DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL............................................................................................. i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN.................................................................................. ii
KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................ iii
DAFTAR ISI.......................................................................................................... iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................ viii
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................. xi
BAB I

TEKNIK RESERVOIR
1.1. Karakteristik Batuan Reservoir.................................................... 1
1.1.1...........................................................................................Sifat
Fisik Batuan Reservoir....................................................... 2
1.2. Karakteristik Fluida Reservoir..................................................... 10
1.2.1...........................................................................................Kom
posisi Kimia Fluida Reservoir............................................. 10
1.2.2...........................................................................................Sifat
Fisik Fluida Reservoir......................................................... 12
1.3. ......................................................................................................
Kondisi Reservoir........................................................................... 21
1.3.1...........................................................................................Teka
nan Reservoir....................................................................... 22
1.3.2...........................................................................................Tem
peratur Reservoir................................................................. 23
1.4. ......................................................................................................
Jenis-jenis Reservoir....................................................................... 24

1.4.1...........................................................................................Berd
asarkan Fasa Fluida Hidrokarbon........................................ 24
1.4.2...........................................................................................Berd
asarkan Mekanisme Pendorong........................................... 31
1.5. Penentuan Cadangan.................................................................... 38
1.5.1...........................................................................................Meto
da Volumetrik...................................................................... 40
1.5.2...........................................................................................Meto
de Material Balance............................................................. 40
1.5.3...........................................................................................Meto
da Decline Curve................................................................. 41
1.5.4...........................................................................................Uji
Sumur.................................................................................. 42
1.6........................................................................................................Ench
anced Oil Recovery ...................................................................... 44
DAFTAR ISI
(lanjutan)
1.6.1. Faktor Utama Yang Mempengaruhi Efektivitas EOR....... 46
1.6.2. Metode-Metode Enhanced Oil Recovery ......................... 47
BAB II

TEKNIK PEMBORAN
2.1 Teknik Pemboran.......................................................................... 65
2.1.1...........................................................................................Rig
Pemboran............................................................................. 66
2.2 Sistem Peralatan Pemboran........................................................... 69
2.2.1...........................................................................................Hoist
ing System........................................................................... 69

2.2.2...........................................................................................Rota
ry System............................................................................. 73
2.2.3...........................................................................................Circ
ulating System .................................................................... 75
2.2.4...........................................................................................Blow
Out Preventer....................................................................... 78
2.2.5...........................................................................................Pow
er System............................................................................. 81
2.3 Sistem Penyemenan...................................................................... 81
2.4 Lumpur Pemboran........................................................................ 88
2.4.1

Fungsi Lumpur Pemboran................................................... 88

2.4.2

Jenis-Jenis Lumpur Pemboran............................................. 88

2.4.3

Sifat Fisik Lumpur Pemboran............................................. 91

2.4.4

Sifat Kimia Lumpur Pemboran........................................... 94

2.4.5

Komposisi Lumpur Pemboran ............................................ 97

2.5 Well Control.................................................................................. 99

2.5.1

Sebab Terjadinya Kick......................................................... 100

2.5.2

Indikasi Adanya Kick.......................................................... 102

2.5.3

Metode Penanggulangan Well Kick.................................... 104

2.6 Casing........................................................................................... 105

2.6.1 Fungsi Casing.............................................................................................. 105
DAFTAR ISI
(lanjutan)
2.6.2 Sifat Fisik Casing........................................................................................ 106
2.6.3 Klasifikasi Casing....................................................................................... 106
2.7 Semen Pemboran.......................................................................... 107
2.7.1 Funsi Penyemenan...................................................................................... 107
2.7.2 Macam-macam Penyemenan...................................................................... 110
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2.8 Masalah-masalah Pemboran......................................................... 110

BAB III

2.8.1

Shale Problem...................................................................... 110

2.8.2

Pipa Terjepit (Pipe Stuck) ................................................... 111

2.8.3

Lost Circulation................................................................... 111

2.8.4

Well Kick & Semburan Liar................................................ 112

TEKNIK PRODUKSI
3.1 Teknik Produksi ........................................................................... 113
3.2 Perkiraan Produktivitas Reservoir ............................................... 113
3.2.1

Productivity Index............................................................... 113

3.2.2

Inflow Performance Relationship........................................ 115

3.2.3

Peramalan Inflow Performance Relationship...................... 120

3.2.4

Inflow Performance Gas...................................................... 121

3.2.5

Aliran Multifasa pada Pipa.................................................. 122

3.3 Sistem Analisa Nodal.................................................................... 122

3.4 Permasalahan Produksi................................................................. 124
3.5 Metode Produksi........................................................................... 129
3.5.1...........................................................................................Sem
bur Alam (Natural Flow)..................................................... 129
3.5.2...........................................................................................Meto
da Sembur Buatan................................................................ 130
DAFTAR ISI
(lanjutan)
BAB IV

PENILAIAN FORMASI
4.1 Tujuan Penilaian Formasi............................................................. 134
4.2 Metode Penilaian Formasi............................................................ 135
4.3 Logging......................................................................................... 137
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4.3.1...........................................................................................Logg
ing While Drilling................................................................ 138
4.3.2...........................................................................................Wire
lineLogging.......................................................................... 138
4.4 Jenis-jenis Logging....................................................................... 139
4.4.1...........................................................................................Log
Listrik.................................................................................. 139
4.4.2...........................................................................................Log
Radioaktif............................................................................ 150
4.4.3...........................................................................................Log
Sonic.................................................................................... 158
4.4.4...........................................................................................Log
Caliper................................................................................. 159
4.5 Open Hole Logging....................................................................... 160
4.6 Casing Hole Logging.................................................................... 161
4.7 Estimasi Resereve......................................................................... 162
4.7.1...........................................................................................Perki
raan Oil-Gas In Place........................................................... 162
4.7.2...........................................................................................Perki
raan Reserve........................................................................ 163
4.8 Interpretasi Log............................................................................. 164
4.8.1...........................................................................................Inter
pretasi Kualitatif.................................................................. 164
4.8.2...........................................................................................Inter
pretasi Kuantitatif................................................................ 166
BAB V

KESIMPULAN UMUM ................................................................... 172

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar
1.1

Skema Perbandingan Porositas Efektif , Porositas Non - efektif dan Porositas

Absolut Batuan ......................................................................................... 3

1.2

Pengaruh Susunan Butir Terhadap Porositas ............................................ 4

1.3

Distribusi Kumulatif Ukuran Butiran dari Graywacke ............................ 5

1.4

Kurva Permeabilitas Efektif untuk sistem Minyak dan Air ...................... 7

1.5

Hubungan antara Tekanan dan Faktor Volume Formasi Minyak.............. 14

1.6

Hubungan antara Tekanan dan Kelarutan Gas dalam Minyak ................. 15

1.7

Hubungan antara Tekanan dan Viskositas Minyak ................................... 16

1.8

Faktor kompresibilitas untuk Natural Gas ................................................ 19

1.9

Diagram Fasa dari Black Oil .................................................................... 26

1.10

Diagram Fasa dari Volatile Oil ................................................................. 27

1.11

Diagram Fasa dari Retrograde Gas ........................................................... 28

1.12

Diagram Fasa dari Dry Gas ...................................................................... 29

1.13

Diagram Fasa dari Wet Gas ...................................................................... 30

1.14

Water Drive Reservoir .............................................................................. 32

1.15

Karakteristik Tekanan,PI dan GOR pada Water Drive Reservoir ............ 33

1.16

Gas Cap Drive Reservoir .......................................................................... 34

1.17

Solution Gas Drive Reservoir ................................................................... 35

1.18

Gravitational Segregation Drive Reservoir .............................................. 37

1.19

Diagram Alir Metode-metode EOR untuk Peningkatan Recovery .......... 45

1.20

Skema dari Waterflooding ........................................................................ 48

1.21

Skema dari CO2 Flood ............................................................................. 51

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1.22

Skema dari Nitrogen Flood ...................................................................... 52

DAFTAR GAMBAR
(lanjutan)

1.23

Skema dari Steam Flood ........................................................................... 54

1.24

Skema untuk Surfactant Flooding ............................................................ 62

1.25

Skema untuk Polymer Flooding ............................................................... 63

2.1

Rig Pengeboran ........................................................................................ 67

2.2

Skema Instalasi Drawwork ....................................................................... 71

2.3

Over-head Tools ........................................................................................ 71

2.4

Drilling Line ............................................................................................. 72

2.5

Sistem Pengangkatan ................................................................................ 72

2.6

Skema Sistem Putar dengan Rotary Table ................................................ 74

2.7

Skema Sistem putar dengan Top Drive .................................................... 75

2.8

Skema Sirkulasi ........................................................................................ 78

2.9

Skema Penampang BOP ........................................................................... 79

2.10

Cementing Head........................................................................................ 82

2.11

Susunan Casing ........................................................................................ 83

2.12

Centralizer ................................................................................................ 84

2.13

Scratcher ................................................................................................... 84

2.14

Float Shoe ................................................................................................. 86

2.15

Posisi Top Plug pada Bottom Plug ........................................................... 87

4.1 Struktur Penilaian Formasi ....................................................................... 137

4.2......................................................................................Skem
atis dari Gejala SP pada Formasi dengan Resistivity Tinggi .................... 141

4.3......................................................................................Kurva
Resistivity Log .......................................................................................... 144

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4.4......................................................................................Skem
a Rangkaian Dasar Normal Log ............................................................... 146

4.5......................................................................................Skem
a Rangkaian Dasar Lateral Log ................................................................ 146

4.6......................................................................................Skem
a Rangkaian Dasae Introduction Log ....................................................... 147

4.7......................................................................................Skem
a Alat Laterolog ........................................................................................ 149
DAFTAR GAMBAR
(lanjutan)

4.8......................................................................................Respo
n Gamma Ray pada Suatu Formasi .......................................................... 153

4.9......................................................................................Prose
s Pelemahan Partikel Neutron ................................................................... 155

4.10....................................................................................Skem
a Rangkaian Dasar Density Log ............................................................... 156

4.11.................................................................................... Skem
a Peralatan Dasar Caliper Log .................................................................. 160

4.12....................................................................................Open
Hole Well Logging .................................................................................... 161

4.13....................................................................................Cased
Hole Logging ............................................................................................ 162

4.14....................................................................................Skem
a Proses Interpretasi Kuantitatif ................................................................ 167

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4.15....................................................................................Perme
ability dari ELANPlus .............................................................................. 171

DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
3.1

Konstanta Cn untuk Masing-masing An ....................................................... 120

4.1

Jenis dari Penilaian Formasi ....................................................................... 135

4.2

Harga Density Matrik Batuan ..................................................................... 157

4.3

Transite Time Matrik untuk beberapa Jenis Batuan .................................... 158

4.4

Konstanta C berdasarkan Satuan ................................................................. 163

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