STIKOM Surabaya
STIKOM Surabaya
STIKOM Surabaya
STIKOM Surabaya
STIKOM Surabaya
STIKOM Surabaya
10 OBSERVASI
PENGUKURAN TRAFIK
Dikemukakan oleh Carey Williamson,
University of Calgary, 2001.
STIKOM Surabaya
Observasi 1
Internet traffic continues to change.
Longitudinal studies have shown that Internet
traffic continues to grow, it is not simply one of
the traffic volume, but also one of traffic mix,
protocols, applications and users.
The traffic model that you use is extremely
important in the performance evaluation of
routing, flow control, and congestion control
strategies
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Observasi 2
Characterizing aggregate network traffic is difficult
Lots of (diverse) applications, heterogenous
nature of the Internet, diverse mix of network
applications, wide variations inlink speeds and
technology, changing in user behaviours.
Network traffic has long-range dependence
(LRD) characteristics, refered to as self-similar,
fractal and multifractal behaviour.
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Observasi 3
Packet arrival process is not Poisson
Packets travel in trains.
Packets travel in tandems.
Packets get clumped together (ack
compression).
Inter-arrival times are not exponential.
Inter-arrival times are not independent.
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Observasi 4
Packet traffic is bursty
Average utilization may be very low.
Peak utilization can be very high.
Depends on what interval you use!!
Traffic may be self-similar: bursts exist across a
wide range of time scales.
Defining burstiness (precisely) is difficult.
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Observasi 5
Traffic is non-uniformly distributed amongst the
hosts on the network
Example: 10% of the hosts account for 90% of
the traffic (or 20-80).
Why? Clients versus servers, geographic
reasons, popular ftp sites, web sites, etc.
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Observasi 6
Network traffic exhibits locality effects
Pattern is far from random.
Temporal locality.
Spatial locality.
Persistence and concentration.
True at host level, at gateway level, at
application level.
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Observasi 7
Well over 80% of the byte and packet traffic on
most networks is TCP/IP
By far the most prevalent
Often as high as 95-99%
Most studies focus only on TCP/IP for this
reason (as they should!)
Untuk saat ini aplikasi P2P, game
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Observasi 8
Most conversations are short
Example: 90% of bulk data transfers send less
than 10 kilobytes of data.
Example: 50% of interactive connections last
less than 90 seconds.
Distributions may be heavy tailed (i.e.,
extreme values may skew the mean and/or the
distribution).
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Observasi 9
Traffic is bidirectional
Data usually flows both ways.
Not JUST acks in the reverse direction.
Usually asymmetric bandwidth though.
Pretty much what you would expect from the
TCP/IP traffic for most applications.
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Observasi 10
Packet size distribution is bimodal
Lots of small packets for interactive traffic and
acknowledgements.
Lots of large packets for bulk data file transfer
type applications.
Very few in between sizes.
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PENGUKURAN DELAY
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Sinkronisasi Waktu
Dalam proses pengukuran parameter jaringan, terutama
Source
synchronized
NTP server
PATH
One-way delay
Destination
synchronized
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ICMP Protocol
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol (RFC 792).
ICMP digunakan oleh host, router, gateway untuk
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Type
Value
3
ICMPv4
Error
Messages
Message
Name
Defining
RFC
Number
792
Source
Quench
792
Redirect
792
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Defining
RFC
Number
Type
Value
Message
Name
11
Time
Exceeded
792
12
792
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Type
Value
ICMPv4
Informational
Messages
Message
Name
Echo Reply
Summary Description of
Message Type
Defining
RFC
Number
792
792
Echo
(Request)
Router
Advertisem
ent
1256
10
Router
Solicitation
1256
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Type Value
Message
Name
Summary Description of
Message Type
Defining
RFC
Numb
er
13
792
14
Timestamp
Reply
792
15
Information
Request
792
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PING
PING adalah singkatan dari Packet Internet Groper.
PING biasanya digunakan oleh administrator jaringan
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PING (2)
Pada saat terminal sumber menerima Echo Reply, maka
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PING (3)
Nomor urut dari paket Echo Request dimulai dari angka 0.
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PING (4)
Intermediate system
(router)
Destination specified in IP
Source
protocol destination
RTT
Host destination
receives the Echo
Request
Host destination
sends the Echo
Reply
Host copies
payload data
and returns a
reply with the
source and
destination IP
addresses
returned
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PING (5)
PING juga meletakkan penanda waktu (timestamp) pada setiap
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Traceroute
Traceroute adalah program aplikasi untuk melakukan
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Traceroute (2)
Aplikasi traceroute menggunakan salah fitur Internet
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Traceroute (3)
Cara kerja Traceroute:
Sumber melakukan setting TTL=1 pada paket UDP pertama.
Router pertama yang menerima paket tersebut mengurangi
nilai TTL sebanyak 1 menjadi TTL=0. Karena nilai TTL=0,
maka router memberikan respon TEM melalui protokol ICMP
mengindikasikan bahwa paket telah expire.
Traceroute menyimpan alamat IP dan nama DNS dari router,
selanjutnya traceroute mengirimkan paket berikutnya dengan
nilai TTL=2.
Paket ini melewati router pertama (mengurangi nilai TTL
menjadi TTL=1) menuju ke router kedua. Di router kedua TTL
dikurangi lagi menjadi TTL=0, dan router mengirimkan TEM
kapada sumber.
Demikian seterusnya sampai nomor IP tujuan dicapai.
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Traceroute (4)
Receiver
Receiver
TEM
UDP TTL=2
Source
Router
Router
Source
UDP TTL=1
TEM
a)
b)
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Contoh Traceroute
C:\Users>tracert www.telkom.co.id
1 ms 1 ms
1 ms 1 ms
8 ms 2 ms
*
31 ms
31 ms 30 ms
31 ms 31 ms
31 ms 30 ms
31 ms 30 ms
Trace complete.
1 ms 172.25.82.254
<1 ms 172.25.80.1
1 ms 222.124.29.225
30 ms telin.iix.net.id [103.28.74.243]
30 ms 117.168.22.103.telin.sg [103.22.168.117]
32 ms 6.132.240.180.telin.sg [180.240.132.6]
*
3.133.240.180.static.telin.sg [180.240.133.3]
30 ms 3.133.240.180.static.telin.sg [180.240.133.3]
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Choi, J.H. And Yoo, C., One-way delay estimation and its
application, Computer Communications 28 (2005), pp.
819-828.
Pengukuran delay biasanya dilakukan melalui
pengukuran RTT, yaitu dengan mengambil nilai RTT/2
dengan asumsi bahwa jaringan Internet bersifat simetri
antara forward delay (pengirim-penerima) dan reverse
delay (penerima-pengirim).
Pada kenyataan saat ini jaringan lebih banyak merupakan
jaringan asimetri, misalnya ADSL, satellite broadcast, 3G
wireless, etc.
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= 0
, ,
=0
Reverse delay:
= 0 +
,
=0
,
=0
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Case 1: > 0,
, 1 , 1 + , 0
< 0 < , 0
2
Case 2: < 0
, 1 , 1 + , 0
> 0 > 0
2
Case 3: = 0
, 0
0 = 0 =
2
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Jika lebih besar daripada lebar bandwidth () end-toend, maka paket kedua akan mengalami queue di
belakang paket pertama, dan pada sisi penerima terukur
laju paket tersebut (measured rate, ) adalah: < .
Sebaliknya apabila < , TOPP mengasumsikan bahwa
pasangan paket akan tiba di sisi penerima dengan laju
yang sama, yaitu: = .
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+
atau
+
=
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rumusan:
= 0 + 1
Yang mana:
adalah prediksi dari pada observasi ke-.
adalah nilai pada observasi ke-.
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1 =
=1
=1
=
=1
=
=1
0 = 1 ,
=1
=1
=1
Contoh
Berdasarkan hasil
pengukuran laju
paket data di dalam
sebuah link,
didapatkan data
sebagai berikut.
Tentukan estimasi
terhadap bandwidth
yang tersedia pada
link tersebut!
STIKOM Surabaya
(kbp
s)
(kbps)
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0,92
1,45
0,98
10
1,40
0,94
11
1,48
1,1
12
1,50
1,25
1,12
1,20
1,34