10 - 204diagnosis Dan Manajemen Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
10 - 204diagnosis Dan Manajemen Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
ABSTRAK
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) merupakan penyakit neuron motorik degeneratif yang progresif. Memahami etiopatogenesis dan biomaker
adalah cara terbaik untuk memulai manajemen ALS. Temuan biomaker ALS baru-baru ini memunculkan harapan bagi penderita ALS. Aspekaspek komprehensif ALS dipaparkan, meliputi sejarah, epidenologi, etiopatogenesis, gambaran klinis, kriteria diagnostik, penekan penunjang,
diagnosis banding, penatalaksanaan, biomaker, dan komplikasi.
Kata Kunci: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etiopatogenesis, manajemen, biomaker
ABSTRACT
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, degenerative motor neuron disease. Understanding of etiopathogenesis and biomarker
is the best ways towards ALS management. The recent finding of biomarker ALS offers hope to ALS sufferers. A comprehensive aspects of
ALS have been discussed, including history, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical pictures, diagnostic criteria, supporting examination,
differential diagnosis, management, biomarker, and complication.
Key words: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etiopathogenesis, management, biomarker
INTRODUKSI
Penyakit amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
disebut juga motor neuron disease (MND),
Charcot disease, Lou Gehrig disease. ALS
adalah penyakit neurologis progresif yang
dikarakterisasikan oleh degenerasi UMN dan
LMN (upper and lower motor neuron). ALS
pertama kali diobservasi oleh neurologist JeanMartin Charcot pada tahun 1869, barulah pada
tahun 1874, terminologi ALS diperkenalkan.
Penyakit ini menjadi populer setelah pemain
baseball, Lou Gehrig, didiagnosis menderita
ALS pada tahun 1939. Sejumlah 90-95% kasus
penyebabnya belum diketahui.1
EPIDEMIOLOGI
Di seluruh dunia, ALS dialami oleh 1 dari 3
orang per 100.000 ribu. Di Eropa, insiden
tahunan adalah 2,16 per 100 ribu orang/
tahun. Di Indonesia, belum ada data pasti.
Rasio pria:wanita adalah 1,5:1, pada ALS familial
rasio ini hampir sama. Sekitar 5-10% kasus
ALS diwariskan. Pada ALS tipe familial, usia
terbanyak adalah 4752 tahun. Pada ALS tipe
sporadik, usia terbanyak adalah 5863 tahun.2,3
Kematian dapat terjadi dalam rentang waktu
3-5 tahun setelah diagnosis. Hanya 1 dari 4
Alamat korespondensi
352
email: ditoanurogo@gmail.com
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Penemuan mutasi patogenik pada TARDBP
mengimplikasikan TDP-43 sebagai mediator
aktif neurodegenerasi pada proteinopati TDP43, termasuk ALS.9 Hal lain yang menarik, terjadi
kehilangan selektif EAAT 2, astrocyte-selective
glutamate transporter, di bagian motor cortex
dan spinal cord penderita yang meninggal
dunia karena ALS.10 Riset molekuler berhasil
mengungkap 12 gen/lokus kausatif pada
ALS familial, misalnya: (1) ALS1/21q22.1, (2)
ALS2/2q33-35, (3) ALS3/18q21, (4) ALS4/9q34,
(5) ALS5/15q15-q22, (6) ALS6/16q15-q22, (7)
ALS7/20ptel, (8) ALS8/20q13.33, (9) ALS9/14q11,
(10) ALS10/1q36, (11) ALS-FTD/9q21-22, (12)
ALS-FTD/9p13.2-21,3. Sedangkan untuk ALS
sporadik, beberapa gen yang rentan, misalnya:
SOD1, HFE (human hemochromatosis protein),
MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau),
NEFH (neurofilament, heavy polypeptide), PRPH
(peripherin), DCT1 (divalent cation transporter
1), PON 1-3 (paroxonase 1-3), Progranulin, ANG
(angiogenin, ribonuclease, RNase A family, 5),
APEX, SMN1 (survival of motor neuron-1), SMN2,
TDP-43, UNC13A.1
BIOMARKER
Biomarker yang ideal dapat mendeteksi ciri
atau karakteristik fundamental patofisiologi
suatu penyakit sekaligus mampu membedakan
penyakit dari kondisi lainnya dengan nilai
prediktif positif dan negatif yang diterima.
Uji dan pemeriksaan biomarker haruslah
sederhana dan mudah, relatif noninvasive,
murah, terpercaya, akurat, mudah direproduksi
di semua laboratorium.42 Teknologi terbaru
dengan platform (teknik) omics, seperti:
genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics dan
metabolomics berupaya menemukan biomarker
ALS.43 Beragam teknologi ini, memungkinkan
identifikasi biomarker yang tervalidasi, yang
berasal dari jaringan otak, sel-sel, dan cairan
tubuh.44
Untuk memeriksa klasifikasi pola protein yang
canggih pada cairan serebrospinal, digunakan
alat liquid chromatography-Fourier transform
ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LCFTICR-MS) kapiler.46 Ditemukan mutasi genetik
dan perubahan protein spesifik pada cairan
biologis atau biofluids (misalnya: cerebrospinal
fluid dan darah) dan/atau jaringan penderita
ALS. Contoh biomarker ALS adalah TDP43 (TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa),
phosphorylated neurofilament heavy subunit
(pNF-H), neurofilament light chain (NFL).47 TAR
DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) adalah
353
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Konduksi nervus sensoris dan motoris normal.
(4) Ketiadaan conduction block.
DIAGNOSIS EKSKLUSI
Pada ALS tidak dijumpai: (1) Gangguan
sensoris. (2) Gangguan sphincter (3) Gangguan
visual. (4) Gangguan otonom. (5) Disfungsi
ganglia basal. (6) Demensia tipe Alzheimer.
Diagnosis ALS ditegakkan secara klinis yang
memerlukan waktu beberapa bulan.
DIAGNOSIS BANDING
Beberapa penyakit yang menyerupai ALS,
seperti: 18,21-23
A. Ketidaknormalan
anatomis/sindrom
kompresi, seperti: (1) Arnold-Chiari1 dan
malformasi hindbrain lainnya, (2) tumor
regio fossa posterior, servikal, atau foramen
magnum, (3) herniasi diskus servikal dengan
osteokondrosis, (4) meningioma servikal, (5)
tumor retrofaring, (6) kista spinal epidural, (7)
mielopati spondilotik dan/atau radikulopati
motorik, (8) syringomyelia.
B. Defek enzim (acquired), seperti: (9)
gangliosidosis GM2 dewasa (defisiensi
hexosaminidase-A atau -B), (10) polyglucosan
body disease.
C. Sindrom otoimun, seperti: (11) gamopati
monoklonal dengan neuropati motorik,
(12) neuropati motorik multifokal dengan/
tanpa hambatan konduksi, (13) sindrom LMN
disimun (dengan antibodi GM1, GD1b, dan
asialo-GM1), (14) sindrom LMN dys-immune
lainnya termasuk CIDP, (15) multiple sclerosis,
(16) myasthenia gravis (terutama varian antiMuSK positif ).
D. Abnormalitas endokrin, seperti: (17)
sindrom Allgrove, (18) diabetic amyotrophy,
(19) insulinoma menyebabkan neuropati,
(20) hipertiroidisme dengan miopati,
(21) hipotiroidisme dengan miopati,
(22) hiperparatiroidisme (primer), (23)
hiperparatiroidisme
(sekunder
karena
defisiensi vitamin D), (24) hipokalaemia
(sindrom Conn).
E. Infeksi, seperti: (25) poliomielitis akut,
(26) sindrom atrofi muskuler progresif paskapoliomielitis, (27) HIV-1 (dengan mielopati
vakuolar), (28) HTLV-1 associated myelopathy
(HAM, tropical spastic paraplegia), (29)
neuroborreliosis, (30) syphilitic hypertrophic
pachymeningitis, (31) spinal encephalitis
lethargica, (32) varicella-zoster, (33) trichinosis,
(34) brucellosis, (35) cat-scratch disease, (36)
prion disorders.
354
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
dari contoh serum dan cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
penderita ALS. Dijumpai peningkatan kadar
serum anti-NFL. OX40 (CD134) adalah sitokin
anggota keluarga reseptor TNF (tumor necrosis
factor) dan diekspresikan secara selektif pada
limfosit T yang teraktivasi. Penurunan kadar
serum soluble OX40 (sOX40) pada penderita
ALS membuktikan bahwa sitokin ini berperan
pada perjalanan penyakit (pathomechanisms)
ALS.20
PENATALAKSANAAN
Direkomendasikan riluzole (suatu antagonis
glutamat) 50 mg dua kali sehari, dengan
pemantauan teratur. Pemberian 100 mg
riluzole oral setiap hari setelah 18 bulan
memperpanjang harapan hidup penderita
ALS sekitar tiga bulan. Efek samping riluzole
adalah fatigue dan asthenia. Hingga kini,
belum ada terapi efektif untuk ALS.24-25
Berbagai obat yang sedang memasuki
trial fase II/III: arimoclomol, ceftriaxone,
edaravone, IGF-1 polypeptide, minocycline,
sodium
phenylbutyrate,
tamoxifen,
thalidomide. Sedangkan obat yang sedang
dipertimbangkan
dan
direncanakan
memasuki trial fase III: AEOL 10150, celastrol,
coenzyme Q10, copaxone, IGF-1 viral delivery,
memantine, NAALADase inhibitor, nimesulide,
ritonavir, hydroxyurea, scriptaid, talampanel,
trehalose.18
Status nutrisi penderita ALS juga perlu
dievaluasi, mengingat sering terjadi disfagia,
hipermetabolisme, serta beragam penyakit.
Tatalaksana nutrisi termasuk diet, strategi
menelan, kemungkinan dipasang selang
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1.
Hardiman, Orla (February 2010) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester. DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0000014.pub2
2.
Ringholz GM, Appel SH, Bradshaw M, Cooke NA, Mosnik DM, Schulz PE. Prevalence and patterns of cognitive impairment in sporadic ALS. Neurology 2005;65(4):586590.
3.
Haverkamp LJ, Appel V, Appel SH. Natural history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a database population. Validation of a scoring system and a model for survival prediction. Brain.
1995;118:70719.
4.
Forsgren L, Almay BG, Holmgren G, Wall S. Epidemiology of motor neuron disease in northern Sweden. Acta Neurol Scand. 1983;68:209.
5.
Beal FM. Mitochondria take center stage in aging and neurodegeneration. Ann Neurol 2005;58:495505.
6.
Rosen DR, et al. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 1993;362:5962.
7.
Stefanska B, Karlic H, Varga F, Fabianowska-Majewska K, Haslberger AG. Epigenetic mechanisms in anti-cancer actions of bioactive food components the implications in cancer prevention. British J Pharmacol 2012;167:279297.
8.
Rowland LP, Mitsumoto H, Przedborski S. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Progressive Muscular Atrophy, and Primary Lateral Sclerosis. In: Rowland LP, Pedley TA (Ed.) Merritts Neurology,
9.
Van Deerlin VM, Leverenz JB, Bekris LM, Bird TD, Yuan W, Elman LB, et al. TARDBP mutations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with TDP-43 neuropathology: a genetic and histopathological
12th Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010. Chapter 128, page 803-8.
analysis. The Lancet Neurology. May 2008;7(5):409-416.
10. Squire L, Berg D, Bloom F, du Lac S, Ghosh A, Spitzer N. (Ed.) Fundamental Neuroscience. 3rd Edition. Elsevier. 2008. page 284.
11. Jokelainen M. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Finland. II: Clinical characteristics. Acta Neurol Scand. 1977;56:194204.
12. Abrahams S, Goldstein LH, Kew JJ, Brooks DJ, Lloyd CM, Frith CD, et al. Frontal lobe dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A PET study. Brain. 1996;119:210520.
355
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
13. Murray B, Mitsumoto H. Disorders of upper and lower motor neurons.In: Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, eds. Bradleys Neurology in Clinical Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders
Elsevier; 2012:chapter 74.
14. Shaw PJ. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron diseases. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chapter 418.
15. Leigh PN, Abrahams S, Al-Chalabi A, Ampong MA, Goldstein LH, Johnson J, et al., Kings MND Care and Research Team. The management of motor neuron disease. J Neurol Neurosurg
Psychiatry.2003;70(Suppl 4):3247.
16. Brooks BR, Miller RG, Swash M. El Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000;1:2939.
17. Miller RG, Rosenberg JA, Gelinas DF, Mitsumoto H, Newman D, Sufit R. et al. Practice parameter: the care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (an evidence-based review): report
of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology: ALS Practice Parameters Task Force. Neurology. 1999;52:131123.
18. Andersen PM, Borasio GD, Dengler R, Hardiman O, Kollewe K, Leigh PN, Pradat PF, Silani V, Tomik B. EFNS task force on management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: guidelines for diagnosing and clinical care of patients and relatives. An evidence-based review with good practice points. European Journal of Neurology 2005;12:92138.
19. Fialov L, Svarcov J, Bartos A, Ridzon P, Malbohan I, Keller O, Rusina R. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum antibodies against neurofilaments in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur
J Neurol. 2010 Apr;17(4):562-6. Epub 2009 Nov 24.
20. Izecka J. Serum soluble OX40 in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Clin Croat. 2012 Mar;51(1):3-7.
21. Evangelista T, Carvalho M, Conceicao I, Pinto A, de Lurdes M, Luis ML. Motor neuropathies mimicking amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. J Neurol Sci
1996;139(Suppl):958.
22. Traynor BJ, Codd MB, Corr B, Forde C, Frost E, Hardiman O. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mimic syndromes. Arch Neurol 2000;57:10913.
23. Belsh JM, Schiffman PL. The amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patient perspective on misdiagnosis and it repercussions. J Neurol Sci 1996;139(Suppl):1106.
24. Bensimon G, Lacomblez L, Meininger V. A controlled trial of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ALS/Riluzole Study Group N Engl J Med 1994;330:58591.
25. Lacomblez L, Bensimon G, Leigh PN, Guillet P, Meininger V. Dose-ranging study of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Riluzole Study Group II. Lancet
1996;347:142531.
26. Braun MM, Osecheck M, Joyce NC. Nutrition assessment and management in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2012 Nov;23(4):751-71.
27. Andersen PM, Gronberg H, Franze L, Funegard U. External radiation of the parotid glands significantly reduces drooling in patients with motor neuron disease with bulbar paresis. J Neurol
Sci 2001;191:1114.
28. Jackson CE, Gronseth G, Rosenfeld J, et al. Randomized double-blind study of botulinum toxin type B for sialorrhea in ALS patients. Muscle Nerve 2008;39:13743.
29. Levitsky G. Pharmacological therapy of sialorrhea in patients with motor neuron disease. ZH Neurol Psikhiar Im SS Kovsakova 2005;105:19 22.
30. Harriman M, Morrison M, Hay J, Revonta M, Eisen A, Lentle B. Use of radiotherapy for control of sialorrhea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Otolaryngol 2001;30:2425.
31. Kurt A, Nijboer F, Matuz T, Kubler A. Depression and anxiety in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: epidemiology and management. CNS Drugs 2007;21:27991.
32. McCullagh S, Moore M, Gawel M, Feinstein A. Pathological laughing and crying in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an association with prefrontal cognitive dysfunction. J Neurol Sci
1999;169:438.
33. Brooks BR, Thisted RA, Appel SH, et al. Treatment of pseudobulbar affect in ALS with dextromethorphan/quinidine: a randomized trial. Neurology 2004;63:136470.
34. Sykes N, Thorns A. The use of opioids and sedatives at the end of life. Lancet Oncology. 2003;4:3128.
35. Mitsumoto H, Bromberg M, Johnston W, Tandan R, Byock I, Lyon M, et al. Promoting excellence in end-oflife care in ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2005;6:14554.
36. Gruis KL, Lechtzin N. Respiratory therapies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A primer. Muscle Nerve. 2012;46:31331.
37. Beauverd M, Mitchell JD, Wokke JHJ, Borasio GD. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD002064. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002064.pub3.
38. Silani V, Cova L, Corbo M, Ciammola A, Polli E. Stem-cell therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet. 2004;364:2002.
39. De Gruttola VG, Clax P, DeMets DL, et al. Considerations in the evaluation of surrogate endpoints in clinical trials. Summary of a National Institutes of Health workshop. Control Clin Trials
2001;22:485502.
40. Tokuda T.Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Brain Nerve. 2012 May;64(5):515-23.
41. Turck CW (Ed.). Biomarkers for Psychiatric Disorders. Springer. 2008. Chapter 6, page 130.
42. Sunderland T, Gur RE, Arnold SE. The use of biomarkers in the elderly: current and future challenges. Biol Psychiatr 2005;58: 2726.
43. Ludolph AC, Sperfeld AD. Preclinical trials: an update on translational research in ALS. Neurodegener Dis 2005;2(34):2159.
44. Riley CP, Adamec J: Discovery of new biomarkers of cancer using proteomics technology. Current Cancer Therapy Reviews 2010:6.
45. Ekegren T, Hanrieder J, Bergquist J. Clinical perspectives of high-resolution mass spectrometry-based proteomics in neuroscience: exemplified in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biomarker
discovery research. J Mass Spectrom. 2008 May;43(5):559-71.
46. Ryberg H, Bowser R. Protein biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Rev Proteomics. 2008 Apr;5(2):249-62.
47. Bowser R, Cudkowicz M, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2006 May;6(3):387-98.
48. Steinacker P, Hendrich C, Sperfeld AD, Jesse S, von Arnim CAF, Lehnert S, et.al. TDP-43 in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2008 November;65(11):14817.
49. Noto Y, Shibuya K, Sato Y, Kanai K, Misawa S, Sawai S, Mori M, Uchiyama T, Isose S, Nasu S, Sekiguchi Y, Fujimaki Y, Kasai T, Tokuda T, Nakagawa M, Kuwabara S. Elevated CSF TDP-43 levels in
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: specificity, sensitivity, and a possible prognostic value. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2011 Mar;12(2):140-3. Epub 2010 Dec 2.
50. Boylan KB, Glass JD, Crook JE, Yang C, Thomas CS, Desaro P, Johnston A, Overstreet K, Kelly C, Polak M, Shaw G. Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy subunit (pNF-H) in peripheral blood
and CSF as a potential prognostic biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012 Oct 31. [Epub ahead of print]
51. Tortelli R, Ruggieri M, Cortese R, DErrico E, Capozzo R, Leo A, Mastrapasqua M, Zoccolella S, Leante R, Livrea P, Logroscino G, Simone IL. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light
levels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a possible marker of disease severity and progression. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Dec;19(12):1561-7.
52. A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Last reviewed: 26 August 2012. Last accessed: 3 January 2013. Cited from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/
PMH0001708
356