Jurnal Parasit Ikan

The Effects of High Temperature, Low Dissolved Oxygen, and Asian Tapeworm Pengaruh Suhu
Tinggi, Oksigen terlarut rendah, dan Asia cacing pita

Infection on Growth and Survival of the Topeka shiner, Notropis topeka Infeksi pada
Pertumbuhan dan Survival dari berlian Topeka, Notropis Topeka
A THESIS Sebuah Tesis
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL Disampaikan kepada
FAKULTAS SEKOLAH SARJANA
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA DARI University of Minnesota
BY OLEH
Jessica Jill Koehle Jessica Jill Koehle
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS DALAM PEMENUHAN
PARSIAL DARI PERSYARATAN
FOR THE DEGREE OF UNTUK TINGKAT
MASTERS SCIENCE MASTER ILMU
March 2006 Mar 2006
i aku
Acknowledgments Ucapan Terima Kasih
I am grateful to many people who have contributed to this research and to my Saya berterima
kasih kepada banyak orang yang telah memberikan kontribusi untuk penelitian dan untuk saya
graduate school experience. lulusan sekolah pengalaman. First, I would like to thank my advisor,
Dr. Ira Adelman, Pertama, saya ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada penasehat saya, Dr Ira
Adelman,
who is an exceptional mentor and role model. yang merupakan mentor yang luar biasa dan model
peran. Also, thanks to my committee members, Juga, terima kasih kepada anggota komite saya,
Dr. Bruce Vondracek and Dr. Jay Hatch for their invaluable guidance. Dr Bruce Vondracek dan
Dr Jay Hatch atas bimbingan mereka.
For funding this project, I thank the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Untuk
pendanaan proyek ini, saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Departemen Sumber Daya Alam
Minnesota,
Division of Ecological Services, especially Rich Baker, and the United States Fish and Divisi
Layanan Ekologis, terutama Rich Baker, dan Amerika Serikat dan Ikan
Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Program, for a grant provided under Section 6 of Wildlife
Service, Endangered Species Program, untuk hibah yang diberikan berdasarkan Bagian 6 dari
the Endangered Species Act. Endangered Species Act. I thank Rich Cook and others at the Lost
Valley Fish Saya berterima kasih Rich Cook dan lain-lain di Ikan Lost Valley
Hatchery (Missouri Department of Conservation), and Scott Campbell with the Hatchery
(Departemen Konservasi Missouri), dan Scott Campbell dengan
University of Kansas for providing Topeka shiners. University of Kansas untuk memberikan
shiners Topeka. Thanks also to Andrew Goodwin of Terima kasih juga kepada Andrew Goodwin
dari
the University of Arkansas for identifying tapeworms, and to Drew Mitchell of Stuttgart
University of Arkansas untuk mengidentifikasi cacing pita, dan Drew Mitchell dari Stuttgart
National Aquaculture Research Center, for recommending worming treatment. Budidaya
Nasional Research Center, untuk merekomendasikan pengobatan cacing.
Thanks to several professors at the University of Minnesota, including Dr. Peter Terima kasih
kepada beberapa dosen di University of Minnesota, termasuk Dr Peter
Sorensen, Dr. Ray Newman, Dr. George Spangler, Dr. Andrew Simons, Dr. Anne Sorensen, Dr
Newman Ray, Dr George Spangler, Dr Andrew Simons, Dr Anne
Kapuscinski, Dr. Yossi Cohen, and Dr. Sandy Weisberg, who have offered lab space,
Kapuscinski, Dr Yossi Cohen, dan Dr Sandy Weisberg, yang menawarkan ruang laboratorium,
statistical advice, and other guidance. statistik saran, dan bimbingan lainnya. Also, thanks to the
departmental office staff, Juga, terima kasih kepada staf kantor departemen,
including Nancy Rothman, Abby Lloyd, Rachel Jones, Mary Barfield, Rosalyn Zippa, termasuk
Nancy Rothman, Abby Lloyd, Rachel Jones, Mary Barfield, Rosalyn Zippa,
and Jo Schroeder. dan Jo Schroeder. Many thanks to Jay Maher for his great attitude, ingenuity,
and Banyak terima kasih untuk Jay Maher untuk sikap yang besar, kecerdikan, dan
selfless commitment to fisheries research at the University of Minnesota, and to Mark komitmen
tanpa pamrih untuk penelitian perikanan di University of Minnesota, dan untuk Mark
Hove, Rachel Jones, Matt Hennen, and Thor Eide for their assistance in the laboratory. Hove,
Rachel Jones, Matt Hennen, dan Thor Eide atas bantuan mereka di laboratorium.
Thanks also to my fellow graduate students! Terima kasih juga kepada sesama siswa saya lulus!
I am grateful to many of you, but Saya berterima kasih kepada banyak dari Anda, tetapi
particularly to Dr. Dalma Martinovic, Dr. Marilyn Sherman, Jared Fine, Lance Vrieze, terutama
untuk Dr Dalma Martinovic, Dr Marilyn Sherman, Jared Baik, Lance Vrieze,
Sean Sisler, Ben Thwaits, Branda Long, Leah Sharpe, Mike Simone, and Nick Schlesser. Sean
Sisler, Thwaits Ben, Branda Long, Sharpe Leah, Simone Mike, dan Nick Schlesser.
Also, thanks to Carl Cabak, Nick Gidmark, and Kristan Maccaroni for lab assistance. Juga,
berkat Carl Cabak, Nick Gidmark, dan Kristan Maccaroni untuk bantuan lab.
Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family. Akhirnya, saya ingin mengucapkan terima
kasih kepada teman-teman dan keluarga. My parents, Alan and Orangtuaku, Alan dan
Patricia Davis, showed me the beauty of the natural world which is the inspiration for my
Patricia Davis, menunjukkan keindahan alam yang merupakan inspirasi bagi saya
career, and helped to give me the opportunity for higher education. karir, dan membantu
memberikan saya kesempatan untuk pendidikan yang lebih tinggi. Also thanks to my Juga terima
kasih kepada saya
three sisters, Jennie Kelly, Alita Miller, and Laura Strader, who have supported and tiga
bersaudara, Jennie Kelly, Alita Miller, dan Laura Strader, yang telah mendukung dan
encouraged me constantly. mendorong saya terus-menerus. Last but not least, thanks to my
husband, Karl Koehle, for Last but not least, terima kasih kepada suami saya, Karl Koehle, untuk
being my sounding board and best friend, and for always making life interesting. papan yang
terdengar saya dan teman terbaik, dan untuk selalu membuat hidup menarik.
ii ii
Abstract Abstrak
The Topeka shiner ( Notropis topeka ) is an endangered fish species, historically described The
berlian Topeka (Notropis Topeka) adalah spesies ikan terancam punah, historis dijelaskan
as inhabiting cool, headwater prairie streams. sebagai mendiami dingin, padang rumput hulu
sungai. However, Topeka shiners recently have Namun, baru-baru ini telah shiners Topeka
been found in off-channel habitats with high temperatures and low dissolved oxygen ditemukan
di-channel habitat off dengan suhu tinggi dan rendah oksigen terlarut
levels. tingkat. To determine if Topeka shiners can tolerate conditions in these off-channel Untuk
menentukan apakah Topeka shiners bisa mentolerir kondisi dalam saluran-off
habitats for extended periods of time, I determined their critical thermal maximum habitat untuk
waktu yang lama, saya memutuskan mereka termal maksimum kritis
(CTM), optimum temperature for growth, and lower lethal dissolved oxygen level (96hr (CTM),
suhu optimum untuk pertumbuhan, dan mematikan lebih rendah tingkat oksigen terlarut (96hr
LC LC
50 50
). ). Also, I studied the effects of reduced oxygen as well as Asian tapeworm infection Juga, saya
mempelajari efek oksigen berkurang serta infeksi cacing pita Asia
( Bothriocephalus acheilognathi ) on growth. (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) pada
pertumbuhan. Topeka shiners have a CTM of 39 C at a 31 shiners Topeka memiliki CTM 39 C
pada 31
C acclimation temperature and their optimum temperature for growth is about 27 C. C
aklimatisasi suhu dan suhu optimum untuk pertumbuhan adalah sekitar 27 C.
Topeka shiners are capable of growth at dissolved oxygen concentrations as low as 2 mg Topeka
shiners mampu pertumbuhan pada konsentrasi oksigen terlarut serendah 2 mg
LL
-1 -1
, but in some circumstances at a considerably lower rate than at dissolved oxygen , Tapi dalam
beberapa keadaan pada tingkat yang jauh lebih rendah dari pada oksigen terlarut
concentrations at or above 4 mg L konsentrasi pada atau di atas 4 mg L
-1 -1
. . Their 96-hour LC Mereka 96-jam LC
50 50
for dissolved oxygen at 26 C is untuk oksigen terlarut di 26 C
1.2 mg L 1,2 mg L
-1 -1
. . Finally, growth is reduced by the presence of Asian tapeworms. Akhirnya, pertumbuhan
berkurang dengan adanya cacing pita Asia. Asian Asia
tapeworm is not only a threat to fish health but use of infected fish in restoration cacing pita tidak
hanya menjadi ancaman bagi kesehatan ikan tetapi ikan terinfeksi penggunaan restorasi
programs is prohibited. program adalah dilarang. Overall, temperature and oxygen are probably
not responsible for Secara keseluruhan, suhu dan oksigen mungkin tidak bertanggung jawab atas
Topeka shiner population declines and are not limiting factors in most off-channel Topeka
penurunan populasi mata bengkak dan tidak membatasi faktor-faktor di kebanyakan channel off-
habitats. habitat. Judging by the abundance of Topeka shiners in off-channel habitats, these
Dilihat oleh kelimpahan shiners Topeka di-channel habitat off, ini
habitats may be population sources, rather than sinks, and thus may be important to mungkin
habitat populasi sumber, bukan sink, dan dengan demikian mungkin penting
Topeka shiner populations. Topeka mata bengkak populasi.
iii iii
Table of Contents Daftar isi
Acknowledgments Ucapan Terima Kasih
i aku
Abstract Abstrak
ii ii
List of Tables and Figures Daftar Tabel dan Angka
iv iv
Introduction Pengenalan
11
Methods Metode
44
General Procedures Prosedur Umum
44
Optimum Temperature for Growth Suhu optimum untuk Pertumbuhan
66
Critical Thermal Maximum Kritis Thermal Maksimum
99
Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Growth Pengaruh Oksigen terlarut terhadap Pertumbuhan
10 10
Lower Lethal Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Konsentrasi Oksigen terlarut rendah Lethal
13 13
Data Analysis Analisis Data
15 15
Results Hasil
17 17
Optimum Temperature and Effect of Asian Tapeworm on Growth Suhu optimum dan cacing pita
Pengaruh Asia Terhadap Pertumbuhan
17 17
21 21
22 22
Lower Lethal Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Konsentrasi Oksigen terlarut rendah Lethal
26 26
Discussion Diskusi
26 26
References Referensi
34 34
iv iv
List of Tables and Figures Daftar Tabel dan Angka
Table 1 Tabel 1
Means and standard deviations for all treatment temperatures Sarana dan deviasi standar untuk
semua perlakuan suhu
77
in experiments T-1, T-2, and T-3 dalam percobaan T-1, T-2, dan T-3
Table 2 Tabel 2
Means and standard deviations for all treatment dissolved oxygen 11 Sarana dan deviasi standar
untuk semua perawatan oksigen terlarut 11
concentrations in experiments O-1 and O-2 konsentrasi dalam percobaan O-1 dan O-2
Table 3 Tabel 3
Means and standard deviations for all treatment dissolved oxygen 14 Sarana dan deviasi standar
untuk semua perawatan oksigen terlarut 14
concentrations in experiments LC konsentrasi dalam eksperimen LC
50 50
-1 and LC -1 Dan LC
50 50
-2 -2
Table 4 Tabel 4
Summary of specific growth rate results for experiments Ringkasan hasil laju pertumbuhan
spesifik untuk eksperimen
18 18
T-1, T-2, and T-3 T-1, T-2, dan T-3
Table 5 Tabel 5
Summary of results for experiments CTM-1, CTM-2, and CTM-3 Ringkasan hasil untuk
percobaan CTM-1, CTM-2, dan CTM-3
23 23
Table 6 Tabel 6
CTM values for other species of Notropis , adapted from CTM nilai untuk spesies lain dari
Notropis, diadaptasi dari
Beitinger et al . (2000) Beitinger et al. (2000)
29 29
Figure 1 Gambar 1
Relationship of specific growth rate to temperature Hubungan laju pertumbuhan spesifik ke suhu
19 19
for weight and length in Experiment T-1 untuk berat dan panjang dalam Percobaan T-1
Figure 2 Gambar 2
Observations of behavior during experiment T-1 for both Pengamatan perilaku selama percobaan
T-1 untuk kedua
19 19
swimming activity and reproductive behavior Aktivitas berenang dan perilaku reproduksi
Figure 3 Gambar 3
20 20
For weight and length in Experiment T-2 Untuk berat dan panjang dalam Percobaan T-2
Figure 4 Gambar 4
20 20
for weight and length in Experiment T-3, for fish both untuk berat dan panjang dalam Percobaan
T-3, untuk ikan baik
with and without Asian tapeworm infection dengan dan tanpa infeksi cacing pita Asia
Figure 5 Gambar 5
Mean specific growth rates for weight and length of 19-month-old Berarti tingkat pertumbuhan
spesifik berat dan panjang 19-month-old
24 24
fish (A)and 7-month-old fish (B) in relation to dissolved oxygen ikan (A) dan bulan ikan berusia
7 (B) dalam hubungannya dengan oksigen terlarut
concentration in experiment O-1 konsentrasi dalam percobaan O-1
Figure 6 Gambar 6
Mean specific growth rates for weight and length of fish in relation Berarti tingkat pertumbuhan
spesifik berat dan panjang ikan sehubungan
25 25
to dissolved oxygen concentration in experiment O-2 terhadap konsentrasi oksigen terlarut dalam
percobaan O-2
Figure 7 Gambar 7
Summary of behavior observations during experiment O-2 Ringkasan dari pengamatan perilaku
selama percobaan O-2
25 25
Page 6 Page 6
11
Introduction Pengenalan
The Topeka shiner ( Notropis topeka ) is an endangered minnow species native to The berlian
Topeka (Notropis Topeka) adalah spesies ikan kecil terancam asli
North American prairie streams in Minnesota, South Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, Padang
rumput Amerika Utara sungai di Minnesota, South Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri,
and Kansas (Hatch 2001). dan Kansas (Hatch 2001). Over the past century the Topeka shiner's
range has decreased Selama abad terakhir Topeka's berlian kisaran menurun
by 80%, with more than 50% of this decline within the past 25 years (Tabor 1998). dengan 80%,
dengan lebih dari 50% dari penurunan dalam tahun terakhir 25 (Tabor 1998).
Habitat loss may be one of the main reasons for their decline, but habitat suitability Habitat
kerugian mungkin salah satu alasan utama untuk penurunan mereka, tetapi kesesuaian habitat
information for Topeka shiners is limited. informasi untuk shiners Topeka terbatas. Topeka
shiners have recently been found in Topeka shiners baru saja ditemukan
abundance in off-channel habitats in Minnesota. kelimpahan di-channel habitat off di Minnesota.
These off-channel habitats may be Ini-saluran habitat off mungkin
sources, rather than sinks, for shiner populations (Pulliam, 1988; Dahle, 2001) and it is sumber,
bukan tenggelam, untuk mata bengkak populasi (Pulliam, 1988; Dahle, 2001) dan merupakan
vital to understand how Topeka shiners use these habitats. penting untuk memahami bagaimana
menggunakan Topeka shiners habitat. The continued existence of Kelangsungan hidup
this species is important to the larger goal of protecting native biodiversity in Midwest spesies ini
penting untuk tujuan yang lebih besar untuk melindungi keanekaragaman hayati asli di Midwest
prairie stream ecosystems. padang rumput ekosistem sungai.
Information is now available about some aspects of Topeka shiner life history, but Informasi kini
tersedia tentang beberapa aspek sejarah kehidupan berlian Topeka, tetapi
questions still remain about their habitat requirements. pertanyaan masih tetap tentang
persyaratan habitat mereka. Topeka shiners are small (<75 Topeka shiners kecil (<75
mm) omnivorous cyprinids (Hatch and Besaw 2001). mm) ikan Cyprinid omnivora (Hatch dan
Besaw 2001). Spawning occurs between early Pemijahan terjadi antara awal
May and late August, and is often associated with sunfish ( Lepomis spp. ) nests (Dahle Mei dan
akhir Agustus, dan sering dikaitkan dengan mola-mola (sarang Lepomis spp.) (Dahle
2001; Kerns and Bonneau 2002; Stark et al. 2001; Kerns dan 2002 Bonneau; Stark et al. 2002).
2002). Historically, Topeka shiners were Secara historis, shiners Topeka adalah
reported to live in cool, clear headwater stream pools with substrates of gravel, rubble,
dilaporkan tinggal di dingin, jelas kolam hulu sungai dengan substrat kerikil, puing-puing,
clay hardpan, or bedrock, sometimes with a thin layer of silt. hardpan tanah liat, atau batuan
dasar, kadang-kadang dengan lapisan tipis lumpur. Many of these streams Banyak dari sungai-
sungai ini
were intermittent during dry summers, but were maintained by groundwater seepage yang
berselang selama musim panas kering, namun dikelola oleh rembesan airtanah
(Minckley and Cross 1959). (Minckley dan Cross 1959). Current descriptions of Topeka shiner
habitat in Kansas and Deskripsi saat ini habitat berlian di Topeka Kansas dan
Missouri agree with historical descriptions. Missouri setuju dengan deskripsi historis. Topeka
shiners are found in pools often Topeka shiners ditemukan di kolam sering
connected by water seeping through the gravel (Hrabik 1996; Kerns and Bonneau 2002;
dihubungkan dengan air merembes melalui kerikil (Hrabik 1996; Kerns dan Bonneau 2002;
Page 7 Page 7
22
Stark et al. Stark et al. 2002) with generally good water quality (Bayless et al. 2003). 2002)
dengan umumnya kualitas air yang baik (Bayless et al). 2003. However, in Namun, dalam
addition to those habitats, populations of Topeka shiners in Minnesota have been reported Selain
habitat mereka, populasi shiners Topeka di Minnesota telah dilaporkan
to inhabit and spawn in off-channel oxbow lakes and excavated pools, as well as in untuk tinggal
dan bertelur di saluran oxbow danau-off dan kolam digali, serta
streams carrying high sediment loads (Dahle 2001; Hatch 2001). sungai yang membawa beban
sedimen yang tinggi (Dahle 2001; Hatch 2001). Kuitunen (2001) Kuitunen (2001)
reported that Topeka shiners in Minnesota streams were more often collected in clearer,
melaporkan bahwa Topeka shiners di Minnesota sungai lebih sering dikumpulkan dalam lebih
jelas,
vegetated backwater areas than in more turbid stream channels. tumbuhan daerah terpencil di
lebih dari saluran sungai keruh. The presence of Topeka Kehadiran Topeka
shiners in these off-channel habitats has been found to depend on a variety of factors, shiners
dalam habitat off-channel telah ditemukan tergantung pada berbagai faktor,
including flooding events (Berg et al. 2004). termasuk peristiwa banjir (Berg et al). 2004. Off-
channel habitat is often maintained by Off-saluran habitat sering dikelola oleh
groundwater or seepage from the main stream channel (Berg et al. 2004), but it is unclear air
tanah atau rembesan dari saluran sungai utama (Berg et al). 2004, tetapi tidak jelas
whether temperature and dissolved oxygen levels in degraded streams and off-channel apakah
tingkat oksigen terlarut dan suhu di sungai terdegradasi dan off-channel
habitat are suitable for Topeka shiners. habitat yang cocok untuk shiners Topeka. Because these
factors may be limiting in off- Karena faktor-faktor ini dapat membatasi di off-
channel habitats, this study was undertaken to determine tolerance of Topeka shiners to habitat
saluran, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan toleransi dari shiners Topeka untuk
high temperature and low oxygen. tinggi suhu dan oksigen rendah.
A few anecdotal observations have been made on Topeka shiner temperature Sebuah
pengamatan beberapa anekdot yang telah dibuat pada suhu bintang Topeka
tolerance, but no information has been published for Topeka shiner low dissolved oxygen
toleransi, tetapi tidak ada informasi yang telah dipublikasikan untuk mata bengkak Topeka
oksigen terlarut rendah
tolerance. toleransi. In Kansas, Kerns and Bonneau (2002) reported that Topeka shiners were
Dalam Kansas, Kerns dan Bonneau (2002) melaporkan bahwa Topeka shiners adalah
usually the last fish to succumb to deteriorating conditions in drying pools; temperatures
biasanya ikan terakhir untuk menyerah memburuknya kondisi di pengeringan kolam; suhu
reached 28.5 C during their study, and more extreme temperatures likely occurred. mencapai
28,5 C selama studi mereka, dan lebih ekstrim suhu mungkin terjadi. Also Juga
in Kansas, Topeka shiners were observed in temperatures up to 29 C (Schrank et al. di Kansas,
Topeka shiners diamati pada suhu sampai 29 C (Schrank et al.
2001). 2001). In Minnesota, Hatch (2001) reported observing Topeka shiner spawning behavior
Di Minnesota, Hatch (2001) melaporkan melihat perilaku pemijahan berlian Topeka
at 31 C. Specifically in off-channel habitat in Minnesota, Dahle (2001) reported finding Pada
tanggal 31 C. Khususnya di-channel habitat off di Minnesota, Dahle (2001) melaporkan temuan
shiners in water that was 24 C in August 1998. shiners dalam air yang 24 C pada bulan Agustus
1998.
Page 8 Page 8
33
During the course of the experiments to determine temperature and oxygen Selama percobaan
untuk menentukan suhu dan oksigen
tolerance, I discovered that some fish were infected with the Asian tapeworm toleransi, saya
menemukan bahwa ikan yang terinfeksi dengan cacing pita Asia
( Bothriocephalus acheilognathi ) as a result of exposure at the hatchery where they were
(Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) sebagai akibat dari eksposur pada pembenihan di mana mereka
spawned. melahirkan. Asian tapeworms are intestinal parasites of teleosts (Hoffman 1998).
cacing pita Asia adalah parasit usus teleosts (Hoffman 1998). These Ini
tapeworms were probably introduced to the United States in the 1960s with grass carp cacing
pita itu mungkin diperkenalkan ke Amerika Serikat pada 1960-an dengan mas rumput
( Cyprinus idella ), imported for aquatic vegetation control (Mitchell 2004). (Cyprinus idella),
diimpor untuk pengendalian vegetasi akuatik (Mitchell 2004). The life cycle Siklus hidup
of Asian tapeworms involves an intermediate stage with a copepod host, so a population dari
cacing pita Asia melibatkan tahap intermediate dengan host copepoda, sehingga populasi
of infected copepods was probably the mechanism of exposure in the hatchery ponds. copepoda
terinfeksi mungkin mekanisme pemaparan di kolam pembenihan.
Although Asian tapeworm infection has not yet been observed in wild populations of Meskipun
infeksi cacing pita Asia belum diamati dalam populasi liar
Topeka shiners, hatchery infections could threaten rehabilitation efforts. shiners Topeka, infeksi
hatchery dapat mengancam upaya rehabilitasi. Widespread Luas
introduction of Asian tapeworms into a threatened population could be devastating. pengenalan
cacing pita Asia menjadi penduduk terancam bisa menghancurkan.
Further study is needed because few studies have quantified the effects of Asian studi lebih
lanjut diperlukan karena beberapa studi telah diukur efek Asia
tapeworm infection on fish growth. infeksi cacing pita pada pertumbuhan ikan.
Information about Topeka shiner tolerance of high temperature, low dissolved Informasi tentang
toleransi berlian Topeka temperatur tinggi, rendah terlarut
oxygen, and tapeworm infection need to be better understood in order to protect critical oksigen,
dan infeksi cacing pita perlu dipahami dengan lebih baik untuk melindungi kritis
habitats and ensure the survival of this species. habitat dan menjamin kelangsungan hidup
spesies ini. Therefore, the objectives of this study Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini
were: 1) to determine the optimum temperature for growth, 2) to estimate the upper lethal adalah:
1) untuk menentukan suhu optimum untuk pertumbuhan, 2) untuk memperkirakan mematikan
atas
temperature [as critical thermal maximum (CTM)] after acclimation to high temperature, suhu
[semaksimal termal kritis (CTM)] aklimasi setelah ke suhu tinggi,
3) to determine the effect of reduced dissolved oxygen on growth, 4) to estimate the 3) untuk
menentukan efek mengurangi oksigen terlarut pada pertumbuhan, 4) untuk memperkirakan
lower lethal concentration of dissolved oxygen, and 5) to determine the effect of Asian
mematikan konsentrasi rendah oksigen terlarut, dan 5) untuk menentukan pengaruh Asia
tapeworm infection on growth and CTM. infeksi cacing pita pada pertumbuhan dan CTM.
Page 9 Page 9
44
Methods Metode
General procedures Prosedur Umum
Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of temperature on Tiga percobaan
yang dilakukan untuk menentukan pengaruh temperatur terhadap
growth of Topeka shiners (T-1, T-2, and T-3) and two experiments were conducted to
pertumbuhan shiners Topeka (T-1, T-2, dan T-3) dan dua percobaan telah dilakukan untuk
determine the effect of oxygen on growth (O-1 and O-2). menentukan pengaruh oksigen terhadap
pertumbuhan (O-1 dan O-2). Also, experiments to determine Selain itu, percobaan untuk
menentukan
the critical thermal maximum (CTM) (Becker and Genoway 1979) were conducted on termal
maksimum kritis (CTM) (Becker dan Genoway 1979) dilakukan pada
fish used in T-1, T-2, and T-3 (CTM-1, -2, and -3). ikan yang digunakan dalam T-1, T-2, dan T-3
(CTM-1, -2, dan -3). The effects of Asian tapeworm Pengaruh cacing pita Asia
infection on growth and CTM were determined in experiments T-3 and CTM-3. infeksi pada
pertumbuhan dan CTM ditentukan dalam percobaan T-3 dan CTM-3. Finally, Akhirnya,
experiments were conducted on fish used in experiments O-1 and O-2 to determine lethal
Percobaan dilakukan pada ikan yang digunakan dalam percobaan O-1 dan O-2 untuk
menentukan mematikan
oxygen concentrations for fish previously acclimated to low dissolved oxygen (LC konsentrasi
oksigen untuk ikan sebelumnya menyesuaikan diri oksigen terlarut rendah (LC
50 50
-1 -1
and LC dan LC
50 50
-2). -2).
All experiments except the CTM determinations were conducted using a flow- Semua percobaan
kecuali CTM penentuan dilakukan dengan menggunakan aliran-
through system with water supplied by a deep dedicated well. melalui sistem dengan air yang
disediakan oleh berdedikasi dalam sumur. Topeka shiners used in Topeka shiners digunakan
dalam
experiments T-1, CTM-1, O-1, and LC percobaan T-1, CTM-1, O-1, LC
50 50
-1 were obtained from the Lost Valley Fish -1 Diperoleh dari Ikan Lost Valley
Hatchery (LVFH) Missouri, and Topeka shiners used in experiments T-2, CTM-2, T-3, Hatchery
(LVFH) Missouri, dan shiners Topeka digunakan dalam percobaan T-2, CTM-2, T-3,
CTM-3, O-2, and LC CTM-3, O-2, dan LC
50 50
-2 were from the University of Kansas (KU). -2 Berasal dari University of Kansas (KU). All fish
came from ikan Semua berasal dari
an original breeding population collected from Deep Creek at Pillsbury Crossing (T11S, sebuah
peternakan penduduk asli yang dikumpulkan dari Deep Creek di Pillsbury Crossing (T11S,
R9E, Sec 5), Riley County, Kansas. R9E, Sec 5), Riley County, Kansas.
No tapeworms were ever detected in the fish from LVFH. Tidak ada cacing pita yang pernah
terdeteksi dalam ikan dari LVFH. The fish from KU Ikan dari KU
were infected with the Asian tapeworm because grass carp had previously been held in terinfeksi
dengan cacing pita ikan mas rumput Asia karena sebelumnya telah diadakan di
the rearing ponds and thus infected the intermediate host copepods. kolam pembesaran dan
dengan demikian menginfeksi host copepoda menengah. For experiments T-3, Untuk percobaan
T-3,
CTM-3, and O-2, and LC CTM-3, dan O-2, dan LC
50 50
-2, Praziquantel (manufactured by Bayer as Droncit) was used -2, Praziquantel (diproduksi oleh
Bayer sebagai Droncit) digunakan
to rid the fish of the tapeworms. untuk membersihkan ikan dari cacing pita. Praziquantel dosage
was 1.5 mg L Praziquantel dosis adalah 1,5 mg L
-1 -1
for 24 hours as selama 24 jam sebagai
Page 10 Page 10
55
recommended by Mitchell (2004) with fish density of about 0.15 g L direkomendasikan oleh
Mitchell (2004) dengan kepadatan ikan sekitar 0,15 g L
-1 -1
. . Microscopic Mikroskopis
examination of the gastrointestinal track of over 60 fish treated with Praziquantel pemeriksaan
jalur gastrointestinal lebih dari 60 ikan diperlakukan dengan Praziquantel
indicated 100% removal of tapeworms with no fish mortality and no observed stress.
menunjukkan 100% dari cacing pita penghapusan tanpa kematian ikan dan tidak stres diamati.
Post-experiment dissection to determine the presence or absence of tapeworms was Post-
eksperimen pembedahan untuk menentukan ada atau tidak adanya cacing pita itu
performed on all fish from experiments T-1, T-2, T-3 and CTM-3, and on randomly dilakukan
pada semua ikan dari percobaan T-1, T-2, T-3 dan CTM-3, dan secara acak
sampled fish from experiment O-1. sampel ikan dari percobaan O-1. Fish from experiment O-2
were not dissected for Ikan dari percobaan O-2 tidak dibedah untuk
tapeworms because by that time the Praziquantel treatment was assumed to be 100% cacing pita
karena pada saat itu adalah perlakuan Praziquantel diasumsikan 100%
effective. efektif.
At the beginning of the acclimation period of all growth experiments, Topeka Pada awal periode
aklimatisasi semua percobaan pertumbuhan, Topeka
shiners of both sexes were distributed to test aquaria in a stratified-random manner so that
shiners dari kedua jenis kelamin itu didistribusikan untuk menguji akuarium-acak dengan cara
bertingkat sehingga
every aquarium received one fish before any aquarium received a second fish, and so on. setiap
akuarium menerima satu ikan akuarium yang diterima sebelum ikan kedua, dan seterusnya.
Growth was measured as specific growth rate (SGR) over 28 to 30 days as percent Pertumbuhan
diukur sebagai laju pertumbuhan spesifik (SGR) selama 28 sampai 30 hari sebagai persen
growth per day (SGR = [ ln (final measure – initial measure ) ] / [number of days elapsed
pertumbuhan per hari (SGR = [ln (Ukuran akhir - awal mengukur)] / [jumlah hari berlalu
between measurements]). antara ukuran]). At the beginning and end of each experiment, weight
was Pada awal dan akhir setiap percobaan, berat itu
recorded to the nearest 0.1 g and total length was recorded to the nearest 0.5 mm. dicatat ke 0,1 g
terdekat dan panjang total tercatat ke pusat 0,5 mm. Before Sebelum
these measurements were taken, food was withheld for 24 hours. diambil ukuran ini, makanan
ditahan selama 24 jam. During the measuring Selama mengukur
procedure, fish were anaesthetized with 100 mg L prosedur, ikan dibius dengan 100 mg L
-1 -1
tricaine methanesulfate (MS-222). tricaine methanesulfate (MS-222).
At the beginning of some experiments, individual fish were identified using either one or Pada
awal dari beberapa percobaan, ikan individu diidentifikasi dengan menggunakan salah satu atau
two fin clips. dua sirip klip. Preliminary experiments not reported here showed that fin clips did
not Awal percobaan tidak dilaporkan di sini menunjukkan bahwa sirip klip tidak
significantly lower Topeka shiner growth rate over 30 days. secara signifikan lebih rendah
Topeka berlian laju pertumbuhan lebih dari 30 hari. Shiners were fed frozen Shiners diberi beku
brine shrimp ( Artemia salina ) once per day during holding periods, two to three times per air
garam udang (Artemia salina) sekali per hari selama periode memegang, dua atau tiga kali per
day during acclimation periods, and three times per day to satiation during test periods. hari
selama periode aklimatisasi, dan tiga kali per hari untuk pemuas selama periode uji.
Deaths during growth experiments were recorded as missing data points. Kematian selama
percobaan pertumbuhan dicatat sebagai titik data hilang. Photoperiod for Fotoperiodik untuk
Page 11 Page 11
66
experiment T-1 was 16h light: 8h dark, but for all other experiments photoperiod was 9h
percobaan T-1 adalah 16h terang: gelap 8h, tetapi untuk semua percobaan lainnya fotoperiodik
adalah 9h
light: 15h dark. terang: gelap 15h. A shorter daylength was used in an attempt to suppress
reproductive Sebuah daylength lebih pendek digunakan dalam upaya untuk menekan reproduksi
behavior. perilaku. Fluorescent lights provided illumination during daylight hours. pencahayaan
lampu fluorescent yang disediakan pada siang hari.
During all experiments except CTM determinations, flow rate to each aquarium Selama semua
percobaan penentuan kecuali CTM, laju alir untuk setiap akuarium
was regulated with pipette tips. telah diatur dengan tips pipet. Desired test temperatures were
achieved by mixing warm suhu uji yang diinginkan dicapai dengan mencampur hangat
and cold water, and by using 200- and 300-watt Marineland Visi-Therm Deluxe dan air dingin,
dan dengan menggunakan 200 - dan 300-watt Marineland Visi-Therm Deluxe
submersible heaters in mixing chambers. submersible pemanas di ruang pencampuran. Foam
insulation was placed around aquaria and Insulasi busa ditempatkan di akuarium dan
tubing to maintain high water temperatures. tabung untuk menjaga suhu air yang tinggi. Onset
Stowaway Tidbit temperature loggers Mulai berita menarik penumpang gelap suhu penebang
were placed in each aquarium to monitor temperature, and records were later downloaded
ditempatkan di setiap akuarium untuk memonitor suhu, dan catatan kemudian download
to Microsoft Excel using BoxCar Pro software. ke Microsoft Excel dengan menggunakan
software Pro gerbong. Temperature and dissolved oxygen were Suhu dan oksigen terlarut
also monitored daily during experiments using digital thermometers and a YSI dissolved juga
dipantau tiap hari selama percobaan menggunakan termometer digital dan YSI terlarut
oxygen meter. oksigen meter. The oxygen meter was calibrated using the manufacturer's air
calibration Oksigen meter dikalibrasi dengan menggunakan produsen udara kalibrasi
procedure and periodically checked against dissolved oxygen concentrations using the prosedur
dan diperiksa secara berkala terhadap konsentrasi oksigen terlarut dengan menggunakan
Winkler method (APHA 1998). Metode Winkler (APHA 1998).
Optimum Temperature for Growth Suhu optimum untuk Pertumbuhan
The goals of experiments T-1, T-2, and T-3 were to determine the Topeka Tujuan percobaan T-1,
T-2, dan T-3 adalah untuk menentukan Topeka
shiner's optimum temperature for growth. berlian's temperatur optimum untuk pertumbuhan.
Optimum temperature for growth is important suhu optimum untuk pertumbuhan adalah penting
information because a high level of somatic fish growth indicates that the fish is able to
informasi karena tingkat tinggi pertumbuhan ikan somatik menunjukkan bahwa ikan dapat
put large amounts of energy towards growth. menempatkan sejumlah besar energi terhadap
pertumbuhan. Optimum temperature for growth may not Suhu optimum untuk pertumbuhan
mungkin tidak
indicate optimum temperature for all aspects of the fish's life, but it does indicate that
menunjukkan suhu optimum untuk semua aspek kehidupan ikan, tetapi tidak menunjukkan
bahwa
metabolism is efficient; the fish is at a temperature high enough for growth, yet low metabolisme
yang efisien; ikan tersebut berada pada temperatur cukup tinggi untuk pertumbuhan, namun
rendah
enough to avoid thermal stress. cukup untuk menghindari stres termal.
Page 12 Page 12
77
To determine the optimum temperature for growth, growth rate was measured Untuk
menentukan suhu optimal untuk pertumbuhan, laju pertumbuhan diukur
over a range of five treatment temperatures with two replicates of each treatment (Table rentang
lima suhu pengobatan dengan dua kali ulangan setiap perlakuan (Tabel
1). 1). Each replicate consisted of one 20-liter aquarium for a total of 10 aquaria. Setiap replikasi
terdiri dari satu liter akuarium 20 untuk total 10 akuarium. Flow rate Laju alir
to each aquarium was 600 ml min untuk masing-masing akuarium minimal 600 ml
-1 -1
..
Experiment T-1.— In this 30-day experiment, 14 Topeka shiners (13 months old) Percobaan T-1
.- Dalam percobaan 30 hari, 14 Topeka shiners (13 bulan)
were placed in each replicate treatment, for totals of 10 aquaria and 140 fish. ditempatkan di
setiap mereplikasi perawatan, untuk total 10 akuarium dan 140 ikan. Before the Sebelum
experiment began, water in all aquaria was at the fish's acclimation temperature (22 C),
percobaan dimulai, air di akuarium semua berada di's aklimatisasi suhu ikan (22 C),
and temperatures were changed daily over 10 days to reach desired treatment levels. dan suhu
yang berubah setiap hari selama 10 hari untuk mencapai tingkat perawatan yang diinginkan. Fish
Ikan
were not individually marked for identification; therefore, specific growth rate was tidak
individual ditandai untuk identifikasi, sehingga, laju pertumbuhan spesifik
calculated from the mean initial and final weights and lengths of fish in each replicate dihitung
dari berat awal dan akhir mean dan panjang ikan di setiap ulangan
treatment. pengobatan. At the conclusion of the experiment, all fish from the two highest
temperature Di akhir percobaan, semua ikan dari temperatur tertinggi dua
treatments were used in experiment CTM-1. perlakuan percobaan yang digunakan adalah CTM-
1.
TABLE 1 TABEL 1
.—Mean and standard deviation (in parenthesis) of at least 50 randomly sampled .- Rata-rata dan
deviasi standar (dalam kurung) minimal 50 sampel secara acak
temperature (C) logger data points for experiments T-1, T-2, and T-3, for all treatments suhu (C)
titik data logger untuk eksperimen T-1, T-2, dan T-3, untuk semua perawatan
and replications (Rep). dan ulangan (Rep).
Treatment Pengobatan
11
22
33
44
55
Experiment Percobaan
Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 1
Rep 2 Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 1 Rep 2
T-1 T-1
12.7 12,7
(0.24) (0,24)
12.8 12,8
(0.26) (0,26)
18.0 18,0
(0.24) (0,24)
18.2 18,2
(0.24) (0,24)
23.3 23,3
(0.24) (0,24)
23.4 23,4
(0.24) (0,24)
27.8 27,8
(0.18) (0,18)
27.7 27,7
(0.21) (0,21)
33.0 33,0
(0.35) (0,35)
32.9 32,9
(0.41) (0,41)
T-2 T-2
12.3 12,3
(0.26) (0,26)
13.0 13,0
(0.53) (0,53)
17.1 17,1
(0.81) (0,81)
17.9 17,9
(0.88) (0,88)
22.9 22,9
(0.63) (0,63)
22.4 22,4
(0.67) (0,67)
26.8 26,8
(0.41) (0,41)
27.0 27,0
(0.41) (0,41)
31.1 31,1
(0.40) (0,40)
31.3 31,3
(0.34) (0,34)
T-3 T-3
14.5 14,5
(0.43) (0,43)
14.7 14,7
(0.52) (0,52)
19.4 19,4
(0.53) (0,53)
19.9 19,9
(0.50) (0,50)
24.4 24,4
(0.48) (0,48)
24.5 24,5
(0.50) (0,50)
29.6 29,6
(0.17) (0,17)
29.6 29,6
(0.26) (0,26)
34.4 34,4
(0.39) (0,39)
34.8 34,8
(0.25) (0,25)
Behavior was observed once a day on nine different days, and aquaria were Perilaku diamati
sekali sehari pada sembilan hari yang berbeda, dan wadah
observed in random order for 10 seconds each. diamati secara acak selama 10 detik setiap.
Swimming activity in each aquarium was Aktivitas berenang di dalam akuarium masing-masing
subjectively classified as high, medium, or low, and was given a score of 3, 2, or 1, subyektif
diklasifikasikan sebagai tinggi, sedang, atau rendah, dan diberi skor 3 2,, atau 1,
Page 13 Page 13
88
respectively. masing. Reproductive behavior (subjectively defined here as a male actively
Reproduksi perilaku (subjektif didefinisikan di sini sebagai laki-laki aktif
chasing other fish out of his territory) was also classified in each aquarium as high, mengejar
keluar ikan lainnya dari wilayahnya) juga diklasifikasikan dalam setiap akuarium sebagai tinggi,
medium, or low, corresponding to scores of 3, 2, or 1, and the number of males exhibiting
menengah, atau rendah, sesuai dengan nilai dari 3 2,, atau 1, dan jumlah laki-laki menunjukkan
chasing behavior was recorded. perilaku mengejar tercatat. The reproductive activity score was
calculated by adding Nilai kegiatan reproduktif telah dihitung dengan menambahkan
the reproductive behavior score to the number of mature males (those with reddened fins, skor
perilaku reproduksi dengan jumlah laki-laki dewasa (yang memerah sirip,
which were chasing others out of their territory). yang mengejar orang lain di luar wilayah
mereka).
Experiment T-2.— In this 28-day experiment, 8-month old Topeka shiners Percobaan T-2 .-
Dalam percobaan 28 hari, 8-bulan tua Topeka shiners
infected with Asian tapeworms were used, although the tapeworms were not discovered
terinfeksi cacing pita Asia digunakan, meskipun tidak ditemukan cacing pita
until after the test was completed. sampai setelah ujian selesai. The fish were randomly
distributed among five ikan secara acak didistribusikan di antara lima
treatments with two replicates (Table 1). perawatan dengan dua kali ulangan (Tabel 1). Each
replicate contained 10 fish, for a total of Setiap mereplikasi berisi 10 ikan, untuk total
10 aquaria and 100 fish. 10 akuarium dan 100 ikan. All aquaria began at the acclimation
temperature of the fish (23 akuarium Semua mulai pada suhu aklimatisasi ikan (23
C), and temperatures were changed daily over 8 days to reach desired treatment levels. C), dan
suhu yang berubah setiap hari selama 8 hari untuk mencapai tingkat perawatan yang diinginkan.
Fish were given either one or two fin clips at the time of initial measuring to identify Ikan diberi
satu atau dua klip sirip pada saat pengukuran awal untuk mengidentifikasi
individuals. individu. Initial and final weights and lengths from each fish were used to calculate
dan terakhir bobot awal dan panjang dari masing-masing ikan yang digunakan untuk menghitung
specific growth rate for individual fish. laju pertumbuhan spesifik ikan individu. At the
conclusion of the experiment, all fish from Di akhir percobaan, semua ikan dari
the two highest temperature treatments were used in experiment CTM-2. dua perlakuan suhu
tertinggi percobaan yang digunakan adalah CTM-2.
Experiment T-3.— In this 28-day experiment, 12-month old Topeka shiners from Percobaan T-3
.- Dalam percobaan 28 hari, 12-bulan tua Topeka shiners dari
the same cohort as fish used in experiment T-2 were randomly distributed among five kohort
yang sama seperti ikan yang digunakan dalam percobaan T-2 didistribusikan secara acak di
antara lima
treatments with two replicates (Table 1). perawatan dengan dua kali ulangan (Tabel 1). Each
replicate contained 14 fish, for a total of Setiap mereplikasi berisi 14 ikan, untuk total
10 aquaria and 140 fish. 10 akuarium dan 140 ikan. In each replicate, seven fish had been treated
with Praziquantel Dalam setiap kali ulangan, tujuh ikan telah diperlakukan dengan Praziquantel
2 weeks prior to the start of the experiment to rid them of tapeworms. 2 minggu sebelum
memulai percobaan untuk menyingkirkan mereka dari cacing pita. The other seven Yang lainnya
tujuh
fish were not treated and were assumed to be 100% infected. ikan tidak diperlakukan dan
diasumsikan 100% terinfeksi. All aquaria began at the akuarium Semua dimulai di
fish's holding temperature (20 C), and water temperatures were changed daily over 13 suhu
memegang ikan (20 C), dan suhu air berubah setiap hari lebih dari 13
Page 14 Page 14
99
days to reach desired treatment temperatures. hari untuk mencapai suhu pengobatan yang
diinginkan. Fish were fin-clipped to identify Sirip ikan-dipotong untuk mengidentifikasi
individuals, so that growth of infected fish could be compared with that of non-infected individu,
sehingga pertumbuhan ikan bisa terinfeksi dibandingkan dengan yang tidak terinfeksi
fish. ikan. Specific growth rates for individual fish were determined as in T-1 and T-2. tingkat
pertumbuhan yang khusus untuk ikan individu ditentukan seperti pada T-1 dan T-2. At the Pada
conclusion of the experiment, all fish from the 30 C temperature treatment were used in
Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian, semua ikan dari suhu perlakuan C 30 telah digunakan dalam
experiment CTM-3. percobaan CTM-3.
The goal of this group of experiments (CTM-1, -2, and -3) was to determine upper Tujuan dari
kelompok eksperimen (CTM-1, -2, dan -3) adalah untuk menentukan atas
lethal temperatures of Topeka shiners acclimated to high temperatures. suhu mematikan shiners
Topeka menyesuaikan suhu yang tinggi. The fish used in Ikan yang digunakan dalam
these experiments had been acclimated to high temperatures as a result of undergoing percobaan
ini telah menyesuaikan diri suhu tinggi sebagai akibat dari menjalani
high temperature treatments in growth tests T-1, T-2, or T-3. perlakuan suhu tinggi dalam tes
pertumbuhan T-1, T-2, atau T-3. The apparatus used to alat yang digunakan untuk
determine CTM was an aerated 10-liter static-water aquarium. menentukan CTM adalah liter
soda 10-statis-air akuarium. An MGW Lauda MS MS Lauda MGW
heater/ chiller/ mixer, with precise temperature control, was placed in one end. heater / chiller /
mixer, dengan kontrol suhu yang tepat, ditempatkan di salah satu ujungnya. A small Sebuah
kecil
mesh enclosure was placed in the other end that allowed the fish access to the surface but
kandang mesh ditempatkan di ujung lainnya yang memungkinkan akses ke permukaan ikan
tetapi
kept the fish away from the heater's circulating motor. terus ikan dari pemanas yang beredar
motor. The initial aquarium temperature Akuarium suhu awal
was set at the fish's acclimation temperature. ditetapkan's aklimatisasi suhu ikan. One, two, three,
or four fish along with a Satu, dua, tiga, atau empat ikan bersama dengan
digital thermometer probe were placed in the mesh container and fish were given one probe
termometer digital ditempatkan dalam wadah mesh dan ikan diberi satu
minute to acclimate before temperature was increased. menit untuk menyesuaikan diri kpd suatu
iklim sebelum suhu meningkat. Water temperature was raised 0.3 Temperatur air dibesarkan 0,3
C per minute, and the CTM endpoint was reached when the fish could no longer regain C per
menit, dan titik akhir tercapai CTM saat ikan tidak bisa lagi kembali
equilibrium (Becker and Genoway 1979). kesetimbangan (Becker dan Genoway 1979). CTM
values were recorded for individual fish. nilai CTM direkam untuk ikan individu.
Experiment CTM-1.— Twenty-eight Topeka shiners from the 28 C treatment and Percobaan
CTM-1 .- Dua puluh delapan Topeka shiners dari perlakuan C 28 dan
23 fish from the 33 C treatment from experiment T-1 were used in this experiment, 12 23 ikan
dari perlakuan C 33 dari percobaan T-1 yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini, 12
Page 15 Page 15
10 10
days after the conclusion of the growth experiment. hari setelah akhir percobaan pertumbuhan.
During the holding period between Selama periode memegang antara
T-1 and CTM-1 fish were held at 28 and 31 C, respectively. T-1 dan CTM-1 ikan diadakan pada
28 dan 31 C, masing-masing.
Experiment CTM-2.— Sixteen Topeka shiners from the 27 C treatment and 14 Percobaan CTM-
2 .- Enam belas Topeka shiners dari perlakuan C 27 dan 14
fish from the 32 C treatment from experiment T-2 were used in this CTM determination, ikan
dari perlakuan C 32 dari percobaan T-2 digunakan dalam penentuan CTM,
conducted within 1 week after conclusion of the growth experiment. dilakukan dalam waktu 1
minggu setelah kesimpulan dari percobaan pertumbuhan.
Experiment CTM-3.— Nineteen fish without Asian tapeworms and six fish with Percobaan
CTM-3 .- Sembilan belas ikan tanpa cacing pita Asia dan enam ikan dengan
Asian tapeworms from the 30 C treatment in T-3 were used within 1 week after cacing pita Asia
dari perlakuan C 30 di T-3 digunakan dalam waktu 1 minggu setelah
conclusion of the growth experiment (presence or absence of Asian tapeworm was kesimpulan
dari percobaan pertumbuhan (ada atau tidak adanya cacing pita Asian
verified through dissection after completing the experiment). diverifikasi melalui pembedahan
setelah menyelesaikan percobaan). Fish from the highest Ikan dari yang tertinggi
treatment temperature (35 C) in T-3 were not used because of high mortality at that perlakuan
suhu (35 C) pada T-3 tidak digunakan karena kematian yang tinggi pada
temperature. suhu.
The goals of experiments O-1 and O-2 were to determine the effect of reduced Tujuan percobaan
O-1 dan O-2 untuk mengetahui pengaruh penurunan
dissolved oxygen concentration on growth for Topeka shiners at relatively high konsentrasi
oksigen terlarut pada pertumbuhan untuk shiners Topeka di relatif tinggi
temperatures. suhu. Dissolved oxygen concentration was controlled using an oxygen ladder
konsentrasi oksigen terlarut dikontrol menggunakan tangga oksigen
modified from Brungs (1971). dimodifikasi dari Brungs (1971). Briefly, cold well water was
heated in a head tank and Singkatnya, air sumur dingin dipanaskan di kepala dan tangki
vigorously aerated to bring dissolved gases to atmospheric equilibrium. penuh semangat soda
untuk membawa gas terlarut untuk keseimbangan atmosfer. Water at the Air di
desired test temperature then flowed by gravity to a stripping column in which nitrogen suhu uji
yang diinginkan oleh gravitasi dialirkan ke kolom stripping di mana nitrogen
was bubbled through the water in a counter current direction to reduce the dissolved itu
menggelegak melalui air di arah arus berlawanan dengan mengurangi terlarut
oxygen concentration to near zero. oksigen konsentrasi untuk mendekati nol. From the stripping
column, water flowed to the top of Dari kolom pengupasan, air mengalir ke atas
the oxygen ladder, then flowed over baffles separating individual compartments, and tangga
oksigen, kemudian mengalir ke baffle memisahkan kompartemen individu, dan
finally to a drain. akhirnya ke saluran pembuangan. As water moved over the baffles it gradually
absorbed oxygen from the Ketika air bergerak selama baffle secara bertahap menyerap oksigen
dari
Page 16 Page 16
11 11
atmosphere. atmosfer. Airstones were placed in some of the compartments of the ladder to
increase Airstones ditempatkan di beberapa kompartemen tangga untuk meningkatkan
the rate of oxygen absorption. tingkat penyerapan oksigen. Water was withdrawn from the
compartments of the Air ditarik dari kompartemen dari
ladder where the desired treatment concentrations had been attained. tangga di mana konsentrasi
perlakuan yang diinginkan telah tercapai.
For all three experiments, the desired treatment concentrations were saturation, 5, 4, 3, Untuk
semua tiga percobaan, perlakuan konsentrasi yang diinginkan adalah saturasi, 5, 4, 3,
and 2 mg L dan 2 mg L
-1 -1
of dissolved oxygen. oksigen terlarut. However, temperature fluctuations as well as calcium
Namun, fluktuasi suhu serta kalsium
deposits and algal growth in the tubing caused some variability in the actual dissolved deposito
dan pertumbuhan alga dalam tabung menyebabkan variabilitas beberapa di terlarut aktual
oxygen concentrations (Table 2). oksigen konsentrasi (Tabel 2). Experimental chambers were
40-liter aquaria with ruang eksperimen telah akuarium 40 liter dengan
water inflow positioned diagonally opposite water outflow. masukan air diposisikan secara
diagonal keluar air yang berlawanan. Fish were individually Ikan secara individu
identified with unique fin clips. diidentifikasi dengan klip sirip unik. Specific growth rate was
measured as described in the laju pertumbuhan khusus telah diukur seperti yang dijelaskan dalam
temperature experiments above. suhu percobaan di atas. After conclusion of the experiments,
fish from the two Setelah kesimpulan dari percobaan, ikan dari dua
lowest dissolved oxygen levels were used in the LC terendah tingkat oksigen terlarut digunakan
di LC
50 50
determinations. penentuan.
TABLE 2.— TABEL 2 .-
Mean dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg L Berarti konsentrasi oksigen terlarut (mg L
-1 -1
) for the five treatments in ) Selama lima perawatan di
experiments O-1, and O-2, with standard error in parenthesis. percobaan O-1, dan O-2, dengan
kesalahan standar dalam tanda kurung.
Experiment Fish age (months) Ikan Percobaan umur (bulan)
11
22
33
44
55
O-1 O-1
19 19
2.02 2,02
(0.0396) (0,0396)
2.91 2,91
(0.0593) (0,0593)
3.87 3,87
(0.0419) (0,0419)
4.78 4,78
(0.0560) (0,0560)
6.14 6,14
(0.0865) (0,0865)
O-1 O-1
77
2.42 2,42
(0.0474) (0,0474)
3.12 3,12
(0.0615) (0,0615)
4.31 4,31
(0.0530) (0,0530)
5.23 5,23
(0.0581) (0,0581)
6.27 6,27
(0.0861) (0,0861)
O-2 O-2
18 18
2.42 2,42
(0.0527) (0,0527)
3.46 3,46
(0.0445) (0,0445)
4.31 4,31
(0.0552) (0,0552)
5.23 5,23
(0.0833) (0,0833)
6.27 6,27
(0.0426) (0,0426)
Experiment O-1.— This 28-day experiment was conducted at a temperature of Percobaan O-1 .-
ini percobaan 28 hari dilakukan pada suhu
24.8 C (± 0.8 C) based on the findings of experiment T-1. 24,8 C (± 0,8 C) berdasarkan temuan
dari percobaan T-1. This temperature was suhu ini
considered at the time of O-1 to be optimum for growth. dipertimbangkan pada saat O-1 akan
optimal untuk pertumbuhan. Both 19–month old and 7- Kedua berusia 19-bulan dan 7 -
Page 17 Page 17
12 12
month old Topeka shiners were used in each of the five treatments. bulan tua Topeka shiners
digunakan dalam masing-masing dari lima perlakuan. Plastic divider Plastik pembagi
screens placed parallel to the shorter sides of the aquarium separated older and younger layar
ditempatkan sejajar dengan sisi yang lebih pendek dari akuarium terpisah lebih tua dan lebih
muda
fish. ikan. The position of older and younger fish in relation to inflow and outflow was Posisi
ikan yang lebih tua dan muda dalam kaitannya dengan masuk dan keluar adalah
randomly selected in one replicate and was the opposite arrangement in the other dipilih secara
acak dalam satu replikasi, dan sebaliknya adalah pengaturan yang lain
replicate. ulangan. Dissolved oxygen and temperature were measured in each compartment.
Oksigen terlarut dan suhu diukur di setiap kompartemen. The Itu
compartments varied slightly in both temperature and oxygen, so the actual dissolved
kompartemen bervariasi sedikit di kedua suhu dan oksigen, sehingga sebenarnya terlarut
oxygen levels varied slightly between groups of fish. kadar oksigen bervariasi sedikit di antara
kelompok ikan. Each replicate contained 12 fish in Setiap mereplikasi berisi 12 ikan di
each age group, for a total of 24 fish per aquarium. setiap kelompok umur, untuk total 24 ikan
per akuarium. Water flow rate was 270 ml min laju alir Air 270 ml min
-1 -1
..
During the 11-day acclimation period, the initial oxygen concentrations of between 3.3 Selama
periode aklimatisasi hari-11, konsentrasi oksigen awal antara 3,3
and 7.6 mg L dan 7,6 mg L
-1 -1
were gradually lowered to the desired treatment concentrations while berangsur-angsur
diturunkan dengan konsentrasi perlakuan yang diinginkan sementara
temperature was increased from 21 C to 25 C. Dissolved oxygen started in this range of suhu
meningkat dari 21 C sampai 25 C. oksigen terlarut dimulai dalam rentang
concentrations because the oxygen ladder's design did not allow for multiple water karena
konsentrasi oksigen yang tangga desain tidak memungkinkan untuk beberapa air
withdrawals from the same compartment in the oxygen ladder. penarikan dari kompartemen
yang sama dalam tangga oksigen. The 7-month-old fish had The-month-old ikan 7 telah
Asian tapeworm infection but this was not discovered until midway through the test. infeksi
cacing pita Asia tetapi ini tidak ditemukan sampai pertengahan melalui tes.
The 19-month-old fish did not have tapeworm infection. Bulan ini berusia 19 ikan tidak punya
infeksi cacing pita. Fish from both age groups were Ikan dari kedua kelompok usia tersebut
randomly chosen for dissection at the end of the experiment to verify the level of dipilih secara
acak untuk pembedahan pada akhir percobaan untuk memastikan tingkat
tapeworm infection. infeksi cacing pita.
Experiment O-2.— This 28-day experiment was designed to examine the Percobaan O-2 .- hari
ini percobaan 28 dirancang untuk menguji
relationship between dissolved oxygen (Table 2) and Topeka shiner growth at a hubungan antara
oksigen terlarut (Tabel 2) dan bintang Topeka pertumbuhan di
temperature higher than the optimum temperature for growth. pertumbuhan yang lebih tinggi
daripada suhu suhu optimum untuk. The temperature during Suhu selama
this experiment was 28.2 C (± 0.6 C). penelitian ini adalah 28,2 C (± 0,6 C). Eighteen-month old
fish were used in each of the bulan tua ikan-Delapan belas digunakan dalam masing-masing
five treatment levels, and the aquaria were not divided because only the one age group
pengobatan tingkat lima, dan akuarium itu tidak dibagi karena hanya satu kelompok umur
was used. digunakan. These fish were previously infected with Asian tapeworm, but treatment of
all Ikan ini sebelumnya terinfeksi dengan cacing pita Asia, tetapi perlakuan terhadap semua
Page 18 Page 18
13 13
fish with Praziquantel had eradicated the infection. ikan dengan Praziquantel telah diberantas
infeksi. Each replicate contained 20 fish, and Setiap mereplikasi berisi 20 ikan, dan
flow rate to each aquarium was 300 ml min laju alir masing-masing untuk akuarium 300 ml min
-1 -1
. . During the 7-day acclimation period, Selama periode aklimatisasi hari-7,
temperatures were slowly increased from 26 C, and oxygen was adjusted to the final suhu yang
perlahan-lahan meningkat dari 26 C, dan oksigen disesuaikan dengan akhir
treatment concentrations starting from a range between 3.1 and 7.1 mg L perlakuan konsentrasi
mulai dari kisaran antara 3,1 dan 7,1 mg L
-1 -1
as in seperti dalam
experiment O-1. percobaan O-1.
Four separate behavior trials were conducted in which activity was measured by Empat uji coba
perilaku terpisah dilakukan dalam aktivitas yang diukur dengan
counting line-crossings. menghitung garis-penyeberangan. A narrow side of each aquarium was
divided into quarters using Sebuah sisi sempit setiap akuarium dibagi menjadi empat dengan
menggunakan
colored tape, and each time the fish in question crossed a tape line, it was counted as a pita
berwarna, dan setiap kali ikan di pertanyaan menyeberangi garis tape, itu dihitung sebagai
line-crossing. line-persimpangan. Three different “chaser” fish and three “non-chaser” fish were
observed Tiga berbeda "pemburu" ikan dan tiga "non-pemburu" ikan diamati
for 30 seconds in each aquarium during each trial. selama 30 detik di setiap akuarium selama
persidangan masing-masing. “Chaser” fish were selected as being "Chaser" ikan dipilih sebagai
aggressive male fish that were most actively chasing other fish. ikan jantan agresif yang paling
aktif mengejar ikan lainnya. “Non-chaser” fish were "Non-pemburu" ikan
fish that were judged subjectively to be among the least active fish in the aquarium. ikan yang
dinilai secara subjektif menjadi salah satu ikan paling aktif di dalam akuarium.
Lower Lethal Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations Konsentrasi Lethal rendah Oksigen terlarut
Two 96-hour LC Dua 96-jam LC
50 50
determinations were conducted to determine lower lethal penentuan dilakukan untuk menentukan
lebih rendah mematikan
oxygen concentrations. oksigen konsentrasi. Dissolved oxygen was measured twice per day
using the Winkler Oksigen terlarut diukur dua kali per hari dengan menggunakan Winkler
method (APHA 1998) and averaged for calculation of LC metode (APHA 1998) dan rata-rata
untuk perhitungan LC
50 50
values (Table 3). nilai (Tabel 3).
Experiment LC Percobaan LC
50 50
-1.— This test began 11 days after the conclusion of O-1, and -1 .- Tes ini dimulai 11 hari setelah
kesimpulan O-1, dan
used fish from the two lowest dissolved oxygen treatments. digunakan ikan dari dua oksigen
terlarut terendah perawatan. Fish remained at lowered Ikan tetap di menurunkan
dissolved oxygen levels between the growth test and LC tingkat oksigen terlarut antara uji
pertumbuhan dan LC
50 50
-1. -1. The arrangement of older Penyusunan lebih tua
and younger fish in relation to inflow and outflow was randomized as in experiment O-1, dan
ikan muda dalam kaitannya dengan masuk dan keluar secara acak seperti pada percobaan O-1,
and age groups were separated with plastic screens. dan kelompok umur dipisahkan dengan layar
plastik. Fish were exposed to three dissolved Ikan yang terkena tiga terlarut
oxygen concentrations with two replicates each (Table 3). oksigen konsentrasi dengan dua kali
ulangan masing-masing (Tabel 3). Each aquarium contained Setiap akuarium berisi
Page 19 Page 19
14 14
eight fish from each age group. delapan ikan dari masing-masing kelompok usia. Flow rate to
each aquarium was 390 ml min Laju Alir untuk akuarium masing-masing 390 ml min
-1 -1
, and , Dan
temperature was between 24.5 C (± 0.5 C). suhu adalah antara 24,5 C (± 0,5 C). Plastic covers
were placed on the surface of Plastik mencakup ditempatkan pada permukaan
the water but not sufficiently tight to prevent fish from having slight access to the water air tapi
tidak cukup ketat untuk mencegah ikan dari sedikit memiliki akses ke air
surface. permukaan. Fish were not fed during the 96 hours, and deaths were recorded every 24
hours. Ikan tidak diberi makan selama 96 jam, dan kematian dicatat setiap 24 jam.
Experiment LC Percobaan LC
50 50
-2.— This test began 2 days after the conclusion of O-2 and used -2 .- Tes ini dimulai 2 hari
setelah kesimpulan O-2 dan digunakan
fish from the lowest two dissolved oxygen treatments. ikan dari terendah dua perawatan oksigen
terlarut. Four treatments with two Empat perawatan dengan dua
replicates were used (Table 3), for a total of eight 40-liter aquaria. ulangan digunakan (Tabel 3),
untuk total delapan akuarium 40 liter. Each aquarium Setiap akuarium
contained either 8 or 9 fish. berisi baik 8 atau 9 ikan. Flow rate to each aquarium was 300 ml min
Laju Alir untuk akuarium masing-masing 300 ml min
-1 -1
, and , Dan
temperature was 27.8 C (± 0.4 C). suhu 27,8 C (± 0,4 C). Plastic covers with foam insulation
around the edges Plastik tutup dengan isolasi busa di tepinya
prevented fish from gaining access to the surface more effectively than in LC mencegah ikan
dari mendapatkan akses ke permukaan yang lebih efektif daripada di LC
50 50
-1. -1. Fish Ikan
were not fed during the 96 hours, and deaths were recorded every 24 hours. tidak diberi makan
selama 96 jam, dan kematian dicatat setiap 24 jam.
TABLE 3.— TABEL 3 .-
Mean and standard error (in parenthesis) of dissolved oxygen Mean dan standard error (dalam
kurung) oksigen terlarut
concentrations (mg L konsentrasi (mg L
-1 -1
) for treatments in experiments LC ) Untuk perawatan dalam percobaan LC
50 50
-1, and LC -1, Dan LC
50 50
-2. -2.
Fish Age Umur Ikan
(months) (Bulan)
11
22
33
44
LC LC
50 50
-1 -1
20 20
0.62 0,62
(0.0478) (0,0478)
0.87 0,87
(0.0436) (0,0436)
2.16 2,16
(0.0450) (0,0450)
--
LC LC
50 50
-1 -1
88
0.64 0,64
(0.0592) (0,0592)
0.88 0,88
(0.0417) (0,0417)
2.17 2,17
(0.0460) (0,0460)
--
LC LC
50 50
-2 -2
19 19
0.46 0,46
(0.0499) (0,0499)
0.80 0,80
(0.0395) (0,0395)
1.15 1,15
(0.0174) (0,0174)
1.98 1,98
(0.0547) (0,0547)
Page 20 Page 20
15 15
Data Analysis Analisis Data
Optimum temperature.— Optimum temperatures for growth were calculated by Suhu optimum .-
suhu optimum untuk pertumbuhan dihitung oleh
plotting mean SGR values for each replicate vs. mean aquarium temperature for merencanakan
berarti nilai SGR untuk setiap mereplikasi vs berarti suhu akuarium untuk
experiment T-1, and by plotting the median SGR value for each replicate vs. mean percobaan T-
1, dan dengan memetakan nilai SGR rata-rata untuk setiap replikasi vs berarti
aquarium temperature for experiments T-2 and T-3. akuarium temperatur untuk percobaan T-2
dan T-3. Median values were used because nilai rata-rata digunakan karena
they eliminated the decision of whether or not to remove outliers, while adequately mereka
dieliminasi keputusan apakah atau tidak untuk menghilangkan pencilan, sementara cukup
representing the central tendency of fish in the sample; however, median values could not
mewakili kecenderungan pusat ikan dalam sampel, namun nilai rata-rata tidak bisa
be used in analysis of experiment T-1 because individual fish were not identified. digunakan
dalam analisis percobaan T-1 karena ikan individu tidak diidentifikasi. Mean Berarti
values weighted for number of fish per replicate were used for experiment T-1. nilai tertimbang
untuk jumlah ikan per mereplikasi digunakan untuk percobaan T-1. Third Ketiga
order polynomial regression was performed in Arc, a statistical regression program (Cook regresi
polinomial order dilakukan di Arc, program regresi statistik (Cook
and Weisberg, 1999) using the Delta method (Weisberg, 2005) to calculate estimates and dan
Weisberg, 1999) dengan menggunakan metode Delta (Weisberg, 2005) untuk menghitung
perkiraan dan
standard errors for each experiment's optimum temperature for growth. standar kesalahan untuk
itu setiap percobaan temperatur optimum untuk pertumbuhan. Third order Urutan ketiga
regression was used because it gave the best fit based on R-squared values. regresi digunakan
karena memberikan sesuai terbaik berdasarkan nilai-nilai R-squared. A separate Sebuah terpisah
linear regression was performed in Arc on data from experiment T-3 to examine regresi linier
dilakukan di Arc pada data dari percobaan T-3 untuk memeriksa
significant effects of tapeworm infection on fish growth. signifikan dampak infeksi cacing pita
pada pertumbuhan ikan. Chi-square tests were Uji Chi-square adalah
performed for T-1, T-2, and T-3 to compare survival rate between treatments for each dilakukan
untuk T-1, T-2, dan T-3 untuk membandingkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup antara perawatan
untuk masing-masing
experiment. percobaan. Also, two t-tests were used to compare survival rates between fish with
and Juga, dua t-tes digunakan untuk membandingkan tingkat ketahanan hidup antara ikan dengan
dan
without tapeworm infection for experiment T-3; one t-test included all five treatments, tanpa
infeksi cacing pita untuk percobaan T-3; satu t-test termasuk kelima perawatan,
and the other excluded the highest temperature treatment (35 C) because of low survival. dan
yang lainnya dikecualikan dengan suhu tertinggi (35 C) karena kelangsungan hidup rendah.
Activity scores recorded during T-1 were first examined visually for time trends Aktivitas nilai
tercatat selama T-1 pertama kali diperiksa secara visual untuk tren waktu
(eg a time trend exists if one aquarium shows consistent increase in activity over time) (Misalnya
waktu ada kecenderungan jika salah satu akuarium konsisten menunjukkan peningkatan aktivitas
dari waktu ke waktu)
and then replicates were averaged and examined visually for any patterns occurring dan
kemudian ulangan adalah rata-rata dan diperiksa secara visual untuk setiap pola yang terjadi
between treatments. antara perlakuan. Each aquarium's score was then averaged over all
observations, Masing-masing akuarium skornya kemudian rata-rata seluruh pengamatan,
Page 21 Page 21
16 16
resulting in 10 data points total ( n =2 for each of five treatments). menghasilkan total 10 titik
data (n = 2 untuk setiap lima perawatan). One-way ANOVAs Satu-cara ANOVAs
were then performed in Statistica (StatSoft, Inc., 1997) to determine if temperature had a
kemudian dilakukan di Statistica (StatSoft, Inc, 1997) untuk menentukan apakah suhu punya
significant effect on either swimming activity or reproductive behavior. signifikan berpengaruh
terhadap aktivitas baik berenang atau perilaku reproduktif.
Critical Thermal Maximum.— Estimates of mean, standard deviation, and Kritis Thermal
Maksimum Perkiraan .-, standar deviasi mean, dan
standard error of the mean were calculated for each experiment. standard error dari mean
dihitung untuk setiap percobaan. Different acclimation Berbeda aklimatisasi
temperature groups were separated for experiments CTM-1 and CTM-2, and fish treated
kelompok suhu dipisahkan untuk eksperimen CTM-1 dan CTM-2, dan ikan perlakuan
and not treated for tapeworm were separated for CTM-3. dan tidak diperlakukan untuk cacing
pita dipisahkan untuk CTM-3. To test for significant
differences in CTM between groups, t-tests were performed in Microsoft Excel.
Dissolved Oxygen Effect on Growth and Behavior.— Specific growth rates for
each fish were calculated in experiments O-1 and O-2. For experiment O-1, a split-plot
design ANOVA was used for analysis in the following procedure. First, a model
including oxygen level, fish age group, and interactions between aquarium and oxygen
level as well as age and oxygen level was fitted in Arc to examine within-treatment
differences and effect of age on growth. Next, separate one-way ANOVAs and post-hoc
Tukey tests were performed in Statistica for each age group to examine only effect of
dissolved oxygen level on growth. For experiment O-2, a one-way ANOVA and post-
hoc Tukey test was performed in Statistica to test for effect of dissolved oxygen on
growth. pertumbuhan.
The behavior observations (line crossings) that were recorded during O-2 were
analyzed with a 2-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey test in Statistica to determine
significant differences in activity between oxygen treatment levels and between 'chaser'
and 'non-chaser' fish. Finally, Chi-square tests were performed for both O-1 and O-2,
comparing survival rates between treatments for each experiment.
Page 22 Page 22
17 17
Lethal Oxygen Concentrations .— For both LC
50 50
-1 and LC
50 50
-2, the number of
deaths at 96 hours was used to calculate LC
50 50
values using the binary method (Newman
1995). 1995).
Results Hasil
Optimum Temperature and Effect of Asian Tapeworm on Growth
Experiment T-1.— The optimum temperature for growth as SGR in weight (ie
mass) was 18.0 C (SE 0.348), and for length 18.4 C (SE 0.604) (Table 4, Figure 1). All Semua
treatments had 100% survival except for the highest treatment temperature (33 C) in
which 28 of 29 fish survived. Temperature had no significant effect on fish survival
( P= 0.417). Dissections revealed no tapeworms in any of the fish. Reproductive behavior
Reproduksi perilaku
was significantly higher at the 23 C treatment and above ( P <0.05), and activity was
significantly higher at two highest temperature treatments compared to the lowest
temperature treatment ( P <0.05) (Figure 2). No time trends were found for any of the
behavior observations.
Experiment T-2.— The optimum temperature for growth in weight was 32.1 C
(SE 2.32), and 29.5 C (SE 1.36) for length. However, the highest mean treatment
temperature was 31.2 C and therefore the estimate for weight is an extrapolation. The Itu
highest growth rate for weight occurred at the highest temperature tested (Figure 3, Table
4). 4). Survival was 90%, 75%, 90%, 85%, and 70% for the five treatments in order of
increasing temperature, and no significant effect of temperature was found on fish
survival rate ( P= 0.346). Post-experiment dissections revealed that Asian tapeworms
Page 23 Page 23
18 18
were present in fish in all treatments, with 94%, 89%, 100%, 94%, and 43% infection in
the five treatments, in order of increasing temperature.
TABLE 4 TABEL 4
.— Optimum temperature for growth (SE in parenthesis), treatment temperature
where highest specific growth rate (SGR) occurred, and that treatment's mean SGR
(%/day) in experiments T-1, T-2, and T-3.
Experiment T-3.— Fish that had been treated with Praziquantel, and therefore
were free of tapeworms during the experiment, had an optimum temperature for growth
in weight of 27.4 C (SE 0.811) and 27.1 C (SE 0.757) for growth in length (Figure 4,
Table 4). Tabel 4). For fish that were infected with tapeworms (those that had not received the
Praziquantel treatment), the optimum temperature for growth in weight was 28.1 C (SE
0.429), and for length it was 26.3 C (SE 1.63) (Figure 4, Table 4). In weight, growth rate
Measure Mengukur
Fish age
(months) (Bulan)
Optimum Optimal
Temperature Suhu
(C) (C)
Temperature Suhu
with highest dengan tertinggi
mean SGR (C)
Highest Paling tinggi
Mean Berarti
SGR SGR
T-1 T-1
Weight Berat
13 13
18.0 18,0
(0.348) (0,348)
18.1 18,1
0.804 0,804
T-1 T-1
Length Panjangnya
13 13
18.4 18,4
(0.604)
18.1 18,1
0.137 0,137
T-2 T-2
Weight Berat
8.5 8,5
32.0 32,0
(2.32) (2,32)
31.2 31,2
2.04 2,04
T-2 T-2
Length Panjangnya
8.5 8,5
29.5 29,5
(1.35) (1,35)
31.2 31,2
0.507 0,507
T-3 T-3
Weight, Berat,
no worms
12 12
27.4 27,4
(0.811)
24.4 24,4
2.21 2,21
T-3 T-3
Length, Panjang,
no worms
12 12
27.1 27,1
(0.757) (0,757)
24.4 24,4
0.606 0,606
T-3 T-3
Weight, Berat,
with dengan
worms
12 12
28.1 28,1
(0.429) (0,429)
29.6 29,6
1.42 1,42
T-3 T-3
Length, Panjang,
with dengan
worms
12 12
26.3 26,3
(1.63)
24.4 24,4
0.342 0,342
Page 24 Page 24
19 19
FIGURE 1 GAMBAR 1
.—Relationship of specific growth rate (SGR) to temperature for weight and
length in experiment T-1. Regression equation for weight is y = 0.0007x
33
- 0.0567x
22
++
1.1331x - 9.0468, R
22
=0.952. Regression equation for length is y = 0.0002x
33
- 0.0137x
22
++
0.321x - 2.2413, R
22
=0.815.
Figure 2.— Observations of behavior during experiment T-1. Reproductive-related
activity and general swimming activity were scored as high (3), medium (2) or low (1).
Number of reproductive males was added to reproductive activity score. Results shown
are mean scores for each of the five treatment temperatures. Letters indicate significantly
different growth rates, as determined by post-hoc Tukey tests.
00
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
12.7 12,7
18.1 18,1
23.4 23,4
27.8 27,8
32.9 32,9
Temperature (C) Suhu (C)
MM
ee
a sebuah
nn
a sebuah
cc
tiv TIV
ity dasarkan
ss
cc
oo
rr
ee
Swimming Renang
Spawning Hal ikan bertelur
AA
a sebuah
AA
a sebuah
AB AB
BB
bb
BB
bb
bb
-0.8 -0,8
-0.6 -0,6
-0.4 -0,4
-0.2 -0,2
0.0 0,0
0.2 0,2
0.4 0,4
0.6 0,6
0.8 0,8
1.0 1,0
10 10
15 15
20 20
25 25
30 30
35 35
Weight Berat
Length Panjangnya
SGR (% growth per day)
Page 25 Page 25
20 20
FIGURE 3.— Relationship of specific growth rate (SGR) to temperature for weight and length in
experiment T-2. Regression equation for weight is y = -0.0012x
33
+ 0.0832x
22
– 1.7942x + 11.862,
RR
22
=0.937. Regression equation for length is y = -0.0004x
33
+ 0.0276x
22
– 0.5698x + 3.6862, R
22
=0.864.
FIGURE 4.— Relationship of specific growth rate (SGR) to temperature for weight and length in
experiment T-3. Regression equation for weight, without tapeworms, is y = -0.0017x
33
+ 0.1039x
22
- 1.8766
x + 10.521, R
22
=0.838; for weight, with tapeworms, y = -0.0025x
33
+ 0.1677x
22
- 3.564x + 24.17, R
22
=0.883;
for length, without tapeworms, y = -0.0004x
33
+ 0.0251x
22
- 0.4356x + 2.3458, R
22
=0.869; and for length,
with tapeworms, y = -0.000202x
33
+ 0.0112x
22
– 0.188x + 0.9954, R
22
=0.657.
-1 -1
-0.5 -0,5
00
0.5 0,5
11
1.5 1,5
22
2.5 2,5
33
10 10
15 15
20 20
25 25
30 30
35 35
40 40
Weight, no worms
Weight, worms
Length, no worms
Length, worms
-1 -1
-0.5 -0,5
00
0.5 0,5
11
1.5 1,5
22
2.5 2,5
10 10
15 15
20 20
25 25
30 30
35 35
Weight Berat
Length Panjangnya
Page 26 Page 26
21 21
was reduced by 42.2% at 20 C, 38.9% at 25 C, and 26.5% at 30 C; in length, growth rate
was reduced by 56.0% at 20 C, 45.1% at 25 C, and 61.2% at 30 C. These values were
calculated by comparing median values at each treatment temperature. Growth rate was
not reduced at 15 C, and too few fish survived the 35 C treatment for a valid growth rate
estimate to be calculated for percent growth rate reduction. Post-experiment dissections
revealed no tapeworms in fish that had undergone Praziquantel treatment. Asian Asia
tapeworms were present in fish that had not received Praziquantel, with 77%, 89%, 83%,
and 54% infection in the lowest four temperature treatments, in order of increasing
temperature. suhu. For the 35 C treatment, no Asian tapeworms were found upon dissection at
the conclusion of the experiment. Survival rate for the four lowest treatment
temperatures of fish without tapeworms was 100%, and was 21% for the 35 C treatment.
Survival rate for fish with tapeworms was 93%, 64%, 86%, 79%, and 21% in the five
treatments in order of increasing temperature. Temperature had a significant effect on
fish survival of fish both with ( P <0.0001) and without ( P= 0.0005) tapeworm infection.
There was no significant difference in survival between fish with and without tapeworms
when all treatments were considered ( P= 0.239). However, when the highest temperature
(35 C) was excluded from the analysis, fish without tapeworms had a significantly higher
survival rate ( P= 0.005). Growth rate was reduced in fish with tapeworm infection.
Critical Thermal Maximum
In experiment CTM-1, fish acclimated to 28 C had a mean CTM of 38.9 C ( n= 27)
(Table 5). (Tabel 5). Fish acclimated to 31 C had a mean CTM of 39.6 C ( n= 23). The CTM
values
for these two acclimation groups were significantly different ( P <0.0001). Fish in
Page 27 Page 27
22 22
experiment CTM-2 acclimated to 27 C had a mean CTM of 38.7 C ( n= 16) and fish
acclimated to 31.5 C had a mean CTM of 39.8 C ( n= 14). These two groups were also
significantly different ( P <0.0001). In experiment CTM-3, fish with tapeworms ( n= 19) as
well as fish without tapeworms ( n= 6) both had mean CTM values of 39.5 C. No
significant difference in CTM was found for fish with and without tapeworm infection
( P =0.467).
Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Growth
Experiment O-1.— Age was a significant factor for growth in length ( P <0.01) but
there was no significant difference in growth in weight. For the 19-month-old shiners,
dissolved oxygen had a significant effect on growth in weight ( P= 0.0003) and weight
was significantly higher at 6 mg L
-1 -1
and 5 mg L
-1 -1
than at 2 mg L
-1 -1
( P <0.05) (Figure 5a).
Growth in length for the 19-month-old shiners was not significantly affected by oxygen
level. tingkat. For the 7-month-old shiners, variability was high and no significant differences
were observed in growth rates (Figure 5b).
Survival rates for the 19-month-old fish were 100%, 96%, 100%, 96%, and 96%
for the five treatments in order of increasing dissolved oxygen concentration with no
significant effect of dissolved oxygen on survival ( P= 0.73). Survival rates for the 7-
month-old fish were 96%, 88%, 92%, 92%, and 88% in order of increasing dissolved
oxygen treatments with no significant effect of dissolved oxygen on survival ( P= 0.84).
Post-experiment dissections revealed no tapeworms present in 19-month-old fish and
89% infection in 7-month-old fish (ie 16 of 18 randomly sampled 7-month-old fish over
the three highest dissolved oxygen treatments of were infected with tapeworms).
Page 28 Page 28
23 23
TABLE 5 TABEL 5
.—Critical thermal maxima from experiments CTM-1, CTM-2, and CTM-3. P -
values from one-tailed t-tests indicate comparisons between acclimation groups in CTM-
1 and CTM-2, and between groups with and without tapeworms in CTM-3.
Experiment O-2.— Dissolved oxygen concentration had a significant effect on
growth in weight ( P= 0.0001) for 18-month-old fish (Fig. 6). Growth in weight was
significantly lower for the 2.4 and 3.5 mg L
-1 -1
dissolved oxygen treatments than the 4.3
mg L mg L
-1 -1
dissolved oxygen treatment and higher ( P <0.05) (Figure 6). The effect of Pengaruh
dissolved oxygen on growth in length was not significant. Survival rates were
significantly different among treatments ( P= 0.01) with 93%, 98%, 95%, 78%, and 95%
surviving in order of increasing dissolved oxygen concentration. Tapeworm infection
was not determined by dissection, but was assumed to be 0% for the duration of the
experiment because of the efficacy of the Praziquantel treatment observed in other
experiments. percobaan.
nn
Acclimation Aklimatisasi
Temp. Temp. (C) (C)
CTM CTM
Mean Berarti
CTM CTM
SD SD
CTM CTM
Minimum Minimum
CTM CTM
Maximum Maksimum
PP
23 23
31 31
39.6 0.273
38.5 38,5
39.9 39,9
CTM-1
27 27
28 28
38.9 0.203
38.5 38,5
39.3 39,3
} <0.0001
14 14
31.5 31,5
39.8 0.181
39.4 39,4
40.1 40,1
CTM-2
16 16
27 27
38.7 0.203
38.4 38,4
39.1 39,1
} <0.0001
CTM-3
(worms)
(no worms)
19 19
66
30 30
30 30
39.5 39,5
39.5 39,5
0.340 0,340
0.082 0,082
38.3 38,3
39.4 39,4
39.9 39,9
39.6 39,6
} 0.467
Page 29 Page 29
24 24
Dissolved Oxygen (mg L
-1 -1
))
A) 19-month-old Topeka shiners
00
0.2 0,2
0.4 0,4
0.6 0,6
0.8 0,8
11
1.2 1,2
1.4 1,4
1.6 1,6
2.0 2,0
2.9 2,9
3.9 3,9
4.8 4,8
6.1 6,1
Weight Berat
Length Panjangnya
B) 7-month-old Topeka shiners
00
0.2 0,2
0.4 0,4
0.6 0,6
0.8 0,8
11
1.2 1,2
1.4 1,4
1.6 1,6
1.8 1,8
22
2323
3131
4242
5151
6565
Weight Berat
Length Panjangnya
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
a sebuah
a sebuah
a sebuah
a sebuah
a sebuah
-1 -1
))
FIGURE 5 GAMBAR 5
.—Mean specific growth rates (SGR) (+/- SE) of 19-month old fish (A) and 7-
month old fish (B) in relation to dissolved oxygen concentration in experiment O-1.
Letters indicate significantly different SGR between treatments as determined by post-
hoc Tukey tests.
AA
AB AB
AB AB
BB
BB
a sebuah
a sebuah
a sebuah
a sebuah
a sebuah
Page 30 Page 30
25 25
00
55
10 10
15 15
20 20
25 25
2.4 2,4
3.5 3,5
4.3 4,3
5.2 5,2
6.3 6,3
Chasers Chaser
Non-Chasers
AA
AB AB
BC SM
ABC ABC
CC
a sebuah
a sebuah
a sebuah
a sebuah
a sebuah
-0.2 -0,2
-0.1 -0,1
00
0.1 0,1
0.2 0,2
0.3 0,3
0.4 0,4
0.5 0,5
2.4 2,4
3.5 3,5
4.3 4,3
5.2 5,2
6.3 6,3
Weight Berat
Length Panjangnya
AA
AA
BB
AB AB
AB AB
a sebuah
a sebuah
a sebuah
a sebuah
a sebuah
FIGURE 6 GAMBAR 6
.—Mean specific growth rates (SGR) (+/- SE) for weight and length in
experiment O-2 for 18-month old fish. Letters indicate significantly different SGR
between treatments as determined by post-hoc Tukey tests
FIGURE 7 GAMBAR 7
.— Summary of behavior observations in experiment O-2. Mean number of
line crossings are shown (+/- SE) for four different observational periods for “chaser” and
“non-chaser” fish. Letters indicate significant differences.
-1 -1
))
-1 -1
))
Page 31 Page 31
26 26
In the analysis of behavior, there were significant effects of oxygen levels on line
crossings for 'chaser' fish ( P= 0.001) (Fig. 6). Significant differences occurred in line
crossings between 2 and 4 mg L
-1 -1
, between 2 and 6 mg L
-1 -1
, and between 3 and 6 mg L
-1 -1
treatments (Figure 7). Dissolved oxygen level did not affect line crossings by 'non-
chaser' fish ( P= 0.31).
Lower Lethal Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations
In experiment LC
50 50
-1, the 96-hour LC
50 50
value for the 19-month old fish
acclimated to oxygen concentrations between 2.0 and 2.9 mg L
-1 -1
was 1.16 mg L
-1 -1
, with a , Dengan
95% confidence interval of 0.62 - 2.16 mg L
-1 -1
. . No 96-hour LC
50 50
value was calculated for
the 7-month old fish because the binary method of calculation requires at least one
treatment level with 100% survival and one with 100% mortality, and at no treatment was
there 100% mortality. In experiment LC
50 50
-2, the 96-hour LC
50 50
value for fish acclimated
to oxygen concentrations between 2.4 and 3.5 mg L
-1 -1
was 1.26 mg L
-1 -1
, with a 95%
confidence interval of 0.80 - 1.98 mg L
-1 -1
..
Discussion Diskusi
High temperature and low dissolved oxygen alone are probably not factors in
Topeka shiner population declines. Topeka shiners were able to survive and grow in
conditions of both high temperature and low dissolved oxygen. Published historical
information describing Topeka shiner habitat as being cool prairie streams does not seem
to adequately describe their possible range of habitats. A combination of factors other
Page 32 Page 32
27 27
than high temperature and low oxygen are probably responsible for local Topeka shiner
extirpations.
Although little information was previously available about temperature and
oxygen tolerance of the Topeka shiner, information on other Notropis species suggests
considerable tolerance of high temperatures. In Ohio, Mundahl (1990) reported
observing Notropis chrysocephalus (striped shiners) and N. stramineus (sand shiners)
surviving in habitats with water temperatures up to 39.5 C. However, shade may have
provided lower temperatures in some areas of those habitats. CTM for Notropis species
indicates values are as high as 39.65 C for N. lutrensis (red shiner) after fish were
acclimated to 30 C (Rutledge & Beitinger 1989) (Table 6, adapted from Beitinger et al.
2000). 2000).
Additionally, as summarized in Coutant (1977) a few studies have described
preferred temperatures and optimum temperature for growth for species in the genus
Notropis . Cherry et al. Cherry et al. (1975) acclimated N. rubellus (rosyface shiner) and N.
spilopterus
(spotfin shiner) to a range of temperatures and reported a preferred temperature for each
level of acclimation. When acclimated to 27 C, on average N. rubellus preferred 26.8 C
and N. dan N. spilopterus preferred 28.1 C. Similarly, Barans and Tubb (1973) tested both
young and adult N. atherinoides (emerald shiners) for preferred temperature after being
acclimated to water between 20 and 25 C. Both age groups preferred temperatures
between 21 and 23 C. Kellogg and Gift (1983) demonstrated that preferred temperature
was related to optimum temperature for growth in the four species they tested. One of Salah satu
these species was N. atherinoides . They report N. atherinoides ' preferred temperature as
being 29 C after acclimation to 25 C, and they report an optimum temperature for growth
Page 33 Page 33
28 28
for N. atherinoides of 27.3 C. Previously, McCormick and Kleiner (1976) studied
optimum temperature for growth for N. atherinoides , and reported a value of 28.9 C.
These past studies show that the genus Notropis has other members with high
temperature tolerance, which supports our findings for N. topeka.
Little information is available about low dissolved oxygen tolerance in Notropis
spp. spp. Smale and Rabeni (1995) reported critical dissolved oxygen tolerances (dissolved
oxygen concentration at which opercular movement and ventilation ceases, conducted at
26 C over a 4 to 6 hour period) for N. rubellus, N. nubilus, N. dorsalis, and N. stramineus
(rosyface shiner, Ozark minnow, bigmouth shiner , and sand shiner) as 1.49, 1.45, 1.02,
and 0.93 mg L
-1 -1
, respectively. , Masing-masing. Ostrand and Wilde (2001) reported dissolved oxygen
concentrations at which loss of equilibrium occurred over about 15 minutes for N.
buccula and N. oxyrhynchus as 2.11 and 2.66 mg L
-1 -1
, respectively. , Masing-masing. Results indicate that Hasil menunjukkan bahwa
Topeka shiners have similar high-temperature, low-oxygen tolerances as other species of
Notropis .
Growth rates differ quite a bit between the three experiments in which I
determined optimum temperature for growth. Although statistically it is not possible to
draw a comparison between experiments, it is important to note the difference. One Satu
possible explanation for this difference is that the three groups of fish had different
thermal and photoperiod histories, which could affect their circadian or circannual
rhythms. ritme. Seasons, because of differing photoperiod, affect fish growth, and that factor
could have affected the results. Another factor to consider is fish age, which is discussed
in more detail below in regards to experiment T-2.
Page 34 Page 34
29 29
TABLE 6 TABEL 6
.—Critical thermal maxima for Notropis spp. adapted from Beitinger et al.
(2000). (2000). Entries include pretest acclimation temperature (C), rate of temperature increase
during CTM trial (∆T ºCmin
-1 -1
), reported test endpoint (OS=onset of muscular spasms,
LOE=loss of equilibrium), mean CTM and standard deviation of all CTMs tested,
n= number of fish tested, and reference as given by Beitinger et al. (2000). (2000).
Species Jenis
Acclimation Aklimatisasi
temperature suhu
∆T ΔT
End Akhir
point titik
Mean Berarti
CTM CTM
SD SD
NN
Reference Referensi
N. atherinoides
25 25
1.0 1,0
OS OS
37.6 37,6
0.40 0,40
10 10
Matthews & Maness
(1979)
10 10
1.0 1,0
OS OS
34.1 34,1
0.65 0,65
88
Lutterschmidt &
Hutchinson (1997)
N. buccula
25 25
0.5 0,5
LOE
39.65
0.23 0,23
15 15
Ostrand & Wilde
(2001) (2001)
30 30
0.5 0,5
LOE
36.5-
37.9 37,9
--
15 15
Ostrand & Wilde
(2001) (2001)
N. N.
chrysocephalus
24(field)
0.5-
0.8 0,8
LOE
36.2 36,2
1.0 1,0
66
Mundahl (1990)
11(field)
1.0 1,0
LOE
30.8 30,8
1.8 1,8
88
Hockett & Mundahl
(1988) (1988)
N. cornutus
15 15
1.0 1,0
OS OS
31.9 31,9
0.48 0,48
88
Schubauer et al. (1980) (1980)
15(Dec)
1.0 1,0
OS OS
30.6 30,6
0.97 0,97
10 10
Kowalski et al. (1978)
15(Mar)
1.0 1,0
OS OS
32.0 32,0
0.54 0,54
16 16
N. cummingsae
88
1.0 1,0
LOE
29.0 29,0
1.3 1,3
--
McFarlane et al. (1976) (1976)
88
0.1 0,1
LOE
28.0 28,0
1.1 1,1
--
N. dorsalis
26 26
0.017 0,017
LOE
36.6 36,6
0.49 0,49
99
Smale & Rabeni (1995)
N. girardi
25 25
1.0 1,0
OS OS
38.6 38,6
0.32 0,32
10 10
Matthews & Maness
(1979)
N. lutipinnis
13 13
1.0 1,0
LOE
30.0 30,0
1.2 1,2
--
13 13
0.1 0,1
LOE
29.0 29,0
0.7 0,7
--
N. lutrensis
30 30
0.3 0,3
LOE
39.65
0.23 0,23
10 10
Rutledge & Beitinger
(1989) (1989)
N. nubilus
26 26
0.017 0,017
LOE
36.2 36,2
0.62 0,62
99
N. oxyrhynchus
25 25
0.5 0,5
LOE
36.5-
37.9 37,9
--
15 15
Ostrand & Wilde
(2001) (2001)
30 30
0.5 0,5
LOE
39.2 39,2
0.2 0,2
15 15
Ostrand & Wilde
(2001) (2001)
N. rubellus
15 15
1.0 1,0
OS OS
31.8 31,8
0.51 0,51
55
26 26
0.017 0,017
LOW RENDAH
35.3 35,3
0.23 0,23
77
N. spilopterus
11(field)
1.0 1,0
LOE
31.8 31,8
1.8 1,8
26 26
Hockett & Mundahl
(1988) (1988)
N. stramineus
15(4 seasons)
1.0 1,0
OS OS
32.3-
33.0 33,0
0.45- 0,45-
0.68 0,68
10- 10 -
18 18
26 26
0.017 0,017
LOE
37.0 37,0
0.27 0,27
66
The estimate of 18 C in T-1 was probably not an accurate estimate for the Topeka
shiner's optimum temperature (Figure 2). At higher temperatures and long daylengths,
mature fish became sexually active, with considerable chasing of subordinate fish by
dominant males. High energy expenditures resulting from this intense reproductive
Page 35 Page 35
30 30
activity at or above 23 C probably reduced energy available for growth, resulting in
slower growth of sexually active fish and a lower estimate for temperature of optimum
growth. pertumbuhan. Subsequent experiments using a shorter daylength reduced the
reproductive
behavior considerably, although all chasing behavior was not eliminated. In both of the
experiments with shorter daylength, the optimum temperature for growth was at least 9 C
higher than with longer daylength (and more reproductive activity), which supports the
conclusion that the optimum of 18 C was an underestimate.
It appears that an accurate estimate of optimum temperature for growth lies
between 27 and 31 C, regardless of whether growth is measured as length or weight.
However, the 31 C estimate may be too high because of the presence of tapeworms. It is Hal ini
clear from the experiment comparing infected and non-infected fish that tapeworms
reduce growth rate. However, lower parasite loads at higher temperatures suggest that
tapeworms could not tolerate the highest temperature, as demonstrated in experiment T-2
where only 43% of the fish at 31 C had tapeworms, compared to between 89 and 100%
infection at all lower temperatures. Similarly, tapeworm infection in experiment T-3 for
fish that had not been treated with Praziquantel was 54% at 30 C and 0% at 35 C,
compared with 77%, 89 %, and 83% infection at 15, 20, and 25 C, respectively. While I
Sementara saya
could not document exactly when fish shed tapeworms during the test, it is likely that the
reduction in parasite load increased their subsequent growth rate. Thus, the high growth
rate of infected fish at 31 C in experiment T-2 was relatively higher than fish at 27 C,
which had a 94% tapeworm infection at the end of the experiment. This relatively higher
growth rate at 31 C than at 27 C would cause the estimate of optimum temperature for
growth to be high. Also, younger fish were used in experiment T-2 (in which all fish
Page 36 Page 36
31 31
were initially infected with tapeworm). Age of fish is an important factor to consider for
at least two reasons. First, younger fish do not exhibit reproductive behavior, although
individuals still exhibit some chasing behavior; second, younger fish also could have
different growth potential than adults, resulting in a higher optimum temperature for
growth. pertumbuhan. However, there is no way to separate effect of age from effect of
tapeworm
infection in the experiment, as no experiment was performed on young fish without
tapeworm infection. The best estimate, therefore, is that optimum temperature for growth
is probably closer to 27 than 31 C for Topeka shiners. The estimate of 27 C is similar to
other species in the genus Notropis .
Overall, the presence of tapeworms reduced fish growth rate and survival. A A
reduction in growth has been reported for several other fish species parasitized by
tapeworm (Brouder 1999; Pulkkinen and Valtonen 1999; Sirois and Dodson 2000;
Saksvik et al. 2001). 2001). Hoffman (1998) suggests that mortality due to tapeworms is not
often a major concern, but this study indicated reduced growth and higher mortality and
suggests that infected fish should not be used for population rehabilitation. Furthermore,
Selanjutnya,
because the Asian tapeworm is an exotic parasite, regulations prohibit the release of
infected fish in waters where the parasite is not already present.
CTM values were similar to the highest values reported for other Notropis species
(Table 6). (Tabel 6). Although I did not test for the Topeka shiner's ultimate upper incipient
lethal
temperature (UULT; the maximum tolerable temperature regardless of acclimation
temperature) it is probably between 33 and 35 C. This is suggested by the results, which
showed that 97% of fish survived temperatures of 33 C, compared with 80% mortality at
35 C over 30 days. Additionally, a high CTM value supports the estimate of a high
Page 37 Page 37
32 32
optimum temperature for growth, because for many fish, the optimum temperature for
growth is relatively close to the CTM value. Overall, survival at temperatures as high as
33 C with a CTM of 39 C is further evidence that Topeka shiners can tolerate high
temperatures. suhu.
Topeka shiners are also tolerant of low dissolved oxygen levels. Although a high Meskipun
tinggi
level of variability was present not only in the oxygen levels themselves (Table 2) but in
growth of individual fish, results still showed that growth occurred at dissolved oxygen
levels as low as 2 mg L
-1 -1
. . Growth in length and weight was observed for both younger
and older fish at 2 mg L
-1 -1
. . Although the results for effect of oxygen on growth were not
exactly the same between the two oxygen-growth experiments, the general downward
trend of growth rate with reduced oxygen suggests that Topeka shiner growth is
dependent on oxygen concentration. At oxygen levels below about 4 mg L
-1 -1
, reduction in
growth may be substantial. Results also show some evidence that activity level,
including reproductive behavior, decreased as dissolved oxygen level decreased (Figure
7). 7). Inhibition of reproductive behavior could impact isolated populations.
Results from the lower lethal dissolved oxygen tests support oxygen-growth test
results, showing that Topeka shiners are quite tolerant of low oxygen conditions.
However, three aspects of experimental conditions should be noted for the lower lethal
dissolved oxygen tests. One aspect is that the first experiment was disrupted twice over
the 96-hour period because the compressed nitrogen gas tank used for stripping oxygen
from the water ran out, allowing oxygen levels in the experimental tanks to rise for a
maximum of about 4 hours. Another aspect from the first test is that although tanks were
equipped with plastic covers floating on the surface of the water, fish still had access to
Page 38 Page 38
33 33
the surface via small gaps between the covers and the sides of the tank, and most fish in
the treatments below 2 mg L
-1 -1
congregated there during the experiment, taking advantage
of the slightly more oxygenated surface layer of water. Finally, the second experiment
was at a slightly higher temperature than the first (about 28 C vs. about 25 C). In spite of
Meskipun
these three differences, the estimates of 1.26 and 1.16 mg L
-1 -1
for 96-hour LC
50 50
values nilai
obtained from the two experiments are similar, and the estimate of 1.2 mg L
-1 -1
for a 96-
hour LC
50 50
value is probably valid.
Tolerance of high temperatures and low oxygen may result from adaptation to the
demanding conditions of naturally occurring seasonal drought associated with prairie
streams; however, other Notropis species show similar tolerances and some are not
prairie headwater species, so the hypothesis about adaptation to prairie streams may be
more complicated. lebih rumit.
Topeka shiner tolerance of high-temperature and low-oxygen conditions supports
the idea that off-channel habitats may be population sources, rather than population sinks.
Certain microhabitats may allow populations to persist by supplying organisms to the
areas in the habitat from which organisms are frequently lost (Pulliam 1988). The off- Off-
channel habitats may provide refuges for Topeka shiners in times of drought. When Ketika
water again becomes abundant the off-channel habitats reconnect, at least temporarily, to
the main stream, allowing Topeka shiners to repopulate the stream. This study gives new
information about physiological limits of the Topeka shiner that should be applied in the
protection of known Topeka shiner habitat, including off-channel habitats, and could help
to ensure success of future population restoration efforts.
Page 39 Page 39
34 34
REFERENCES DAFTAR PUSTAKA
APHA (American Public Health Association), American Water Works Association, and
Water Environment Federation. 1998. 1998. Azide modification. Pages 4-131 and 4-
132 in Clesceri, LS, AE Greenberg, AD Eaton, and MAH Franson, editors.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Metode standar untuk Ujian
Air dan Air Limbah. APHA, APHA,
Washington. Washington.
Barans, CA and RA Tubb. 1973. 1973. Temperatures selected seasonally by four fishes
from Western Lake Erie. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
30:1697-1703.
Bayless, MA, M.. G. McManus, and JF Fairchild. 2003. 2003. Geomorphic, water quality
and fish community patterns associated with the distribution of Notropis topeka in
a central Missouri watershed. The American Midland Naturalist 150:58-72.
Becker, CD and RG Genoway. 1979. 1979. Evaluation of critical thermal maximum for
determining thermal tolerance of freshwater fish. Environmental Biology of
Fishes 4:245-256.
Beitinger, TL, WA Bennett, and RW McCauley. 2000. 2000. Temperature tolerances of
North American freshwater fishes exposed to dynamic changes in temperature.
Environmental Biology of Fishes 58:237-275.
Berg, JA, TA Petersen, Y. Anderson, and R. Baker. 2004. 2004. Hydrogeology of the
Rock River watershed, Minnesota, and associated off-channel habitats of the
Topeka shiner. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Divisions of Waters
and Ecological Services.
Brouder, MJ 1999. Relationship between length of Roundtail Chub and infection
Page 40 Page 40
35 35
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