Macam - Macam Reaktor

Reaktor terbagi menjadi 2 yaitu :

1. Reaktor kimia, tidak ada perubahan massa selama reaksi dan hanya berubah dari satu
bahan ke bahan lain.
2. Reaktor nuklir, ada perubahan massa yang berubah jadi energi yang sangat besar.
"The reactor is divided into 2 are :
1. Chemical reactor, there is no change in mass during reaction and only change from
first material to another.
2. Nuclear reactor, there are mass change into enormous energy"
Reaktor kimia berdasarkan prosesnya ada 3 yaitu :
1. Reaktor Batch, tidak ada massa masuk dan keluar selama reaksi. Jadi bahan
dimasukkan, direaksikan beberapa waktu / hari (residence time) dan dikeluarkan
sebagai produk dan selama proses tidak ada umpan-produk mengalir. Contoh :
fermentasi pembuatan alkohol.
Batch Reactor
Umumnya digunakan :

Fase cair

Skala proses yang kecil

Mencoba proses baru yang belum sepenuhnya dikembangkan

Memproduksi produk yang mahal

Proses-proses yang sulit diubah menjadi proses kontinyu

Jika bahan atau hasilnya perlu pembersihan

Proses memerlukan waktu lama

"Chemical reactor is based on process there are 3 such as :

1. Batch reactor, there is no mass in and out materials during reaction. So materials are
entered, be reacted in several periods / days (residence time) and out as product and
during reaction, there is no feed-product flow. Example : the manufacture of alcoholic
fermentation."

Commonly used :

Liquid phase

Small scale processes

Try new process does not fully developed

Producing expensive product

Process which difficult to change to continuous process

If the material or result need cleaning

The process takes a long time"

Keuntungannya :

Lebih murah

Lebih mudah pengoperasian dan pengontrolan (penambahan bahan per volume)

Kerugiannya :

Pengendalian suhu bermasalah

Lebih banyak pekerja, karena diperlukan utk pengawasan kondisi & prosedur yg
berubah terus dari awal sampai akhir

Tidak baik utk fase gas, karena rentan bocor pada masukan pengaduknya

Tidak efektif utk skala besar karena waktu yang lama (tidak produktif)

"Advantages :

Cheaper

Easier operation and controlling (addition material per volume)

Disadvantages :

Have problem in controlling temperature

Many labour, because need to monitoring the fluctuative of condition and procedure
from start to finish.

No good for gas phase, because easy leaking at input mixer

Uneffective to large scale because have a long time (unproductive)"

2. Reaktor Kontinyu, proses umpan dan produk mengalir secara terus-menerus.

Keuntungannya :

Alat lebih kecil dan murah

Bahan yg diolah lebih sedikit shg resiko kerusakan bahan lebih kecil

Kondisi operasi lebih seragam

Produk seragam

Pengurangan biaya per satuan produksi, karena proses dalam kapasitas kecil2

Biaya operasi & investasi rendah

Pengendalian kondisi operasi yang mudah

"2. Continuous reactor, process of feed and product flows continuously.

Advantages :

Instrument smaller and cheaper

The material is treated less so risk to damage of material become smaller

More uniform operating condition

Uniform product

Cost reduction per unit production, because process in small capacity

Low operation cost and investment

Easy of control operating condition"

Ada 2 reaktor kontinyu :

Mixed Flow Reactor (MFR), reaktor tangki berpengaduk dimana umpan masuk,
diproses beberapa waktu (residence time) lalu produk keluar. Biasanya reaktor jenis
ini disusun paralel sehingga mempunyai kapasitas yang besar dan efisien waktu.

MFR

Keuntungannya :

Suhu & campuran dalam reaktor sama (homogen) karena pengadukan

Pengontrolan suhu mudah sehingga kondisi operasi yang isotermal bisa terpenuhi

Kerugiannya :

Untuk volume yg sama konversi lebih rendah daripada PFR

Tidak baik utk fase gas karena rentan bocor

"There are 2 continuous reactors such as :

MFR, continuous stirred tank reactor which feed input, be processed several time
(residence time) and output as product. Usually this reactor is arranged parallel so
have large capacity and time efficient.

Advantages :

Temperature and mixture in the reactor is homogeneous because mixing

Easy of control temperature so that ishotermal operating condition can be completed

Disadvantages :

For same volume have lower conversion than PFR

No good for gas phase due to easy leaking"

Plug Flow Reactor (PFR), reaktor alir pipa, dimana umpan masuk pada masukan
pipa, terjadi reaksi sepanjang pipa lalu keluar. Konversi semakin lama semakin tinggi
di sepanjang pipa. Contoh petrokimia, pertamina

PFR
Umumnya digunakan :

Fase gas dengan tekanan dan suhu tinggi

Keuntungannya :

Konversi yg cukup tinggi dibanding MFR

Waktu yg relatif lebih singkat

Kerugiannya :

Perawatan yang mahal

Memerlukan waktu utk kondisi steady state

"PFR, pipe flow reactor where feed input in entry pipe and occur reaction along
pipeline then output as product. Conversion longer will higher along pipeline. Examples
petrochemical, pertamina
Commonly is used : gas phase with high pressure and temperature
Advantages :

Higher conversion than MFR

Shorter time than MFR

Disadvantages :

The treatment is expensive

Requires time for steady state condition"

3. Reaktor semi-batch

Macam-macam reaktor lainnya adalah :

1. Packed Bed Reactor (PBR) atau Fixed Bed Reactor
- Terdri dari satu atau lebih tubes packed dengan partikel katalis, beroperasi pada posisi
vertikal
- Beroperasi adiabatis

Keuntungannya :

Biaya operasi dan perawatan murah dibanding FBR

Bisa digunakan di suhu dan tekanan tinggi

Bisa dioperasikan dengan waktu tinggal yang bervariasi

Kerugiannya :

Sulit dalam penjagaan distribusi aliran yg seragam

Bed yg kecil lebih efektif karena internal area yang besar tapi pressure drop tinggi

Regenerasi bed sulit dilakukan karena cenderung permanen

"The other kinds of reactor are :

1. PBR
- The consist of one or more tubes is packed with catalyst particles, operates in vertical
position
- Operates adiabatic
Advantages :

Operating and maintenance cost are cheaper than FBR

Can be used in high pressure and temperature

Can be operated with varying residence time

Disadvantages :

Difficult treatment uniform flow distribution

Smaller bed more effective because large internal area but high pressure drop

Regeneration of bed is difficult done because it is tend permanent"

2. Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR)

- Reaktor dg bed terangkat oleh gas reaktan
- Fungsi utk memprediksikan penurunan konversi pada pencampuran di dalam reaktor
- Jumlah bed lebih sedikit daripada PBR

- Luas permukaan lebih besar daripada PBR

- Beroperasi isotermal
Keuntungannya :

Suhu konstan shg mudah dikontrol

Regenerasi bed yg mudah

Reaksinya memiliki efek panas yang tinggi

Kekurangannya :

Bisa menyebabkan keausan dinding reaktor karena gerakan bed yg terus-menerus

bergesekan dg dinding

Karena bergerak terus-menerus dan antar bed bergesekan, bisa menyebabkan partikel
bed mengecil dan terikut keluar sbg produk. Sehingga perlu ditambahkan cyclone
separator.

"2. FBR
- Reactor with bed is lifted by reactant gas
- Function to predict reduction of conversion mixing in the reactor
- Number of bed less than PBR
- Surface area is larger than PBR
- Operates is isothermal
Advantages :

Constant temperature so easy to control

Regeneration of bed is an easier

Reaction have hight thermal effect

Disadvantages :

Can reason reduce of reactor wall because continue bed movement rubbing to the
wall

Due to continuous movement and between bed rubbing, can cause bed particle
decrease and be streamed out as product. So need to be added cyclone separator"

3. Spray Tower

Spray Tower
Alat yang digunakan utk absorbsi gas, terdiri dari tower kosong dan satu set nozzle utk
menyemprotkan cairan.
4. Packed Column
5. Bubble Tank

Packed Column

Bubble Tank
6. Agitated Tank
Agitated Tank

Diposkan oleh Caesar Very di 20.35.00

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