FIvel RIPORT at end of two-year assignment 13 April 195$ ~ 29 June 1958 By Dr. Qlya Pleruces WeESCO Conrultent in Shyaics +t the Faoulty of sat! amaties and Phyoics Gaajah si. da Uriveres ty Jor jakarta Republic of Indonesia 13 April 1956 Apeil - Sept. 1956 1 Sept. 1956 - June 19574 April 1957 4 Tune - Oot. 1957: Oct. 1957 - May 1958 : Otler Activties 7 KPPK, S0.1870/'58,~ Ar ‘ival in Indonesia @ of Laboratory Techniques to ants Co wees in Atomiotica and Electronica for 3rd year Chemical Engineering Students, theoretical and practical oakhs: PRP ART aah the S°E.A.8.C.0. Exaninationa Course in Electronics for 2nd year Phyoios Students. Cc arse in Atomistics and Zlectronics for 3rd year Chemical Sngineering Students. Gcursea in Nuclear Physica and Practice of Dlectronics for hth year Chemical Students. Lo oratories of Zlectronics and ALomistios £ afnare for Lecturers and Assistants Research ~ Building up of laboratory equipment.Glgn Flerucet Consultant in Physeter Freulty of hinthematics and Myctes Gadjnh’ indo Univers tty Jog jaknnte FINAL REPORT AT END OF TWO YEAR ASSIGNMENT 13 APRIL 1956 = 2) NE 1958 1. Grateful Ackn Ledounen be, At this woment of leaviip Joxjokartn, after T have worked here for more thin tvo years, | sich te thank Grdjah Mada Uni- versity in the nerrons of the Preefeert, Professor Sardjitc, and the Dean of the Freulty of Matherstice and Physics, Profeccor Johannes, ead the collier cece Thave ned the plensure to work with. T like jn the snc vn to thank the Unesco Teehnicnl Assict- pnee Mincion and the S..aeS.G.C. nt Djakerta, rertieulaply thetr vormer Chicf, and Acting Chiat, be. Natnd and ily, Smid renpectively, both of whom asnisted me in ay first year which I found very dd: /1> cult fnderd ac an exnert coring into 4 new country. T Aerie to hhenk the fintotey of Education and the local authorities in Jogjakarts "- all the eeaictanee given me, hoping, thet my work hae been useful not only for reientific and edu- enkional purposes, but tino ‘or the increased understanding, among peoples of different nation: liticc. For my part I appreeinte the deeper knowledre T have ia'med o” Indonessan life and cultures 2. analotanee and Collaboration Recetycd (s) From UNESCO, Ports, In the Prosrnmme of Ald to Member States (now better known fiz Participation Programme): celentific books, retentific magazines, selentifte material, photo copies ot selontifie articles for documentation; shipment expense of resenreh equipment Prom Pada, Ttaly, to Djaknrta. (b) From 3.8.A+8.0.0., Diab uta : Unereo coupone worth «1,000; BefentitTe (ins; wo fellowships for students to the Orientation Atontcties vourec in Bandung. (ce) From collaboration wth University of Padua, Via Marsolo & rodua, Italy 1 clectrical ‘imserinl, geirer counters valued a v 3, aa loan to Ga’jeh Unde Uniyorsity for collaborntion in rerenrechs photo coniec of articles and nuclear plates exposed to high altitudes In balloons for rezearch training; various courtesies. (a) From Gadjah Mada University 1 Laboratory building at initial Sst oF Re 50,000 chae saeh of He. 50,000 plus equivalent of U.S. 1,000 Uneceo coupons; monthly oxpense of Rp. 5,000 for sninries to assistant student 6-room bai Laing ‘or Ynboratorica; four microccopes an loan from the Botanic Fa-ulty of Gadjah Nada Univereity for recearch, plus two other mJ: roncopes bought for permanent noeds of the Univercity; Unesco -oupons for clectrienl meter oupply used in tho practienl work of students and for microcoopea ordered abrond. a Local money hac been used for-elcetronics tubes, tranc- formerc, condensers and electrical general material for labomtory equipment, built ‘completcly by wo and tono of lead (five) for recearch in collaboration with the: Univeraity of Padua.prone (e) From 0. Picruceg (Uncaco exvert! : Electrical materin} for high tenaton valued at u.s. 4) clu hipment cost tor equipment, ror Djnkarte to dog} kort. a, + 3,000. (f) From tnnt-Students 1 werkii.’ on Geiger Miller counters For tertine ar® rofi3¥ir7; nucleir olates; butlding, of electronics cquipnert for Inboratory and resenrch; cleectronic mieroscone and related nseintrnee to the Medical Faculty necds; continuous control of equipment (day and night) of a running experiment; reproduction of texts of Icetures for ctuten| eaietance to Inborstory practical work for students. 3. Biptor Attached to this Report (made 1a Laboratory) (a) Third year practical work : cquipment built by nesistant-students. (b>) Fourth year laboratory practice : students at work. (c) Equipment for research butlt by acsistant-studente. (a) Solution of a aifticrlty by one of the students. (e) Geiger Miller counter control and research. (¢) Workshop work : plup for cerecned caves (ode) 15 narkea "1") he Note of Appt 40) Uy report at the end of 1957 :n be considered a6 my final report on my Activities in On.jsh fadn University ao the work hao continued witlout rhangen In" provramne and in the methods. Pinal evamiattions wore civen turing the whole month of June 1998 after the lectures had beer termimted at the end of May 1956, Students who did not cucese@ in the cxaminations will repeat the sume with my Indoncsinn counterpart in September. 5. Fuoulty of Fi 3_and Faculty of Eny Gadjah india . At the bogtnning of the scholastic year 1957-58, the Bngin- sering Faculty, where I lectured cince the very beginning of my Assignment in Indonesia, received a tenm of engineere from the University of Cniifornia (Loa Angolec) Department of Bngimeering, sponzored by I.C.d. ‘The tonm concicts of four profescors lecturing in chemical and civil engincering cubjects and @ secretary fer Office help, with the additior sl charge of reprodneing texte of lectures. The programme that vill last for at least three yearc (perhapa three to ten) includes technical help cugh ac teebnical equipment, setentific books and imgnsines, and fellowships to graduate students. Thousande of textbooks have beon produced {n euch® way that next year every ctudent will bp able to borrow them for the pertod of the courses. Th fagilities have peen éxtended to the students of phycios. entific magazines will be provided to our Anborntory also and there is the posci- Tiity thet come of the courses given een be followed by the at ta 6f physica in the Paculty of Physics. The nimber of student hee in reaged during thio year of seventeen units (7) (YT yenri 17 ctudenté, II year? 8). Partioular care 48 given to them and we hope that the quality of their tratning wi}1, compensate for their erall number. Ne have always given particular ebphacts ah the’ lcboratory tephniques and on the ekperineptal’ part of the study a5 we conpider it at this momeht, in\ view of the partioular conditions of the country, ‘as the more important aspects of ‘tho course,-3- The Faculty of Engineering (Chemical and Civil Engineering) consinta today of about 1,100 otudents (701 I-year, 205 IlI-year, 123 IlI-yenr, 59 IV-yonr), The etaff of forei¢n teachers, ince I Arrived $n Indonesia, has increased. There ic need of then acs the last War ond the subsequent nationel Revolution, took away many ctudents And teacrers ‘rom their otudiea and recearch. The nck of midcle-age ornduate vernone to coneiderable, that 4o, persona who could have yraduited cix or seven years ago. Aen consequence, today we lave ctucents who enter the univercity slready old and continue to atydy for a poriod usually much longer thin what 19 normilly exvected. The dend weight of students Inte tn the scheduled tire will decrense in a few years to 4 very srinll and normal percontaze. In the fourth year of Chemical cngincorin, only 36% are coming in at the right time, in the third year !t 12 alroady 71M. Moreover, the preparation of the average ctudent te highly improved from year to year. I inatet ‘that there ic no comparicon nmong students of the came courses of different years. The improvement ic really good. Tevether with the Univ-ratty techntenl studies, in Jogja there sre three high school (tirec years) for technology with avout BOr students. The di lom from these schools often te an end in itself or ctudent~ cnn continue to otudy in our Uni- vernity. It ic evident tha. only if the pro;ramme of inductrial- funtion of the country wil) continue and expand 4s there the pocsibility that graduatee “rom hich school and the univeroity will become good technicinr:, veeaure then azststinee and ex- pertence will continue in the fretories after school or university gradmtion. “ec are tndecd qutte optimistic as to the results, Copectslly Lf we wre aware of the MCLicultics that have to be faced in the future. Under the programme of industrinlisation made by the Indonesian Governnent, for example in Jogja, where in lene than three yenre new industries have arisen. a factory for soya milk, a factory for susan nnd a batik factory are already {n operation. ‘There rr: also a smll industry for tron, a leather factory in project, and a paper mill in construction, Me know whit industries inern' for ceiencet direct experience and improvenent of the averare actentific mind. Foenuse of Duciness needs the market +4111 improve and the advantage will not only be for industry. We donot hide to ourselves that the process will not be a day long, years aro needed in order to get reBults, © dut to hive becur in alrendy half the work cone. 6. General Observation Today production and progrécs are fighting one against the other.and the situation te turning from the old known + path to the new otil] unknown. But industrialisation makes people appronch the scientific career more ensily, requires an increased foeling of re pon: ibility in people, o feeling that I have found not yet evcloped here ao decision often 19 discharged in a burenuc-otic way, pasting responsibility on to the next important min in the hierarchy, with eonsiderable loss of time, It requiter faculties of anglysis and ayntheoic coming for sure from tirect cxperience in the work. Ac I have said, the path ic longs there is not yet a professional peion- tific clace and the young graduate atudento find themselveo in pocitions of responcit: lity without the corresponding back- ground nnd training. Thic 1c the period in whion foreign exports can do 1 very good Job in Indonesia. In particular UM. experts arc,wolcome berause of their selection on a sctentifie basie’nnd A gonerol understanding of the probloms of a new country. Phe corditions Are different from that of an andinnew wedunentte onct hecaude of the lind of: colleagues: -he but for the small number of then, ewarket difficulties, Inck of books and magazines and up til! now, not honoreneoce background of students coming from difforant pints of Indonecia. The bect of the sbudente after obtatimit ; derrecs are welcome to the , university tenching otaff; thit meane that we are ucing a lot of what we produce and the competition outside the univer- eity 12 quite poor. A lot of Intonesinn students after getting their degrees are going abrond for opecinlization. Alco thir, one of the more effective aids to Indonesian education te the rapid achicvc- ment of the programme of training of Indoncaian experte themselves and their integration in Indonesian life. Thio certainly means a period of waiting, but te areely worth every effort in view of the cond results to be gained. In thto period of transit on foreign teachers and experts are strongly needed in order t» *elp the overcharged indonesian colleagues jn thelr hard work. Tey are needed until the moment when the new class of Indenes'in ey perts enn fulfil with com- petence the positions where ticy arc necded ind thoce that follow then ean get irectly under thon the training for work. Looking at this inst potirt, I sinll discuss shortly the aiffteulticn an exrert finds .t’ the beginning of hic mission, ditfieulties that wre of courre nimilar for the »cople vecelving the oxnert, and I chall coment inking ag a basic my own experience of these 1Ast two yonrs in Java an! the diccussions and talke 1 hnve had with my Indonesian ellen ves. 7. dJnva_as I Have Seen It The feeling I have alwnyr had for Indonesia ie one of admirntion for the benuty of the country and the ingenuity of ito agriculture - kilometers And kilometers o” ricc ficlde, with a cyctem of inri- vation that in ite efficiency tr also cxthetically beautiful. The iclds Are ascending by tons, water moves through holes at a cortain level of the email mud embankments, Looling in their complex whole as a wide mocaic of mirrors and ~rcen ourficen. Thousands of people are working in the preparation of the mud ombanlonents, thoucande in planting the tender rice ccedlings, thousands in tying up sheafe of harvested rice in the etraw and in’ winnowing the pearl-white needa from the huske. And oll thic by hand, except in ploughing where 1t 1 done with the hel: of some earnbnos. Bveryone ic dressed with a kind of cloth of bright colours and you become stupefied when you have the chance of knowing how they prepare such clothing maserinl. The material comes usually from abroad, the colours are natural. Only in recent ycare have chomieal products for dyeing xccn more and more uced. The pattern of different colours are obtaincd by superposition of wax on the cloth. Wax superposition mad> by hand with a kind of pen or with A square decimeter stamp for she so-called printed batik, io followed by the colour bath. As the colours are two or three, the wax is removed with a kind of knife and . new layer of wax is Supe rimpoced on ,the altendy coloured part two or three times. A hand-painted batik two or three moters long, requires more than three months work; the so-called printed batik, only a fow days. From our point of view hand-pninted batik can be considered art. Tradition keeps alive the old drewings for batike. Today the varicty of patterns 1o larger. For silverwork {t ir the came thing ! it to done moatly by hand; the pieces of hammered ailver ars wha and wandeseet’ =a “5 Today factories are built up, following the industrialteation Programme of the Indonesian Government and oretgners are coming equipped with technical knowledge, Jooking at life in a more businece-1ike way, althouch not | \thout eethetic feeling. I an looking only at the basic characteristics of everyday life that hove to do with the difficulties of foreigners in thetr wo hand work apd tradition. Firet the time; machinery rrd industrialization make tine short. For the hand-worker one ‘eek more or lecc dome not change things so much. The different enception here of the inportance of time is the firet thing the foreign expert finds hard to Accept, And I instet on the bilateral importance of thie; diffi- culty not only for the foreigner but aleo for the counterpart. As the expert usually comee for 1 short time only, he finde him- nelf helplese when he haS to wait for months in order to get something he needs, from hic point of view, very coon. Equipment and miterial for celentifie purprcea ire difficult to obtain. With the industrialfzation of the country, in a few years, it 42 hoped things will chanre for the better. After understanding these difficulties, I apnreciate more at the right value the help that the Univercity of Ga°J.h nda hae givenmot only in money for the laboratory but al? in the staff of aosictant-students working with me. From the point of view of a foretcn exvert, nother point to very important! the relations w.ong the working people, not only among foreipners ond Indonesiane, but also mong the Indonestane thenzelves. When you begin to werk you put the otreaa on the work with a feeling of responsibility for what you are doing, full recponsibility and effective orpinizstion of your work in the wey you concider best. Of cours-, you try to find another way if difficulties arise for the cu-cece of your first plans. If, you are not able to find a way, n your wectern way of thinking, you consider it natural for the erson you Are working with to tell you he could not do the wor. az you have planned it. But usually silence io the chosen xa7 for your counterpart. In thie way you think things are being dire or alrendy have been done when aetually nothing hic been done. Vie call this nck of collaboration, but it de not bad will. It ic tant Indon particularly the Javanese, concider it very impolite to expre (irect Judgement on work or life's ural business. Aiounderctanding can Arise ao one newson talke and the other i: silent, an western people ore always ready to discucs openly from the vory beginning and they do not see any reason why other perple do not do the came. With, time underctanding, becomes easter, but it remaine nlwayo a problem, mainly because it 19 not lack of good will or collaboration, but {t corresponds to an entirely different conception of courtesy ond politeness. Ao n last difficulty, I chall mention the lnnguage problem: lecturec are given in Englich by the foreignere to studento that have learnt English in the cecondary ochool. Indonecians have very good feeling for languages and they usually know a lot of them, but of cource, Bnglich ic not thelr national language and it {2 not often the langunge of foredgnerc. - The best thing would be to lecture in Indonesian (Bakasa Indonesia) or at least to learn Indonesian, ap sone of the foreicn tBdchens Are, practically doing. T overcame this difficulty by giving written’ texte to’ the students every month in order to be cure they could follow my lectures. I have been quite catiofied with this method as in that way I am nosured not only that the students could underotand me better, but alco that they were following m) coursec with high interest. Little-6- lees than fifty percent of my students were not asked to do the oral final examination because’of tha good marks they obtained in-the written monthly tests. If this extra work on the part of the experte 12 not too heavy, I strongly suggest it to them ac a way to get good results. It should be noted that there are now a total of one hundred ctudents and the implied extra work, a in my case, 19 quite heavy. Olga Pterucct Concultont in Physica KPFK, Mo.1870/'58. = 7 Lb.