oun +a + Nous — | “Singular” means “ont, not two oF more.” (© Canada ix weountry. | In (a): Camata = asinguler noun ingular vers counery = a singular noun (Mexico is @ country. A frequently comes in front of singular nouns. {In (by: @comes in front ofthe singular noun country. A is ealled “an arte” © Acatisan arimal A andanhare the same meaning. They are both antic. 41s wed infront of words that begin with consonants: b 6 df 6 sete. Examples: a but a eat, a dogy a fends gird Anis used in front of words tha begin with ge, ancl 0 ‘Examples am animal, on ear island, an office 1A sls sometimes used in font of word that begin wth «= Sse Chart 47. ‘The letersi 9, and wate called "vowel," Allott other eters in te alphabet are elled “consonants.” NOUN + aR NOUN “Plural” means “two, thre, or more.” (a) Cais are animes, (Cats = «plural noun, ‘arr =a plural verb animals = & phral now () SINGULAR: eat, an animal, ural nouns end in =. PLURAL: cts, animats And an are used only with singular nouns. (6) SINGULAR: acity, acounty, Some singular nouns that ead in -y have a special PLURAL ities, countries ‘pura! fon: They omic the =p and add tes." NOUN and NOUN + ARE + NOUN “Two notns connected by andl are followed by are. (4) Canada and China are countries. In (4): Canada is a singular noun. China is 4 singular noun, They are connected by and, (e) Dogs and eais are animals. | Together they are plural ise, “more than one.” "ce Chart 2-6 for more infeemation about adding -ahes wo words that end =»(4) Tomi in ey clas, Hei a stant (Kove amd To arein ey class. They are student =e ae 7 hes PRONOUN + PRONOUN + BE + NOUN ~ wr (1) We are etudates, | ME baad (0) Yow Gite ie toa, |S (e) She Ging ofa PZ, (me tom 2} Cae TH) Asta cm, Shona vate Presale wna In @) she feminine) = Rie In Gy he (masculine) In (key = Ritaand Tom (0) Tom Ex] teacher, Hepa stadent, (b) Tom and Ann fx] teachers ‘Nor makes senience negative [Not ct be ccomacted with fs and are: (e) Tame nots teacher Are ae wot rent contrasted, (a) Aba i oui, (h) Dats ae round. (e) Mary is sintotigont, (a) Macy and Ton awe intetigont. monet Fae Fate (1 on dunes. (0) she is young. e) They cS hopes rid inulin Sneery—) = acces young ‘ape Adictves often follow a erm of be (an are, ecives describe or 28 information outa noun or pronoun that comes atthe Dneginmins ofa senience* “Town or pronoun da omc atte Denn of ECE aed “aiea” See Ghar(a) Marine hove, Ina) A= a enon, (b) Bob athe brary. Ia (bat te ibe = aseaon, ‘a fen flowed bya bean dere ‘Alzeton maybe one words asin he examples in (0 hore deenetare Ce) Marais { Mpeaire ‘nade. aide. ‘octane PmeronON ¢ NOUN ‘octon guy be a preposional rae an in a the ovary | pepovion mo calle a "prepoviina pase” o theta | “Aire ior = prepositional erase (2) tebe fi Nercom. “ or metie Mra ale os mea = fom on eat ry ter ON NEXT TO. IN s [iia aaeine seemner arene wag] Tor Baw ou at i linge ah on on oe et ee | Seeaiecee ae semor +a + amncroe | eaves" Ad a Bah ote an tt omen tage, | anda ts ee ree eee ee for semtences that besa wih a subject + she verb be 1 ancary 980.) + veda ain) 1+ mrexpresion of eation a in (2)gessrion [sarin Ts queon, Be comes a of thesubiece ar + scmcr ‘samer + ae (a) te the asukn? She ae avmadens | Auncmacion A quenonende witha (b) Are thay athame? They are ashore, | gusion mak) ‘Auixoment end ith a period ()- ‘When people ansner a question, they null gve ony “short answer (bt sores they grew ong soswer™ uo). Noe inthe shore ames elon ‘ater eb cones wih ronan * Aer nso contactons of be are poste wth a ferences in meng Xo theyre nat Noa arom’ ‘aussi OTANI + (ONG ANT (C) leeheamident? > Veuahoin® —— Sheveunden) Novahe'smot Gime stale) of + Novahedere Shean (@) Arecheysthore? Ye they are (They ations (Thayer home) 0 (hear ae Teemmncr Fear ‘Secrasck Velie Where asks about location, Where comes atthe beginning of the question, in front of be. (QuesrioN SHORT ANSWER + (LONG ANSWER) ae + sumecr (a) Is the book onthe table? > Yes, ie fx. (The book i on the table) (b) ‘Are the books on the table? + Yes, they are. ‘The bookt are on the cable) wore + ne + suMECT (c) Where isthe Book? “+ On the table, Te book ison the table) (4) Where are the books? > On the table, (Tie books ar on the le) + have (2) 1 have apen. (ft) We have pens. | we (b) Vou have apen. —(g) You have pens ty (6) She hax apen, ——(h) They have pens (6) He has apen the (mas Mek Ys anSINGULAR Luka (2) Thavea book (e) We have books Her books ed. (4) He has a hook His book's red. ‘SORECT FORT FOSSSIVE FORE 1 = oy om - sour she + lier he . sis ey . tht My book i re. Our pucks are re, () You havea book ——(F) You have books Your book ised. Your books are red. (6) She has abook, —_(g) They have books, 1 posters book, ~ Ihave « book. = ha mybook. ‘Their books ar= red. “My, ot her, hs, our, a shai ae called “possessive adjectives.” They come in front of (a) My books are on my desk. These are my books. (b) Your books are on your desk. Those are your books. SINGULAR PLR this these tha these (a) What és this (thing)? + Isa pen ((b) Who ds that (man)? > ‘That's Mr. Lee. (c) What are those (things)? -> They’te pens. (2) Who are thes? -» They’re Mr. and Mrs. Lee. What asks about things. Who asks sbout reole. \NoTE: In quesions with what and eoho. ‘+ isis folowed by « singular word. + areis followed by a pural word. (Ce) What's this? CD) Who's that man? ‘CONTRACTIONS ‘thoi = oho’s ‘whats = what'ssmote yuo | Nooo The ver ater ah, he Ol peson aE Intemior —“Tiath— wetate | hut tnlve he 2acwOsos youth you ath Seiyesun — shevathe hey tal irate (a) Heaton every moming | The sine proc tne greets (a: Eating (2) Aa apeoke Engh every dey. | breshat ot hab unl sty oer morning = ineieapeae ad Monday morning Tuesday moron, Wednesday Fisica dite ‘orig Thay nrg, Pade orang Ser (4) They got th tech every weekend a sumer + ae + SRQUINCY “= Freer aves flew he ‘fen Tom + fe + (sometimes) 4 late elas seldom rarely | sowecr + RGEC. oT ome: Prcqueney avers come before ll — sep present verbs excep be, Tom + { sometimes | comes it, ‘etdom | rely1 donot Sinkcotke | some We domat ankle You donot scot. cea (She doer not srk cote He doernot sna coe We doernot src cae i : i i ; merleaes eae ae ‘oan does as ales “ping vert = [Novice (Jn 3 peon gu, ee mo ar on the aly ctl -cinpet ot dome OI Sh ert ih cf, (© lew ak conrmacrines donot = done “Tey dow’ ha car ‘deer ol = doce! (8 He daca’ sick en, People weal crac when hey sea ‘Mary doesn’ have ce Payee se eats hen te) we poposs + sumct + MN oto RS so ET Der @ De sets wom | Dose se Bez) mae i fm Downey Dares 1) Doce Bob fthy cts? | Dvahe | miner ie frm Dowa ‘Nowe in (0 The main ye inthe quaion dove tethmves flor. The al orp dows. eter es BB Ra a (@ Are you aden ‘When he man verb ie rm of e deNo (@) BORNE Deu be et? | _ ed See Ghar 19 or een fr wa be, earn Se) Do, den’ does sn decent are (© Doyoulena? + Yes id. (Tesen) ‘ied in the ee answers eu 92 NNovldowt (dort fie ea | gusions ine simple reset (6) Daw tae ate ead + rs bed, (He ast) [Nov be docan’e THe do ie‘owen Fone war ten anna (a) Were Thai? + Thain ein Southeast Ase (h) Whee are rook? My bok aren ete [ey When fe theme + Te sonar pe (a) ome eure? +My name Yat to Winine + Medes (Whee dojo ‘hee? ‘vein Loe Angles (g) Whutume does thepane——arree? +The plane ariee esis cen (m) Wht dopa eat? + Monhes ea up an ese (2) When door Bab dridy> +s sein the seni. ‘Nernce In eatin th Br the ain an nly eb the at Fils Be, sie reset questions ‘eee ear than be, he becom betmeen deo art he man ver a (a) We have class at one o'lock. ‘at + specific tme on the clock (o> Thavean appointment withthe doctor at 3:00, Co) We sleep at night ats nigh in (4) My biethday ie in October. fn specific month I¢e) Tas bom én 1960, in specific our Cf) We have class fn the morning iret the morsing i(g) Bob has class in the afternoon, ine the sftercen th) sud de the evening. ins de coning on [ci Ihave class on Mondy: fon +a specific day of the week [()) Twas bom on October 31, 1975, fon + a speciic date from ...to |(k) We have eas from 109 €0 2:00, from (a speciic ime) 60 (a specific ime)