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Desain Penelitian

an overview

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Desain
Observasional :

- Tidak ada manipulasi pada subyek

Interventional :

- Dilakukan manipulasi pada subyek.


- nama lain : eksperimen

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Observasional
- laporan kasus
- seri kasus
- cross sectional (termasuk survei)
- case control
- cohort
- meta analisis

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Interventional
- pre experimental
- true experiment
- Quasi experimen

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Laporan kasus dan seri kasus


Sering tidak dianggap sebagai penelitian
karena
The essence of research is comparison
Sastroasmoro dan Ismail 2000

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Cross-sectional study
Paling sering dikerjakan
Mencakup semua jenis penelitian yang
pengukuran variabel-variabelnya
dilakukan hanya satu kali
Diskriptif maupun Analitik
Sering merupakan Prevalence study
Dapat digunakan untuk menghitung risiko

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Cross Sectional

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Rasio Prevalens

a : subyek dg risiko dan mengalami efek


b : subyek dg risiko yg tdk mengalami efek
c : subyek tanpa risiko dan mengalami efek
d : subyek tanpa risiko yg tdk mengalami efek

RP = a / (a+b) : c /(c+d)

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Interpretasi hasil
= 1 : tdk ada pengaruh risiko thd efek
> 1 : faktor risiko
< 1 : faktor protektif

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Case control

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Analisis
Case

Control

Exposed

a+b

Unexposed

c+d

a+c

b+d

Odds Ratio = ad/bc


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Kohort

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Analisis
Disease
(+)

(-)

(+)

(-)

Exp

Relative Risk=

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Analisis
Disease
(+)

(-)

(+)

(-)

Exp

Relative Risk=

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a/(a+b)
c/(c+d)

Multivariat

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Multiple logistic regression

Kohort Retrospektif
Historical cohort

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Desain

Nested case control


Population

Develop disease

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Initial data and/or serum,


urine, or other specimen
obtained

Do not develop disease

Diagram desain nested case control


Kelompok ibu hamil yg mendapat
suplementasi besi, dan telah
dikumpulkan data dan material
biologisnya

Suplementasi gagal

Suplementasi berhasil

(Kasus)

(Kontrol)

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Eksperimen
Pre experimental
True experimental
Quasi experimental

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Rancangan Pra eksperimental


One shot case study
X --- O1
One group pretest postest design
O1 --- X - O2
Static group comparison
1. X ---- O1
2.
O2

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True Experimental Design


Pre test - pos test control group design
R
O X O
O
O
Post test only control group design
R
X O
O
Solomon four group design

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Uji Klinik

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Cross over design

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Quasi Experimental Design


Time series :
Non equivalent control group design
O1
X
O2
O3
O4
Separate sample pretest post test design
R
O1
X
X
O2

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