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Infeksi Dengue
pada anak
DHF
DF
DEN-1
DEN-2
DEN-3
DEN-4
DEN-1
DEN-2
DEN-3
DEN-4
DEN-1
DEN-2
DENDEN-3
2
DEN-4
Gubler,1998
DEN-1
DEN-2
DEN-3
DEN-4
DEN-1
DEN2
DEN3
DEN-1
DEN-2
DEN-3
DEN-4
DEN-1
DEN-2
DEN-3
DEN-4
DEN-1
DEN-2
DEN-3
DEN-4
DEN-1
DEN-2
DEN-3
DEN-4
Company
LOGO
Industrialisasi
bungkus sekali
pakai
Mobilitas
manusia yang
cepat
Jumlah dan
kapasitas Aedes
meningkat
Pelayanan publik
dan perilaku
kebersihan
kurang
Urbanisasi
Tak
terkendali
Asimptomatik
Simptomatik
Tanpa perdarahan
Dengan perdarahan
DBD Tanpa renjatan
Demam Dengue
Demam Berdarah
Dengue
Hepatomegali
Komplex AgAb
Komplemen
Permeabilitas
vaskular naik
Perembesan
plasma
Dehidra
si
Demam Dengue
Hemokonsentrasi
Hipoproteinemia
Efusi pleura
Asites
II
Derajat
Hipovolemia
DIC
Perdarahan GI
III
Syok
Anoksia
Asidosis
Meninggal
IV
Days of illness
10
Flushing
Temperature
40
Potential
clinical issues
Ruam
Makulopapular
Ruam penyembuhan
Petikie
Mialgia dan atralgia
Dehydration
Shock
Bleeding
Reabsorption
Fluid overload
Organ Impairment
Platelet
Laboratory
changes
Hematocrit
IgM/IgG
Viraemia
Serology and
virology
Course of dengue illness: Febrile
Critical
Recovery Phases
Adapted from WCL Yip, 1980 by Hung NT, Lum LCS, Tan LH
Demam dengue
Masa inkubasi 3-8 (3-14 hari)
Gejala tidak khas
nyeri kepala
nyeri tulang belakang
Lelah, gejala ringan pada saluran napas
Khas : suhu tinggi mendadak,
kadang-kadang menggigil, flushed face
nyeri belakang bola mata
nyeri otot/ sendi
Anoreksia, konstipasi, nyeri perut
Demam 5-7 hari (bifasik)
Ruam makulopapular
Demam dengue
Perdarahan
petekie,
epistaksis,
menorrhagia,
jarang terjadi perdarahan hebat.
Leukosit
awal fase demam leukosit normal,
kemudian menjadi leukopenia
Trombositopenia dapat terjadi
Transaminase dapat meningkat
Berat penyakit :
Derajat I : demam
dengan uji bendung +
Derajat II : Der I
ditambah perdarahan
spontan
Derajat III : nadi cepat
dan lemah, TN < 20,
hipotensi, akral dingin
Derajat IV : syok berat,
nadi tak teraba, TD tak
terukur
Gejala klinis
demam dengue
dan
demam berdarah
dengue
DD
Gejala klinis
DBD
++
Nyeri kepala
+++
Muntah
++
Mual
++
Nyeri otot
++
Ruam kulit
++
Diare
Batuk
Pilek
++
Limfadenopati
Kejang
Kesadaran menurun
++
Obstipasi
++
++++
Petekie
+++
Hepatomegali
+++
Nyeri perut
+++
++
Trombositopenia
++++
Syok
+++
DD vs DBD
Tidak mungkin dibedakan pada awal
Perembesan plasma pada DBD
DD lebih sering dijumpai gejala penyerta
(nyeri kepala, mialgia, nyeri retrobulbair,
mual, muntah, diare)
DD dapat disertai perdarahan
Perhatikan saat fever of defervescence (saat
suhu turun)
Prognosis DD lebih baik dp DBD
with
Sensitivity% Specificity%
PPV
%
90
50-61
74
85
83
53.33
76.31
72.72**
* Kalayanarooj S, 1999
** Swadivorn S, 2001
60-70
Uji tornikuet
Uji tornikuet dilakukan dengan mempertahankan
tekanan pada manset sebesar nilai rerata
(sistolik +diastolik : 2) selama 5 menit hasil
positif 10 petikie dalam area 2.5 cm2.
Hasil dapat negatif atau positif palsu pada
kondisi kegagalan sirkulasi (DBD derajat III dan
IV)
Bila tes tornikuet pertama negatif, harus di
ulang.
Pemeriksaan laboratorium
penunjang
Leukosit
awalnya menurun /normal,
pada fase akhir limfositosis relatif (LPB>15%),
pada fase syok akan meningkat
trombositopenia dan hemokonsentrasi
kelainan pembekuan sesuai derajat penyakit
protein plasma menurun
hiponatremia pada kasus berat
serum alanin-aminotransferase meningkat
Pemeriksaan laboratorium
penunjang
Isolasi virus, deteksi antigen/PCR dan uji serologis
(diperlukan pemahaman perjalanan penyakit)
Isolasi virus terbaik saat viremia (3-5 hari)
IgM terdeteksi hari ke 5, meningkat sampai minggu
III, menghilang setelah 60-90 hari
IgG pada infeksi primer mulai terdeteksi pada hari
14, pada infeksi sekunder mulai hari 2.
Uji HI, Dengue Blot ( single / Rapid / Duo )
IgG
Interpretasi
Infeksi primer
Infeksi sekunder
Tersangka infeksi
sekunder
Tata laksana
demam berdarah
dengue
Tersangka
DBD
Tidak ada
kedaruratan
Ada kedaruratan
Tanda syok
Muntah terus menerus
Kejang
Kesadaran menurun
Muntah darah
Berak hitam
RAWAT INAP
(+)
Uji TORNIQUET
(-)
Trombosit <100.000
Trombosit >100.000
RAWAT JALAN
DBD I / II
tanpa kenaikan Ht
Penderita bisa minum?
YA
TIDAK
BAGAN
BERIKUT
5 ml/kg/jam
Perbaikan /
perburukan
Perbaikan
Ht Nadi/TD stabil, Diuresis cukup
3 ml/kg/jam
Perbaikan
Ht Nadi/TD stabil, Diuresis cukup
Masuk protokol
syok
DBD III
Syok teratasi
Kesadaran membaik
Kesadaran
Nadi kuat
Kesadaran menurun
Nadi
/
FJ
TN>20 mm
Nadi lembut
Tekanan
darah
Tidak sesak/sianosis
TN<20 mm
Cap
fill
Ekstremitas hangat
Sesak/sianosis
Ekstremitas
Diuresis cukup 1 cc/kg/jam
Kulit lembab/dingin
Diuresis
Cek gula darah
lab: AGD, elektr,
Cairan 10 cc/kg/jam
Lanjutkan Cairan 20 cc/kg/jam
Tambah koloid/plasma
Stabil
Lht dosis maks unt koloidSyok belum
dalam
teratasi
24 jam
DBD IV
PRC 10 ml/kg
Ht naik/tdk
ada
overload
koloid
Jumlah cairan :
Dasar penilaian
Berat badan
Hematokrit
Tekanan darah
Dehidrasi sedang
Syok / presyok
Kecepatan
Bolus, rumatan
Dugaan Terjadinya
Perdarahan
Tanda klinik
Gelisah, kesakitan
Hipokondrium kanan nyeri tekan
Abdomen membuncit
Lingkaran perut bertambah (ukur tiap hari)
Monitor
Hb, Ht (menurun atau meningkat)
Awasi pasca syok lama
Penurunan Hb, Ht saat penyembuhan
disebabkan hemodilusi, bukan perdarahan
Ensefalopati dengue
Gagal ginjal akut
Suchitra N.
Ensefalopati DBD
Diduga
Ketepatan
diagnosis
Bila ada syok, harus
diatasi dulu
Pungsi lumbal setelah
syok teratasi, hati-hati
trombosit < 50000/ul
Transaminase, PT/PTT,
gula darah, analisa gas
darah,
elektrolit,
amoniak darah
Ruam penyembuhan
Kriteria diagnostik
baru
Without
Probable Dengue
Live in / travel to dengue
endemic area. Fever and 2
of the following criteria:
Nausea, vomiting
Rash
Aches and pains
Tourniquet test +ve
Leucopenia
Any warning sign
With
WARNING
SIGNS
Warning Signs*
Abdominal pain or tenderness
Persistent vomiting
Clinical fluid accumulation
Mucosal bleed
Lethargy; restlessness
Liver enlargement >2cm
Laboratory: Increase in HCT
concurrent with rapid decrease
in platelet count
SEVERE DENGUE
Classification Assessme
Warning signs:
Abdominal pain or tenderness
Persistent vomiting
Clinical fluid accumulation
Mucosal bleed
Lethargy; restlessness
Liver enlargement >2cm
Laboratory: Increase in HCT concurrent with rapid
decrease of platelet count
Lab.confirmed dengue
(important when no sign
of plasma leakage)
negati ve
negati ve
Co-existing conditions
Social circumstances
positive
negati ve
Dengue without
warning signs
Dengue with
warning signs
Group A
Group B
Management
AND
o
o
Laboratory tests
Full blood Count (FBC)
Haematocrit (Hct)
o
o
Laboratory tests
Monitoring
Daily review for disease progression:
Decreasing WBC
Defervescence
Warning signs (until out of critical
period)
Advice for immediate return to
hospital if development of any warning
signs
Written advice of management (e.g.
home care card for dengue)
Discharge criteria:
-> all of the following criteria
must be present
o
o
o
o
o
Treatment
Encouragement for oral fluids
If not tolerated, start
intravenous fluid therapy 0,9%
saline or Ringer Lactate at
maintenance rate
Group C
o
o
Treatment
Advice for:
o
Adequate bed rest
o
Adequate fluid intake
o
Paracetamol, 4 gram max. per day in
adults and accordingly in children
Severe Dengue
o
o
o
o
o
Monitoring
Temperature pattern
Volume of fluid intake and
losses
Urine output volume and
frequency
Warning signs
Hct, white blood cell and
platelet counts
Treatment
Obtain reference Hct before fluid therapy
Give isotonic solutions such as 0,95 saline,
Ringer lactate, start with 5-7 ml/kg/hr for
1-2 hours, then reduce to 3-5 ml/kg/hr for
2-4 hr, and then reduce to 2-3 ml/kg/hr or
less according to clinical response
Reassess clinical status and repeat Hct
o
If Hct remains the same or rises only
minimally -> continue with 2-3 ml/kg/hr
for another 2-4 hours
o
If worsening of vital signs and rapidly
rising Hct -> increase rate to 5-10 ml/kg/hr
for 1-2 hours
Reassess clinical status, repeat Hct and review
fluid infusion rates accordingly
o
Reduce intravenous fluids gradually when
the rate of plasma leakage decreases
towards the end of the critical phase.
This is indicated by:
o
Adequate urine output and/or fluid intake
o
Hct deceases below the baseline value in a
stable patient
Monitoring
o
Vital signs and peripheral perfusion (1-4
hourly until patient is out of critical phase
o
Urine output (4-6 hourly)
o
Hct (before and after fluid replacement,
then 6-12 hourly)
o
Blood glucose
o
Other organ functions (renal profile, liver
profile, coagulation profile, as indicated)
o
o
o
o
o
o
If
o
o
If
o
o
o
o
o
If
o
If
o
o
o
o
Laboratory tests
Full blood Count (FBC)
Haematocrit (Hct)
Other organ function tests as indicated
Treatment of compensated shock:
Start I.V. fluid resuscitation with isotonic crystalloid solutions at 5-10
ml/kg/hr over 1 hr
Reassess patients condition,
patient improves:
I.V. fluids should be reduced gradually to 5-7 ml/kg/hr for 1-2 hr, then
to 3-5 ml/kg/hr for 2-4 hr, then to 2-3 ml/kg/hr for 2-4 hr and then
reduced further depending on haemodynamic status
I.V. fluids can be maintained for up to 24 - 48 hours
patient still unstable:
Check Hct after first bolus
If Hct increases/ still high (>50%), repeat a second bolus of crystalloid
solution at 10-20 ml/kg/hr for 1 hr.
If improvement after second bolus, reduce rate to 7-10 ml/kg/hr for 1-2
hr, continue to reduce as above.
If Hct decreases, this indicates bleeding and need to cross-match and
transfuse blood as soon as possible
Treatment of hypotensive shock
Initiate I.V. fluid resuscitation with crystalloid or colloid solution at 20
ml/kg as a bolus for 15 min
patient improves
Give a crystalloid / colloid solution of 10 ml/kg/hr for 1 hr, then reduce
gradually as above
patient still unstable
Check Hct after the first bolus
If Hct increases/ still high (>50%), give colloid infusion at 10-20 ml/kg
over to 1 hr, then reduce to 7-10 ml/kg/h 1-2 hr, then change back to
crystalloid solution and reduce rate as above
If HCT decreases, this indicates bleeding, see above
Treatment of haemorrhagic complications:
Give 5-10 ml/kg of fresh packed red cells or 10-20 ml/kg of fresh whole
blood
Kesimpulan
Seorang dokter harus memahami patogenesis Demam
Berdarah Dengue untuk bisa menatalaksana kasus DBD
dengan baik dan optimal
Ketrampilan untuk menegakkan diagnosis secara dini
dan pengambilan keputusan yang tepat akan
menentukan keberhasilan pengobatan DBD serta
program penanggulangannya.
Terima kasih