5/1/2013

Environmental Management
Lecture #9 Environmental Management
Industrial Development And The Challenge Of Environmental Sustainability

the management of the environment

An EMS is :A continual cycle of planning, implementing, reviewing and improving the processes and actions that an organization undertakes to meet its environmental obligations.

Siklus Material Biota dan Bumi

Human Activities Environmental Impacts

Human Goals: Posperity Security Safety Happiness Etc.

Acceptable impacts? Level Frequency Fatality Quantity etc.

5/1/2013

Sustainable system:
Siklus tertutup sehingga jumlah total material/conserved Semua proses hanya mengubah senyawa satu menjadi senyawa yang lain tidak mengurangi atau menambah jumlah total material dalam sistem Karena semua proses cenderung menaikkan entropi agar sistem tetap stabil harus ada sumber energy dari luar (external energy) yang bisa mempertahankan entropy seluruh system pada suatu kondisi kesetimbangan tertentu. Fikirkan dari mana external energy yang berperan mempertahankan kesetimbangan siklus biota bumi ini?

Perubahan Komposisi Kimia Bumi dan Atmosfer

Sistem bumi tidak sepenuhnya stabil Indikasinya: perubahan komposisi kimia bumi dan atmosfer dari waktu ke waktu Namun skala waktunya sangat panjang (milyaran tahun) Sehingga sistem biota bumi mempunyai waktu untuk menyesuaikan diri Contoh kasus: proses terbentuknya endapan kapur, besi, minyak dll.

Siklus Material Industry

Proses Industri memperpendek skala waktu perubahan komposisi atmosfer & Bumi
Skala waktu perubahan mungkin hanya beberapa hari hingga beberapa ratus tahun saja Sistem biota bumi yang lain tidak punya waktu cukup untuk adaptasi Contoh kasus: perubahan komposisi danau, sungai, tanah, atmosfer akibat buangan industri.

5/1/2013

Release bahan ke alam dari aktivitas manusia vs total flux: major nutrient

Release bahan ke alam dari aktivitas manusia vs total flux: trace metal

Long-term (sustainable economy activity??)

Waste???

Dissipative use of material causes: Requiring more virgin material from nature Rejecting more waste to nature Minimize !!!

Recycling Reusing Dissipative loss

Maximize !!! Requires virgin material

5/1/2013

Types of Material Uses: Recyclability

1. Penggunaan yang kompatibel dengan recycling dengan standard teknologi dan ekonomi saat ini. Contoh: structural metal, packaging material 2. Penggunaan yang secara ekonomi tidak recyclable tetapi secara teknologi feasible. Contoh:refrigerant bekas, oli bekas, solvent dll. 3. Penggunaan yang secara inherent tidak recyclable. Contoh: coating, cat, pigment, pestisida, pengawet dll.

Induatrial Sulfur Cycle

Contoh lain dissipative uses:

Contoh: recycled metal (US case)

5/1/2013

Potensi penggunaan limbah untuk bahan baku tergantung dari:

Waste as Raw Material

Volume bahan dalam limbah Konsentrasi bahan dalam limbah

Material Price VS Dillution

Industrial Hazardous Waste: US Case

5/1/2013

Cadmium

Total Recycled:

Recycling Metal from Industrial Waste in US

1300 tones out of 16,000 tones/year

Cromium
Only a small fraction is recycled

Lead (timbal)
Total Recycled:
106,000 tones out of 189,000 tones/year

Almost 75 % recycle !!!

5/1/2013

Perbedaan tingkat recycle ???

Sistem pengumpulan barang bekas atau limbah Sistem processing Pasar Dalam hal timbal karena dukungan industri dan service kendaraan

Ekologi Industri Timbal

Theoretical Percent Recyclable based on Sherwood Plot

5/1/2013

Sherwood Plot for Waste Stream

Waste is richer than virgin material

Contoh Aplikasi: Di suatu gunung di salah satu propinsi di Indonesia diduga mengandung deposit uranium dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak. Dengan rencana pemerintah akan mengembangkan PLTN ada ide untuk mengolah batuan yang mengandung uranium tersebut sehingga bisa digunakan untuk bahan bakar PLTN. Dengan harga uranium (dalam bentuk uranium oksida) sekitar US $ 55/lb di pasar, ada saran untuk membeli saja daripada mengolah sendiri sehingga resiko kerusakan lingkungan lebih rendah. Dengan grafik Sherwood, perkirakanlah konsentrasi minimum uranium dalam batuan tersebut agar ekonomis untuk diolah.

Market Price

Waste must be rigorously recycled

Pembuatan Vinyl Chloride Monomer

Contoh Kasus Industri Kimia: Chlorine Integration

Chlorine banyak digunakan dalam industri kimia yang memungkinkan recycle, reuse atau mass integration Banyak proses yang menggunakan chlorine tetapi menghasilkan product yang tidak mengandung chlorine. Integrasi proses direct chlorination dan oxychlorination bisa meningkatkan effisiensi chlorine mendekati 100 %

5/1/2013

Pembuatan Isocyanate

Intergrasi Massa Chlorine

(Phosgene)

Kebetulan semua industri pembuat bahan polimer

Chlorine tidak muncul dalam product isocyanate tetapi muncul sebagai sisa HCl Untuk apa HCl ???

akhir

Potensi Integrasi Chlorine Lebih Luas

5/1/2013

Industrial Park

Connecticut Eco-Industrial Park: Re-Organizing Existing Complex

10

5/1/2013

Water System Residue Flows

Residue Flows I

11

5/1/2013

Contoh Kasus: Product Design for Sustainability

The Recycle 40 washing machine This new washing machine from Electrolux is not only energy efficient, but has a special tank for water recovery. Rinse water from 1st cycle is used as wash water for the next. - 50% water reduction - less detergent

Sales of Electrolux products with environmental benefits are growing steadily

Margins for products with environmental benefits are 3.5 % above average

12

5/1/2013

Eco-Efficiency Guidelines

Chemical Industry Examples

DuPont
carpet recycling into Antron nylon Turnkey powder-paint systems ($ per vehicle)

Reduce material intensity of goods and services Reduce energy intensity of goods and services Reduce dispersion of toxic materials Enhance Recyclability of materials Maximize sustainable use of renewable resources Extend durability of products Increase service intensity of goods and services
Source: World Business Council on Sustainable Development

Monsanto
NewLeaf insect-protected potatoes Roundup Ready soybeans with no-till system

Rohm & Haas

Sea-Nine 211 eco-friendly marine antifoulant CONFIRM selective caterpillar control agent

Dow Chemical
100% CO2 blowing agent for polystyrene foam

Examples from Other Industries

Packaging - 3M Electronics - Nortel Steel - Chaparral Automotive - Ford/Volvo Office Equipment - Xerox Petrochemicals - BP/Amoco Success Home Products - SC Johnson Stories Health Care - Bristol Myers Squibb, Baxter Floorcoverings - Interface, Collins & Aikman

Sustainable Electronics
Honeywell cut energy use by 12% ($4.6 m/yr) in its growing sensor/control business AT&T is using telework (or telecommuting) to
reduce costs -- $500,000 annually at one location sell more communications services as its business customers turn to telework.

Xerox saves up to $400 m/yr. by recovering and remanufacturing parts from photocopiers Nokia increased market share for TVs in Holland by 57% based in part on environmental preferability

13

5/1/2013

Sustainable Steel Manufacturing

Chapparal Steel (Midlothian, TX) mill based on industrial ecology concepts
Formed new company to recycle waste slag into cement production, reducing both energy use and CO2 emissions Constructed world-class shredding & recycling facility adjacent to plant Acquired exclusive separation technology for non-chlorinated plastics Participating in by-product synergy exploration

Source: Inter Agency Working Group on Industrial Ecology, Materials, and Energy Flows, 1996

Discussion Case # 1
Idea for IE implementation: Pulp Industry Materials flow analysis: Other Emmision Wood Chemicals Pulp Plant Water Fuel Black Liquor (mostly modified lignin) Other waste water Flue gas

Pulp (mostly cellulose)

14

5/1/2013

Lignin Conversion: Burned as fuel R-SO3H (lignosulfonate) Fuel additives >>> need further conversion Vaniline >>> need conversion

Wood substitutes Biomass waste: agriculture, plantation waste (palm oil industry) Others? Energy Integration ?

Lignin

Case 2:
Power Plant Do material flow anaylsis Energy analysis Explore potential intergration with other industry: technology, economy, environmental etc.

15