Definisi
Hipertensi tanpa proteinuria yang timbul dari sebelum
kehamilan dan menetap setelah persalinan
Diagnosis
Tekanan darah 140/90 mmHg
Sudah ada riwayat hipertensi sebelum hamil, atau
diketahui adanya hipertensi pada usia kehamilan <20
minggu
Tidak ada proteinuria (diperiksa dengan tes celup urin)
Dapat disertai keterlibatan organ lain, seperti mata,
jantung, dan ginjal
Sumber: Buku pelayanan kesehatan Ibu di Fasilitas
Kesehatan dasar dan Rujukan
Hipertensi Kronik
Tatalaksana
Pasien sebelum hamil sudah mendapat terapi dan terkontrol
dengan baik, lanjutkan pengobatan yang sesuai
Sistolik >160 mmHg/diastolik > 110 mmHg antihipertensi
Proteinuria/ tanda-tanda dan gejala lain, pikirkan superimposed
preeklampsia dan tangani seperti preeklampsia
Suplementasi kalsium1,5-2 g/hari dan aspirin 75 mg/hari mulai
dari usia kehamilan 20 minggu
Pantau pertumbuhan dan kondisi janin Jika tidak ada
komplikasi, tunggu sampai aterm
Jika DJJ <100 kali/menit atau >180 kali/menit, tangani seperti
gawat janin.
Jika terdapat pertumbuhan janin terhambat, pertimbangkan
terminasi kehamilan
Sumber: Buku pelayanan kesehatan Ibu di Fasilitas
Kesehatan dasar dan Rujukan
Waktu Pascapersalinan
Ciri Khusus
Catatan
MAL
Mulai segera
Kontrasepsi
Kombinasi
Dapat dipasang
langsung
pascapersalinan
Kontrasepsi
Progestin
AKDR
Kondom/Sper
misida
Insersi postplasental
memerlukan petugas terlatih
khusus
Waktu Pascapersalinan
Ciri Khusus
Catatan
Diafragma
KB Alamiah
Tidak dianjurkan
sampai siklus haid
kembali teratur
203. Endometritis
Inflammasi uterus.
Metritis mengenai endometrium,
kelenjar glandular dibawahnya, dan
lapisan otot
Endometritis: hanya mengenai
endometrium dan kelenjar
glandular
Divided into pregnancy-related
endometritis and endometritis
unrelated to pregnancy (Pelvic
Inflammatory Disease)
Acute endometritis is characterized
by the presence of microabscesses
or neutrophils within the
endometrial glands; Chronic
endometritis is distinguished by
variable numbers of plasma cells
within the endometrial stroma
Clinical Presentation:
Fever
Lower abdominal pain
Foul-smelling lochia in the obstetric
population
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Abnormal vaginal discharge
Dyspareunia (may be present in
patients with pelvic inflammatory
disease [PID])
Dysuria (may be present in patients
with PID)
Malaise
Treatment :
Inpatient setting
Broad spectrum antibiotics
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254169
Methimazole
efek teratogenik berupa sindrom teratogenik embriopati
metimazole yang ditandai dengan atresi esofagus atau
koanal
blocker (propanolol)
Mengurangi gejala akut hipertiroid
Efek samping pada kehamilan akhir: hipoglikemia
pada neonatus, apnea, dan bradikardia yang biasanya
bersifat transien dan tidak lebih dari 48 jam
Dibatasi sesingkat mungkin dan dalam dosis rendah
(10-15 mg per hari)
Abalovich M, Amino N, Barbour LA, Cobin RH, Leslie J, Glinoer D, et al. Management of Thyroid Dysfunction during Pregnancy and
Postpartum. J. Endocrinol. Metabolism. 2007; 92(8): S1-S47
205. HPP
Etiologi (4T dan I)
Trauma trauma
traktus genital
Thrombin
koagulopati
Inversio Uteri
Palpasi uterus
Bagaimana kontraksi uterus dan tinggi
fundus uterus.
Inspekulo :
untuk melihat robekan pada serviks, vagina
dan varises yang pecah.
Pemeriksaan laboratorium :
periksa darah, hemoglobin, clot
observation test (COT), dan lain-lain.
PERDARAHAN POST-PARTUM
Gejala dan Tanda
yang Selalu Ada
Diagnosis
kemungkinan
Syok
Atonia uteri
Pucat
Lemah
Menggigil
Presyok
Retensio plasenta
Sub-involusi uterus
Nyeri tekan perut bawah
Perdarahan post partum lanjut
Anemia
Demam (bila terinfeksi)
Sisa fragmen
plasenta /
Endometritis
(terinfeksi)
Neurogenik syok
Pucat dan limbung
Inversio Uteri
Diagnosis
Kadar Hb < 11 gram/dL (trimester I dan III) atau < 10,5
gram/dL (pada trimester II)
Faktor predisposisi
Tatalaksana Anemia
Tatalaksana umum anemia
Lakukan pemeriksaan apusan darah tepi untuk melihat morfologi sel
darah merah.
Bila fasilitas tidak tersedia berikan tablet 60 mg besi elemental dan
250 g asam folat, 3 kali sehari evaluasi 90 hari.
NEUROLOGI
CKR GCS 14 15
CKS GCS 9 - 13
CKB GCS <8
Perdarahan Intrakranial
Epidural hematoma:
Interval lucid decreased of
consciousness
Etiology: trauma rupture of a.
meningeal media
Subdural hematoma
Hemiparesis, decrease of
consciousness, cephalgia
Etiology: trauma rupture of bridging
vein in elderly or infant
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Paresis, hypesthesia, ataxia, decreased
of consciousness
Etiology: Hypertension,trauma
Misulis KE, Head TC. Netters concise neurology. 1st ed. Saunders; 2007
A&B
Diagnosis Epilepsi
Tes positif :
- Ketika pergelangan tangan difleksikan sebesar
90, lalu muncul gejala gejala pada daerah yang
dipersarafi nervus medianus
Tinels sign
Tes positif :
- Ketika terowongan karpal diketuk ketuk dengan
jari, muncul gejala gejalla cts pada daerah yg
dipersarafi
210. TIA
Stroke in evolution/stroke-in-progression/ progressing stroke
Adalah suatu defisit neurologis yang berfluktuasi ketika pasien
sedang dalam masa observasi.
TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack), based on AHA/ASA 2009
Episode transient mengenai disfungsi neurologis yang disebabkan
oleh iskemia sistem saraf pusat tanpa disertai infark. Gejala dapat
hilang dalam waktu 24 jam.
RIND (Reversible Ischemic Neurology Deficit)
Infark serebral yang bertahan lebih dari 24 jam namun kurang dari
72 jam.
Complete Stroke
Defisit neurologis yang masih ada dalam waktu lebih dari 3 minggu
211. Demensia
Demensia adalah gangguan fungsi intelektual dan memori didapat yang disebabkan oleh
penyakit otak, yang tidak berhubungan dengan gangguan tingkat kesadaran.
Pasien dengan demensia harus mempunyai gangguan memori selain kemampuan
mental lain seperti berpikir abstrak, penilaian, kepribadian, bahasa, praksis, dan
visuospasial
Klasifikasi Demensia
1. Alzheimers disease
60 -80 % kasus demensia muncul dalam bentuk ini, dicirikan dengan
perubahan patologis pada otak yang menyebabkan hilangnya memori,
kemampuan berfikir, bahasa hingga perubahan perilaku yang pada akhirnya
menyebabkan hilangnya kemampuan fungsional.
2. Non Alzheimers disease
Gangguan memori dan fungsi kognitif disertai dengan gejala klinis unik lainnya
Stadium Demensia
1.
Stadium awal
Gangguan dalam kemampuan aritmatik contoh kesulitan menghitung mundur dari seratus dikurangi tujuh
Kesulitan melakukan perkerjaan kompleks seperti merencanakan makan malam untuk tamu, membayar
tagihan, manajemen keuangan.
2. Stadium ringan (pasien mulai memerlukan bantuan dalam kegiatan sehari hari)
tidak mampu mengingat alamat rumah atau nomor telepon, atau tidak ingat lulus dari sekolah mana
Lupa atau bingung hari
Tidak mampu menghitung mundur misal dari 40 dikurang 4 atau 20 dikurang 2
harus dibantu dalam memilih pakaian yang sesuai untuk acara tertentu
Masih mampu mengingat detail penting tentang hidup mereka atau keluarganya, tidak membutuhkan bantuan
untuk makan atau ke toilet.
3. Stadium lanjut (gangguan memori makin memburuk, perubahan personaliti, butuh bantuan untuk kegiatan sehari
hari)
tidak mampu mengenali lingkungan sekitar, dapat mengingat wajah orang orang sekitar namun tidak mampu
mengingat nama istri atau orang yg merawatnya
tidak mampu berpakaian tanpa bantuan orang lain. terdapat perubahan pola tidur (sulit tidur di malam hari
harus dibantu untuk ke toilet atau tidak mampu menahan BAK dan BAB
Menjadi lebih mudah curiga ke orang lain kadang terdapat waham
4. Stadium Akhir
mampu mengucapkan kata atau frase, harus dibantu untuk makan atau ke toilet
Tidak mampu berespon terhadap lingkungannya atau memulai percakapan dengan orang sekitarnya
Tidak mampu tersenyum, duduk tanpa bantuan atau menegakkan kepala
Tidak mampu mengontrol gerakan (kekakuan otot, kemampuan menelan terganggu dan refleks menjadi abnormal)
212. Afasia
Afasia adalah gangguan berbahasa baik dalam memproduksi dan/atau memahami
bahasa
Tujuh komponen Wernicke-Geshwind Model
Afasia Global
Melibatkan seluruh daerah bahasa di fisura
Sylvii, pasien sama sekali tidak berbicara, atau
sepatah kata atau frasa yang diulang ulang,
artikulasi buruk, tidak bermakna
Olesen J et al. The International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition. International Headache Society . 2013
Olesen J et al. The International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition. International Headache Society . 2013
Olesen J et al. The International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition. International Headache Society . 2013
215. Parkinson
Gejala awal tidak spesifik
Nyeri
Gangguan tidur
Ansietas dan depresi
Berpakaian menjadi lambat
Berjalan lambat
Gejala Spesifik
Tremor
Sulit untuk berbalik badan
di kasur
Berjalan menyeret
Berbicara lebih lambat
Penatalaksanaan Parkinson
IDI. Panduan praktik klinis bagia dokter di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan primer. Ed I.2013
Terapi profilaksis
Asam Valproat
Hepatotoksik, hiperamonemia,
leukopeni, trombositopenia,
pancreatitis
Karbamazepine
Fenitoin
Zonisamide
Bamberger DM. Diagnosis, Initial Management, and Prevention of Meningitis. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82(12):1491-1498
P
e
r
i
f
e
r
S
e
n
t
r
a
l
Bells Palsy
Penatalaksanaan
Kortikosteroid. Prednis
on, dimulai dengan
60mg/hari, diturunkan
dosisnya (tappering)
dalam 10 hari.
Antivirus. Asiklovir
400mg lima kali sehari
selama 7 hari atau
valasiklovir 1 g/hari
selama 7 hari. Tetapi,
terapi ini tidak berguna
jika diberikan setelah
onset penyakit lebih
dari 4 hari.
Tics Facialis
Tic pada wajah adalah salah satu jenis dari kelainan motorik otot mimik
wajah akibat spasme otot yang tak bisa dikendalikan. Hal ini dapat
disebabkan oleh gangguan pada satu atau lebih dari otot mimik wajah
yang mengakibatkan mata sering berkedip dan mengerutkan hidung.
Walaupun terjadi secara tak terkontrol, beberapa penderita gejala Tic
ini dapat mengendalikan gerakan tersebut secara sadar.
lagoftalmos
Spasme
hemifasialis
Levels of Arousal:
1. alert - normal
2. lethargy - a state between alertness and stupor
3. stupor - a state where a strong stimulus can transiently
restore wakefulness
4. coma is characterised by an uninterrupted loss of
capacity for arousal
SUPRATENTORIAL
(ii) Uncus Herniation
results from laterally placed hemisphere lesions which cause side
to side cerebral displacement as well as transtentorial herniation
focal hemisphere dysfunction -> ipsilateral compression of the 3rd
cranial nerve -> enlarged pupil that responses sluggishly -> a fixed
dilated pupil and an oculomotor palsy (with eye turned downward
and outward)
the ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery compression as it crosses
the tentorium -> occipital lobe ischaemia
a hemiparesis may develop on the same side of the lesion due to
compression of the opposite cerebral peduncle against the
contralateral tentorial edge (Kernohan's notch)
with increased mass effect herniation proceeds in the same
pattern as seen with central herniation
INFRATENTORIAL
acute intrinsic lesions of the brainstem cause abrupt onset of coma
+ abnormal neuro-ophthalmological findings
pinpoint pupils -> disruption of pontine sympathetic fibres
dilated pupils -> destruction of the 3rd cranial nerve nuclei exiting
fibres
vertical eye movements are relatively spared
upper motor neuron signs develop -> quadriplegic
flaccidity in the upper limbs and flexor withdrawal responses in the
lower limbs -> midbrain/pontine damage
downward herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through foramen
magnum -> medullary dysfunction -> respiratory and circulatory
collapse
less severe impaction of the tonsils -> obstructive hydrocephalus
and consequent bihemispheric dysfunction with altered arousal
Kriteria diagnosis:
A. Setidaknya 5 serangan yang memenuhi kriteria B-D.
B. Nyeri hebat atau sangat hebat di orbita, supraorbita, dan/
atau temporal yang unilateral, berlangsung selama 15-180
menit bila tidak diobati.
C. Nyeri kepala setidaknya disertai oleh 1 dari gejala berikut:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Tatalaksana simtomatik:
Oksigen (7lpm selama 15 menit dengan sungkup)
Dihidroergotamin 0,5-1,5mg IV.
Sumatriptan (nasal 20mg atau SC 6mg), dapat diulang
24 jam. KI: hipertensi dan MCI.\
Lidokain 4% 1ml di tempatkan pada kapas tiap lubang
hidung selama 5 menit.
Profilaksis:
Verapamil 120-160mg PO 3-4x/ hari atau nimodipine
240mg/ hari atau nifedipine 40-120mg/ hari.
Litium 300-1500mg/ hari PO.
Methylsergid 4-10mg/ hari PO.
Prednisolon 50-75mg/ hari.
Emboli
Trombosis
Hemoragik
(saat aktivitas,
peningkatan TIK)
Intracerebral
Subarachnoid
(kaku kuduk +)
Stroke Non-hemoragik :
o CT-Scan Pada stadium awal sampai 6 jam pertama, tak
tampak kelainan pada CT-Scan. Kadang-kadang sampai 3 hari
belum tampak gambaran yang jelas. Sesudah 4 hari tampak
gambaran lesi hipodens (warna hitam), batas tidak tegas.
Stroke Hemoragik :
o CT-Scan terlihat gambaran lesi hiperdens warna
putih dengan batas tegas.
226. Migraine
Migraine without aura (common migrain)
5 or more attacks
4 hours to 3 days in duration
2 or more of - unilateral location, pulsating quality, moderate to severe
pain, aggravation by or avoidance of routine physical activity
1 or more accompanying symptoms - nausea and/or vomiting,
photophobia, phonophobia
Terapi Migrain :
- NSAID
- Gol Triptan (naratriptan,
sumatriptan,rizatriptan)
- Ergotamin
- Kombinasi (aspirin
dengan asetaminofen
dan kafein)
GBS
Clinical Feature :
Progressive, fairly symmetric muscle
weakness, typically starts in
proximal legs, weakness in face arm,
severe respiratory muscle weakness
Absent or depressed DTR
Often prominent severe pain in lower
back
Common to have paresthesias in
hands and feet
Dysautonomia is very common:
tachycardia, urinary retention,
hypertenison alternating w/
hypotension, ileus
Neurology Illustrated
Diagnosis :
Treatment:
Neuropathy
Polineuritis
(Polineurodegene
rasi)
Sindroma klinik akibat gangguan fungsi saraf tepi yang luas yang terjadi
secara bersamaan. Gejala Klinik : Didahului ISPA, Kelumpuhan LMN
(Distal lebih berat dari proksimal), Gangguan sensorik berupa pola
sarung tangan dan kaus kaki (stocking and gloves), Reflek tendon
berkurang, Kadang-kadang melibatkan saraf kranial.
Periodic paralysis
Episodic weakness
Related to potassium: Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia
Unrelated to potassium
Myasthenia
Gravis
Guillaine Barre
Syndrome
Acute immune-immediated polyneuropathies, characterised by postinfection, symmetrical muscle weakness starts from proximal leg
Distrofi Muskular
228. VERTIGO
Common Causes:
1.Peripheral
Vestibular neuronitis
Labyrinthitis
Menire disease
Perilymph fistula
2.Central
Brainstem TIA/infarct
Multiple sclerosis
Syringobulbia
Basilar migraine
3.Other
Perifer
Sentral
Mendadak
Insidious
Kualitas
Berputar
Disequilibrium
intensitas
Berat
Munculnya
Episodik
Konstan
Durasi
Eksaserbasi
dengan pergerakan kepala
Ringan
Berat
Ringan
Imbalance
Ringan
Sedang
Kadang-kadang
Tidak ada
Hilang pendengaran
Sering
Jarang
Tinitus
Sering
Jarang
Gejala neurologis
Jarang
Sering
Vertigo Evaluation
Dix Hallpike
Epley
Manuever
Dolls eye
manuever
CES signs/symptoms
Low Back Pain (LBP), sciatica >90% of
patients, nonspecific
Urinary retention (incidence approaches 90%).
Check post-void residual normal is between 50 and 100
mL and >200 is positive for retention.
Overflow incontinence can be seen as the bladder fills.
CES signs/symptoms
Saddle anesthesia is
the most commonly
observed sensory
deficit in patients with
CES.
Roughly 75% of pts.
CES signs/symptoms
Motor weakness can be severe, and usually
involves more than a single nerve root.
May be bilateral, but is rarely symmetric (one
side is usually weaker/stronger than the
other).
Untreated motor weakness can become
permanent disability, and can progress to
complete paralysis/paraplegia.
Reflexes are HYPO-active; no long tract signs!
Pathophysiology of CES
Nerve roots of the Cauda Equina are susceptible to injury
from compression partly due to a poorly developed
epineurium (less protection from outside stresses or
tension).
Proximal nerve roots are relatively hypovascularized and
are supplemented by increased vascular permeability in
this area as well as diffusion from surrounding CSF
(which is thought to contribute to swelling and edema in
irritated nerve roots).
Unmyelinated, smaller parasympathetic/pain fibers are
more susceptible to compression and injury from
compressive forces.
Definition
Spondilitis TB a presentation of
extrapulmonary tuberculosis,
most commonly localized in
the thoracic portion of the
spine
Multiple
Sclerosis
ALS
Protrusi
diskus
intervertebra
lis (HNP)
Definition
a progressive neurological
disease that affects the
control of muscle movement
due to its damaging affects
on motor neurons in the
spinal cord and the brain
Clinical Presentation :
Palatal muscles
Asymmetric
Usually affects more than one extraocular muscle and is
not limited to muscles innervated by one cranial nerve
Weakness of lateral and medial recti may produce a
pseudointernuclear opthalmoplegia
Limited adduction of one eye with nystagmus of
the abducting eye on attempted lateral gaze
Ptosis caused by eyelid weakness
Diplopia is very common
Myasthenia Gravis
Work Up :
Treatment :
Anti-acetylcholine receptor
antibody (+) in 74%
Anti-striated muscle antibody
(+) in 84% pts with thymoma
Chest X-ray
Chest CT Scan to identify
thymoma
AChE inhibitors
Pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon)
Starts working in 30-60 minutes and
lasts 3-6 hours
Individualize dose
Adult dose:
60-960mg/d PO
2mg IV/IM q2-3h
Caution
Check for cholinergic crisis
Immunomodulating therapies :
Prednisone
Plasmapheresis
Thymectomy
Important in treatment, especially if
thymoma is present
Netter 1997
claw
hand
2006 Moore & Dalley COA
Netter 1997
Radial Nerve
Injury
Median Nerve
Injury
Ulnar Nerve
Injury
Loss of skin sensation over the lower half of the deltoid muscle
Paralyzed deltoid wastes rapidly
Underlying greater tuberosity can be palpated
Abduction of the shoulder is impaired
Paralysis of teres minor is not recognized clinically
Motoric: Triceps, anconeus and long extensors of the wrist are paralyzed,
Unable to extend the elbow joint, wrist joint and fingers, Wrist drop or
flexion of wrist occurs , Unable to flex the fingers firmly for gripping,
Brachioradialis & supinator are paralyzed
Sensory: Little loss of skin sensation over posterior surface of lower part of
the arm, Sensory loss on the lateral part of dorsum of the hand, Sensory
loss on the dorsal surface of the roots of the lateral 3 & fingers.
Motoric: Pronator muscles of forearm, long flexor muscles of the wrist &
fingers will be paralyzed, Forearm is kept in supine position, Wrist flexion is
weak & accompanied by adduction, No flexion at interphalangeal joints of
index & middle fingers.
Sensoric: Skin sensation is lost on the palmar aspect of the lateral 3 &
fingers
Motoric: Small muscles of the hand will be paralyzed, Claw hand is more
obvious as flexor digitorum profundus is not paralyzed, Marked flexion of
the terminal phalanges occur .
Sensoric: The sensory loss is usually confined to the palmar surface of
medial 3rd of the hand and the medial 1 & finger.
Tatalaksana
1. Stadium I (0-10 menit)
memperbaiki fungsi kardio dan respirasi
memperbaiki jalan nafas, oksigenasi dan
resusitasi bilama diperlukan.
2. Stadium II (1-60 menit)
pemeriksaan status neurologik
pengukuran tekanan darah, nadi dan suhu
pemeriksaan EEG
pasang infus
ambil 50-100cc darah untuk pemeriksaan
laborat
pemberian OAE cito : diazepam 0.2mg/kg
dengan kecepatan pemberian 5 mg/ menit IV
dapat diulang lagi bila kejang masih
berlangsung setelah 5 menit pemberian.
Beri 50cc glukosa
Pemberian tiamin 250mg intravena pada
pasien alkoholisme
Menangani asidosis dengan bikarbonat.
233. Epilepsi
Definisi: suatu keadaan yang ditandai oleh
bangkitan (seizure) berulang akibat dari
adanya gangguan fungsi otak secara
intermiten, yang disebabkan oleh lepas
muatan listrik abnormal dan berlebihan di
neuron-neuron secara paroksismal, dan
disebabkan oleh berbagai etiologi.
Epilepsy - Classification
Focal seizures account
-
Generalised seizures
(include absance
type)
Unclassified seizures
Lini 1
Lini 2
Lini 3
Lena
VPA
LTG
ESM
LEV
ZNS
Mioklonik
VPA
TPM
LEV
ZNS
LTG
CLB
CZP
PB
Tonik Klonik
VPA
CBZ
PHT
PB
LTG
OXC
TPM
LEV
ZMS
PRM
Atonik
VPA
LTG
TPM
FBM
Parsial
CBZ
PHT
PB
OXC
LTG
TPM
GBP
VPA
LEV
ZNS
PGB
TGB
VGB
FBM
PRM
Unclassified
VPA
LTG
TPM
LEV
ZNS
CBZ: carbamazepine,
CLB: clobazam
CZP: clonazepam
ESM: ethosuximide
FBM: falbamate
GBP: gabapentine
LEV: Levetiracetam
LTG: lamotrigine
OXC: oxcarbamazepine
PB: phenobarbital
PGB: pregabalin
PHT: phenytoin
PRM: pirimidon
TGB: tiagabine
VGB: vigabatrine
VPA: sodium valproate
ZNS: zonisamide
Lini 1
Lini 2
Lini 3
Lena
VPA
LTG
ESM
LEV
ZNS
Mioklonik
VPA
TPM
ZNS
LTG
CLB
PB
Tonik Klonik
VPA
CBZ
PB
LTG
TPM
PHT
ZMS
OXC
LEV
Parsial
CBZ
VPA
PB
LTG
TPM
OXC
ZNS
CLB
PHT
GBP
LEV
Spasme Infantil
VGB
ACTH
VPA
NTZ
LTG
ZNS
TPM
Lennox-gastaut
VPA
LTG
TPM
CLB
FBM
Unclassified
VPA
LTG
TPM
LEV
ZNS
Penghentian OAE
Setelah bangkitan terkontrol dalam jangka waktu tertentu, OAE dapat dihentikan tanpa
kekambuhan. Pada anak-anak dengan epilepsi, pengehntian sebaiknya dilakukan secara
bertahap setelah 2 tahun bebas dari bangkitan kejang. Sedangkan pada orang dewasa
penghentian membutuhkan waktu lebih lama yakni sekitar 5 tahun. Ada 2 syarat yang
penting diperhatika ketika hendak menghentikan OAE yakni,
1. Syarat umum yang meliputi :
Penghentian OAE telah diduskusikan terlebih dahulu dengan pasien/keluarga dimana
penderita sekurang-kurangnya 2 tahun bebas bangkitan.
Gambaran EEG normal
Harus dilakukan secara bertahap, umumnya 25% dari dosis semula setiap bulan dalam
jangka waktu 3-6bulan.
Bila penderita menggunakan 1 lebih OAE maka penghentian dimulai dari 1 OAE yang
bukan utama.
Hematom subdural
Lucid interval
Kesadaran makin
menurun
Late hemiparesis
kontralateral lesi
Pupil anisokor
Babinsky (+)
kontralateral lesi
Fraktur daerah
temporal
*akibat pecah a.
meningea media
Hematom
subarakhnoid
Kaku kuduk
Nyeri kepala
Bisa didapati
gangguan kesadaran
Akibat pecah
aneurisme berry
Aneurysm
CT Scan courtesy: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Neurosurgery
5/11/2015 2009, American Heart Association. All rights
reserved.
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120034
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120034
Classification
Toxic goiter
associated with hyperthyroidism
Examples:
Nontoxic goiter
Without hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
It may be diffuse or multinodular
Examples:
goiter identified in early Graves disease
endemic goiter
chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease)
http://regionstraumapro.com/post/663723636
Abdominal Injuries
Ruptur organ berongga
Menyebabkan perdarahan
internal yang berat
Darah pada rongga
peritoneum peritonitis
Terlihat gejala syok akibat
perdarahan hebat
Gejala peritonitis dapat tidak
terlalu terlihat
Spleen
Upper left quadrant
Rich blood supply
Slightly protected by organs
surrounding it and by lower rib
cage
Most commonly injured organ
from blunt trauma
Associated intraabdominal
injuries common
Suspect splenic injury in:
Motor vehicle crashes
Falls or sports injuries
involving was an impact to
the lower left chest, flank, or
upper left abdomen
Kehrs sign
Left upper quadrant pain
radiates to left shoulder
Common complaint with
splenic injury
Management :
Resuscitation.
Laparotomy (repair, partial
excision or splenectomy)
Observation in hospital for
patients with sub-capsular
haematoma
Stomach/duodenum
Not commonly injured by blunt trauma
Protected location in abdomen
Penetrating trauma may cause gastric transection or
laceration
Signs of peritonitis from leakage of gastric contents
Stomach/duodenum
Perforation
Presentation :
abdominal pain
rigidity
peritonism, shock
Air under diaphragm on X-ray
Treatment
Antibiotics
resuscitate
repair
Bleeding
Presentation :
Haematemesis +/ Melaena
Severity
Increased PR>90
Fall BP<100
Treatment :
transfusion
inject DU
http://crashingpatient.com/trauma/abdominal-trauma.htm/
http://www.sharinginhealth.ca/clinical_assessment/abdominal_exam.html
Indikasi:
Pasien trauma tumpul dengan hematuri
makroskopik or mikroskopik (min. 5 RBC/LPB)
dengan hipotensi (TD sistolik < 90mmHg)
all patients with a history of rapid deceleration
injury and/or significant associated injuries
Semua pasien dengan hematuri setelah trauma
tajam pada abdomen atau toraks (penetrating
injury) memerlukan pemeriksaan imaging renal
239. Hemorrhoid
Risk factor
Chronic increased
intraluminal pressure
prolonged sitting
vigorous straining
Common presentation
rectal bleeding,
pain,
pruritus,
prolapse
Physical examination
Internal hemorrhoids are
soft vascular structures,
they are usually not
palpable unless
thrombosed.
Current guidelines
anoscopy and/or flexible
sigmoidoscopy to
evaluate any bright-red
rectal bleeding
Visual with proctoscopy
240. Phimosis
Phimosis
Prepusium tidak dapat
ditarik kearah proksimal
Fisiologis pada neonatus
Komplikasiinfeksi
Balanitis
Postitis
Balanopostitis
Treatment
Dexamethasone 0.1% (6
weeks) for spontaneous
retraction
Dorsum incisionbila
telah ada komplikasi
Paraphimosis
Prepusium tidak dapat
ditarik kembali dan
terjepit di sulkus
koronarius
Gawat darurat bila
Obstruksi vena
superfisial edema dan
nyeri Nekrosis glans
penis
Treatment
Manual reposition
Dorsum incision
Airway Control
Ventilator
Chest physiotherapy
Suctioning
Therapeutic
bronchoscopy
Pharmacologic
adjuncts
Circulation
Tatalaksana syok
IV Access
LR/NS large bore, multiple IVs
Titrate fluids to maintain systolic BP and perfusion
Avoid MAST/PASG
Trauma
Lateral view acquired
with the patient lying
supine, with a horizontal
X-ray beam
allows effusions to be
visualised
X-Ray
Nearly 50% of nasal
fractures are likely to be
missed on plain film
nasal radiographs
Waters (occipitomental)
lateral nasal views if
plain films are used
Lateral view
Visualization of
nasal bone
difficult
Thin bone
Variable
projection from
skull
Fracture often
missed if only
one projection xray
Direct Hernia
usually no peritoneal sac
through Hasselbach triangle,
medial to epigastric vessels
Tipe Hernia
Definisi
Reponible
Irreponible
Incarserated
Strangulated
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/
Sigmoid ~ 65%
Cecum ~25%
Transverse colon ~4%
Splenic Flexure
Midgut volvulus
Klinis
Children
Adults
intermittent abdominal pain
(87%)
nausea (31%)
Contrast
cork-screw appearance
Birds beak
small bowel on the right side
of abdomen that does not
cross midline
USG
Whirlpool sign
Barium enema
Contraindicated in
patients with free air on
AXR, clinical signs of
peritonitis, or suspicion
for necrosed bowel
Birds beak
Cork screw
Can decompress
Barium Enema
Divertikel
Clinical presentation
The majority are
asymptomatic
Intermittent left sided
abdominal pain
frequent constipation.
Symptomatic presenting
features of diverticular
disease (i.e. presentation
of complicated
diverticulosis)Divertikulit
is and lower GIT
hemorrhages
Risk factor
Genetic influences
Diabetes mellitus
Low fiber diet
IBD
NICE guideline
colonoscopy to
confirm diagnosis
of colorectal
cancer
If a lesion
suspicious of
cancer is detected,
perform a biopsy
Examination
To exclude injury to
spinal collumn or
nerves
Cranial nerve XI tests by
measuring strength of
Sternocleidomastoideus
and trapezius muscles
ODonoghues Maneuver
Procedure:
Patient seated
Put the cervical spine through
resisted range of motion,
then through passive range of
motion.
Positive Test
Pain during resisted range of
motion or isometric muscle
contraction signifies muscle
strain.
Structures Affected:
Cervical spinal muscles
and/or cervical spinal
ligaments.
Since resisted range of
motion mainly stresses
muscles and passive range
of motion mainly stresses
ligaments,
should be able to determine
between strain and sprain
or a combination thereof.
ODonoghues Maneuver
Spurlings Test
Procedure
Laterally flex the
patients head and
gradually apply strong
downward pressure
If no pain is elicited, put
the patients head in a
neutral position and
deliver a vertical blow to
the uppermost portion
of the patients head.
Positive Test
Local pain indicates
facet joint involvement
Radicular pain indicates
nerve root pressure.
Spurlings Test
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Symptoms
Occur more often in a person's
dominant arm
More commonly found among
men older than 40 years
Pain usually worse at night and
interferes with sleep
Worsening pain followed by
gradual weakness
Decrease in ability to
move the arm, especially
out to the side
Able to use arm for most
activities but unable to
use the injured arm for
activities that entail
lifting the arm as high or
higher than the shoulder
to the front or side
Parese N.Radialis
Defisit Motorik
Kelemahan saat supinasi
Tidak dapat ekstensi tangan dan jariwrist drop
Defisit Sensori
Hilangnya sensasi di lengan bawah bagian
posterior, the radial half of dorsum of hand, and
dorsal aspect of radial 3 12 digits, excluding their
nail beds.
The
hollow
include:
typeorgans
of injury
will depend on whether the organ injured is
stomach
solid
or hollow.
intestines
gallbladder
Bladder
solid organs include:
liver
spleen
kidneys
Liver
Largest organ in abdominal
cavity
Right upper quadrant
Injured from trauma to:
Eighth through twelfth ribs
on right side of body
Upper central part of
abdomen
Suspect liver injury when:
Steering wheel injury
Lap belt injury
Epigastric trauma
Penyebab:
Iatrogenic injury
Types of Perforation
A-intraperitoneal
perforation
the peritoneum overlying the bladder,
has been breached along with the wall
of the bladder, allowing urine to escape
into the peritoneal cavity.
peritonitis symptoms
B- extraperitoneal
perforation
the peritoneum is intact
and urine escapes into the space
around the bladder, but not into
the peritoneal cavity.
no peritonitis symptoms
Presentation:
Recognized
intraoperatively
The classic triad of
symptoms and signs that
are suggestive of a
bladder rupture
suprapubic pain and
tenderness, difficulty or
inability in passing urine,
and haematuria
Management:
Extraperitoneal
catheter drainage alone, even in the
presence of extensive retroperitoneal
or scrotal extravasation
87% of the ruptures were healed in
10 days, and virtually all were healed
in 3 weeks
Obstruction of the catheter by clots or
tissue debris must be prevented for
healing to occur
Intra peritoneal :
open repairwhy?
Unlikely to heal
spontaneously.
Usually large defects.
Leakage causes peritonitis
Associated other organ
injury.
Definition
Radiologic Findings
Hirschprung
Congenital
aganglionic
megacolon
Intussusception
A part of the
intestine has
invaginated into
another section of
intestine
Duodenal
atresia
Dueodenum
Anal Atresia
birth defects in
which the rectum is
malformed
http://emedicine.medscape.com/
Atresia anii
Duodenal atresia
Intussusception
Hirschprung
http://emedicine.medscape.com/
Learningradiology.om
Hirschsprungs disease
Clinical symptoms
Merupakan penyakit obstruksi usus inkomplet
Panjang segmen yang aganglionik bervariasi
sehingga gejala yang terlihat juga bervariasi
Gejala yang tampak juga bervariasi
berdasarkan umur
Symptoms in
newborn age
Keterlambatan pasase
mekonium (dalam 24
jam pertama)
Distensi Abdomen,
namun abdomen supel
Muntah
Rectal tube tidak dapat
dimasukkan dengan
mudah
Setalah irigasi
(pengeluaran feses),
gejala akan muncul
kembali dalam beberapa
hari
Symptoms in newborn
age(enterocolitis)
Merupakan kondisi yang
mengancam nyawa
Diaremerupakan tanda
awal
Toxic megacolon
Distensi abdomen
Muntah hijauterwarnai
oleh empedu
Demam dan tanda-tanda
dehidrasi
Rectal tube:explosive
expulsion of gas and foulsmelling stools
Symptoms in
infants
Konstipasi
Meteorismus
Teraba Skibala
Sometimes
putrescent diarrhea
Ulceration,
bleeding
Hypoproteinaemia,
anaemia
Electrolyte
disorders
Symptoms in childhood
Gracile limbs
Dilated drumlike belly
Riw.Konstipasi lama
Defekasi dalam 7-10 hari
Multiple fecal masses
The stimulus of defecation
is missing
Rectum is empty and
narrow
Contrast enema
Transition zone
Abnormal, irregular contractions of
aganglionic segment
Delayed evacuation of barium
Biopsy :
absence of ganglion cells
hypertrophy and hyperplasia of nerve
fibers,
Hirschsprungs Treatment
Emergency treatment
Decompression
Gastric tubes
Urine catheters
Rectal tubes
Infection control
Rehydration
Hypovolemic shock
Terjadi karena turunnya volume darah yang bersirkulasi dibandingkan
kapasitas total pembuluh darah, dicirikan dengan penurunakan diastolic
filling pressures
Cardiogenic shock
Kegagalan pompa jantung akibat berkurangnya kontraktilitas myoardium
atau fungsi myokardium atau kelainan anatomi jantung, dicirikan dengan
peningkatan diastolic filling pressures and volumes
Distributive shock
Disebabkan oleh hilangnya kontrol vasomotor yang menyebabkan dilatasi
arteriol dan venula, dicirikan dengan peningkatan cardiac output dan
menurunnya SVR (Systemic vascular resistance)
Anaphylactic shock
anaphylactic reaction
BP +/-unconsciousness
symptom of anaphylactic
reaction to exposition to
a specific antigen
Known local anesthetics
to cause anaphylaxis
Commonly used
Lidocaine
Bupivacaine
http://emedicine.medscape.com/