan mineral dan
posisinya terhadap
batuan samping (dengan
contoh cebakan porfir AuCu Batuhijau, Sumbawa
(Meldrum, 1994)

51

 Geometri tubuh geologi

Divisualisasikan:
- Dalam bentuk geometri euclid:
Elongate (pipa memanjang), bladed (pipih planar), lapisan,
vein (urat), spherical (bola pipih), irregular (tidak beraturan)
- Peristilahan yang disebut type:
Bedded type (jenis berlapis), vein type (jenis urat),
fissure type (jenis rekahan), lode type, massive type (jenis
masif)

52

edgar-online.com

Example of central lode mineralisation

aig.asn.au

Banded adularia-sericite
epithermal gold-silver fissure
vein showing marginal floating
clast breccias, Hishikari

53

 Hubungan tubuh geologi dengan lingkungan

geologi
- Hubungan genetik
1. Singenetik
Bentuk dikendalikan oleh lapisan pembawa yang mengapitnya
(planar, bidang lengkung, lentikular, dll.)
2. Epigenetik
Lokasi dan bentuk dikendalikan oleh gejala geologi setelah
batuan samping terbentuk, al. struktur, intrusi, dll.
(urat, pipa / perpotongan dua bidang rekahan, bola / masif /
bentuk tak beraturan mengikuti kontak batuan intrusi
- Hubungan struktural
1. Konkordan
(terlapiskan / stratified, terikat-lapisan / stratabound, terikatformasi /
formationbound)
2. Diskordan
(urat / vein, anyaman urat / stockwork, pipa cerobong /
pipe chimney, tonjolan / stock, masif tak beraturan /

54

 Singenetik

www.neuseelandaustralien2008

sand dunes (under and above the layer where the bottle is placed)
mark the cross-bedding of the dunes vs. the planar bedding of the bottle-layer

55

Bedding tabular sets and cosets, tangential

lower boundary, Middendorf Fm, NC

southeasterngeology.org

Wedge sets, large scale,

Navajo Sandstone, UT

56

basin.earth.ncu.edu.tw

Lenticular bedding, wave ripple

57

 Epigenetik

A larger vein in outcrop

geol.ucsb.edu

58

 Konkordan

panoramio.com

Stratified Geology near the Hoodoos

59

toxics.usgs.gov

The Lockatong Formation, a cyclically

deposited mudstone, is the host rock for the
trychloroetylene (TCE) plume at the site. The
formation is characterized by beddingcontrolled fracturing as well as strata bound
high-angle jointing

60

gl.rhbnc.ac.uk

Type: Carbonate hosted Zn-Pb deposit

Morphology: Stratabound, stratiform, breccias, veins

61

latingold.com.au

Diskonkordan

62

terragalleria.com

Chimney Rock, the largest sand

pipe, sunset, Kodachrome Basin
State Park. Utah, USA

63

 Sifat-sifat geologi
1. Susunan mineralogi / petrologi
- Jenis mineral bijihnya (sulfida, oksida, karbonat)
- Jenis mineral ikutan (gangue mineral)
- Jenis batuan dimana mineral merupakan impregnasi, seperti
batuan porfir (porphyry copper, dsb.)
- Tekstur mineral, hubungan antara mineral bijih dan mineral
ikutan
2. Struktur internal
- Zoning dalam komposisi mineral
- Veinlet
- Sistem rekahan kecil
- Perlapisan mineral dengan perbedaan komposisi

64

Jenis mineral bijih

Oksida
Sulfida

Goethite

s01.middlebury.edu

panoramio.com

Karbonat

65
hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

Jenis mineral gangue

journeyresourcescorp.com

Two major breccia zones of significance have been identified in the limestone which are associated
66
with calcite-gypsum-quartz gangue minerals and important amounts of associated silver.

Jenis batuan porfiri

pacmag.com.au

Rock and mineral types are especially important for plant design and mine planning
because porphyry copper systems are typically zoned upwards and outwards from a
central potassic core through sericitic, argillic and propylitic alteration assemblages .
Hypogene copper and copper-iron sulfides are associated with potassic and sericitic alteration. 67

desertusa.com

68

Internal structure
geology.um.maine.edu

All igneous minerals

show some variety of
zoning.
This is due to the
interactions
between diffusion
of needed components
and mineral crystallization
reactions, which is the
supply
and demand of the
crystallizing mineral.
The image above is a zoned
alanite crystal, but zonation
in plagioclase is
a more simple system.

69

 Sifat-sifat geokimia
(perkiraan kadar logam, senyawa kimia dimana logam tersebut
berada,
unsur-unsur penyerta, unsur-unsur jejak / trace elements, dsb.)

Sifat-sifat geofsika
(refleksi seismik, sifat kemagnetan, gravity, sifat kelistrikan,
resistivitas, dsb.)

70

Sifat-sifat geokimia
rovicky.files.wordpress.com

Model
sebaran logam

71

shrimp.anu.edu.au

Trace element geochemistry.

The composition of datable minerals such as zircon,
monazite and titanite in different geological environments as indicator of coexisting
paragenesis to relate age and metamorphism.

72

Sifat-sifat geofsika

dim.esdm.go.id

Peta Apparent
Resistivity daerah
Tempursari (n = 3)

73

TANTANGAN AHLI EKSPLORASI

AHLI EKSPLORASI AKAN MENGHADAPI PERTANYAAN SBB:

APA YANG AKAN DI EKSPLORASI?

DIMANA LETAK EKSPLORASINYA?

BAGAIMANA MELAKUKAN EKSPLORASINYA?

ALAT APA YANG AKAN DIPAKAI UNTUK

EKSPLORASINYA?

BERAPA BANYAK POTENSINYA EKONOMIS/TIDAK?

KONSEP EKSPLORASI:

STRATEGI EKSPLORASI

TEKNOLOGI EKSPLORASI

KONSEP EKSPLORASI

PEMIKIRAN SISTIMATIK UNTUK MENENTUKAN

APA YANG MENJADI OBJEK EKSPLORASI DAN
BAGAIMANA LINGKUNGAN KEBERADAANNYA
SERTA BAGAIMANA PETUNJUK UNTUK
MENCARINYA?
OBJEK EKSPLORASI : KEADAAN GEOLOGI
LINGKUNGAN: LINGKUNGAN GEOLOGI
PETUNJUK: TUNTUNAN GEOLOGI UNTUK MENGETAHUI OBJEK YANG DICARI

TEKNOLOGI EKSPLORASI
METODA, TEKNIK DAN PERALATAN UNTUK
MENCARI OBJEK EKSPLORASI YANG
KEBERADAANNYA DIKETAHUI OLEH
ADANYA PETUNJUK GEOLOGI
TEKNOLOGI EKSPLORASI DIARAHKAN
UNTUK MENGETAHUI PETUNJUK
GEOLOGI , TIDAK LANGSUNG KE OBJEK
EKSPLORASINYA

PENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI
EKSPLORASI MENYEBABKAN
ADANYA PENGEMBANGAN KONSEP
BARU DALAM ILMU KEBUMIAN
(GEOSAINS)

Sekian

78

newhay.ukfossils.co.u