An ultimate tribute by
Kajian Strategis HMTM PATRA ITB
Contents
1. Genosida Rwanda dan Pelajaran yang
diberi pada Dunia.
2. Freeport Tantang Indonesia di Medan
Arbitrase
3. Why nations fail?
4. The Obviousness Nightmare of
Biopiracy in Indonesia
5. The Change of the Ancient View
toward Past long-journey Leader,
Americans View Christopher
Columbus and George Washington
Today
6. Dari Panama Papers hingga Tax
amnesty
7. Status quo Indonesia dan China di
kepulauan Natuna
8. To start reading cheap, you can start
by using this tricks!
2
Genosida Rwanda dan Pelajaran yang
diberi pada Dunia.
Oleh William Angtony
3
penandatanganan perjanjian damai di Kigali, pesawat presiden ditembak
dan jatuh dan membunuh presiden dan pemimpin Hutu itu.
Saat itu, situasi politik di Rwanda sangat panas. Interhamwe
(Pasukan Hutu dari rakyat sipil) dibentuk, dan senjata parang dipesan
dan banyak dibeli dan memasuki kota. Sesaat setelah presiden
habyarimana terbunuh, perdana menteri Uwilingiyimana juga dibunuh
oleh milita dan sipil. Akibatnya terjadi kekosongan kepemimpinan, dan
kuasa berada di tangan jendral militer rwanda yang pro hutu. Saat setelah
itu, Interhamwe mulai dilakukan pembunuhan besar besaran *terhadap
suku tutsi yang dituduh membunuh presiden dan menjadi dalang dari
kerusuhan. Anak anak tidak luput dari korban pembunuhan. Salah satu
yang paling terkenal adalah pembunuhan anak anak di gereja gikondo.
Banyak wanita tutsi yang diperkosa dan dibunuh dalam genosida itu.
Genosida itu berlangsung selama satu bulan dan diperkirakan 80.000
orang terbunuh dalam konflik itu. Semua akhirnya berakhir, saat RPF
memukul mundur militer hutu dan juga interhamwe.
Sejak saat itu, dunia mengerti bahwa politik dan kekuasaan serta
ketidakmampuan untuk mentolerir dapat mengubah manusia menjadi
binatang buas. Konflik di rwanda mengajarkan kepada dunia tentang
buruknya sifat dasar manusia. Akhir akhir ini, kita mendengar tentang
konflik agama di negara kita, saya mencoba mengambil contoh yang
setidaknya mirip yakni konflik rwanda namun bedanya di rwanda
pembedanya adalah ras. Kita belajar bahwa, ketidakmampuan manusia
untuk mentolerir akan mengubah kedamaian menjadi kerusuhan.
Sekarang semua tersisa pada diri manusia Indonesia yaitu kita, apakah
kita akan membiarkan Indonesia memberi contoh kepada dunia sebagai
contoh hasil konflik agama dan ras layaknya Rwanda, atau kita bisa
mencoba belajar untuk menciptkan dunia yang damai.
4
Freeport Tantang Indonesia di Medan
Arbitrase
By Muhammad Choirul Aziz
5
Kontrak Karya
Freeport beroperasi di Indonesia berdasarkan Kontrak Karya yang
ditandatangani pada tahun 1967 berdasarkan UU 11/1967 mengenai
PMA. Masa berlaku Kontrak Karya pertama ini adalah 30
tahun. Kemudian pada tahun 1991, KK Freeport di perpanjang menjadi
30 tahun dengan opsi perpanjangan 2 kali @ 10 tahun. Jadi KK Freeport
akan berakhir di tahun 2021 jika pemerintah tidak menyetujui usulan
perpanjangan tersebut.
Karakteristik dari Kontrak Karya adalah bahwa seluruh urusan
manajemen dan operasional diserahkan kepada penambang. Negara
tidak memiliki kontrol sama sekali atas kegiatan operasional
perusahaan. Negara hanya memperoleh royalty yang bahkan besarnya
dinilai sangat kecil. Untuk tembaga, royalty sebesar 1,5% dari harga jual
(jika harga tembaga kurang dari US$ 0.9/pound) sampai 3.5% dari harga
jual (jika harga US$ 1.1/pound). Sedangkan untuk emas dan perak
ditetapkan sebesar 1% dari harga jual.
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Nomor 1 Tahun 2014 (PP 1/2014), tapi Freeport tidak juga
membangun smelter. Satu-satunya jalan agar Freeport dapat tetap
mengekspor konsentrat adalah dengan mengubah KK menjadi IUPK
karena UU Minerba.
Selain itu Freeport juga melakukan pembangkangan dengan tidak
melakukan divestasi sahamnya, dalam Kontrak Karya Generasi Kedua
yang telah ditandatangani sejak Tahun 1991, Freeport harus melakukan
divestasi sebesar 51% sahamnya secara bertahap sampai tahun 2011 dan
menyerahkannya kepada Pemerintah Indonesia.
IUPK
Dengan dikeluarkannya PP No.1 Tahun 2017. Dengan
dikeluarkannya PP tersebut telah mengharuskan perusahaan tambang
pemegang Kontrak Karya untuk mengubah status perizinannya menjadi
Izin Usaha Pertambangan Khusus (IUPK). Konsekuensi hukumnya adalah
dengan perubahan status perizinan tersebut maka gugurlah seluruh
aturan yang telah dimuat dalam Kontrak Karya sebelumnya. Perbedaan
utama antara KK dan IUPK adalah status perjanjian, KK adalah 'kontrak'
dan IUPK ialah 'izin'. Dalam KK, Freeport dan pemerintah Indonesia
adalah 2 pihak yang berkontrak, kedudukannya sejajar. Sedangkan kalau
IUPK, negara adalah pemberi izin yang berada di atas perusahaan
pemegang izin.
Berdasarkan UU Minerba pasal 131 besarnya pajak dan
penerimaan negara bukan pajak yang dipungut dan pemegang IUP, IPR,
atau IUPK ditetapkan berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-
undangan sehingga disini IUPK bersifat prevailing, mengikuti aturan
perpajakan yang berlaku. Besarnya pajak dan PNBP dapat berubah ketika
ada perubahan peraturan. Inilah yang dianggap sebagai ketidakpastian
oleh Freeport, tidak seperti dalam KK dimana besaran pajak dan PNBP
yang stabil dan tidak berubah-ubah hingga masa kontrak habis.
Namun keuntungan yang bisa diperoleh Freeport jika
menggunakan IUPK adalah tetap dapat melakukan kegiatan ekspor
karena dalam UU Minerba tak ada batasan waktu untuk menyelesaikan
pembangunan smelter seperti batasan waktu 5 tahun jika berpegang
pada KK.
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Di Medan Arbitrase
Arbitrase merupakan salah satu cara penyelesaian persengketaan
yang diakui secara internasional melalui pasal 33 dalam Piagam PBB
disamping cara-cara lain seperti negotiation, enquiry, mediation, judicial
settlement, dan resort to regional agencies or arrangement. Terdapat
beberapa badan arbitrase yang dapat dijadikan tempat penyelesaian
masalah secara arbitrase seperti, International Court of Justice, London
Court of International Arbitration(LCIA), Permanent Court of Arbitration,
Permanent Court of International Justice, dll. Namun berdasarkan
ketentuan Pasal 21 Kontrak karya menjelaskan "Bahwa setiap
pelanggaran Kontrak wajib diselesaikan melalui cara rekonsiliasi atau
arbitrase sesuai dengan kaedah Arbitrase United Nations Commission on
International Trade Law UNCITRAL."
Tidak ada yang dapat memastikan siapa yang akan
memenangkan pertarungan dimedan arbitrase karena bisa saja bukan
hanya berdasarkan ketentuan hitam diatas putih saja mengenai
ketentuan-ketentuan yang telah disepakati tetapi juga ada faktor-faktor
lain yang juga mempengaruhi. Bagi Freeport Pemerintah Indonesia telah
melakukan pelanggaran dengan pengehentian perjanjian kontrak secara
sepihak tanpa persetujuan Freeport. Namun Freeport sendiri seperti yang
telah dibahas pada bagian sebelumnya juga melanggar sebagian dari
kontrak karya ini dengan tidak melakukan pemurnian dan divestasi
saham, sebenarnya Freeport sendiri memperjuangkan legal formal yang
juga sudah ia langgar. Sehingga jika berdasarkan hitam diatas putih
Indonesia punya peluang cukup besar dan ini belum mempertimbangkan
aspek lain selain ketentuan hitam diatas putih.
8
Why nations fail?
By Dharmawan Raharjo
9
structures and equipment which make labor more productive. For
example, by using tractor instead of shovel for scarifying soil, farmers can
reduce working time and achieve better production.
Human capital is the tools of the mind, a bunch of productive
knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training,
and experience. It is not something we are born with, instead, it is
produced by an investment of time and other resources in education,
training and experience. For example, by incorporating GPS technology
as fisherman companion, they will be more productive. Or with the ability
to master office, we can type a lot faster than using manual typewriter.
Technological knowledge is knowledge about how the world
works that is used to produce goods and services. It differs from human
capital in terms of its manifestation. Technological knowledge is a
scientific works that make a certain technology possible. For example,
GPS will not be as accurate as today without the invention of general
theory of relativity of Albert Einstein.
The final factor is the organization which connects physical
capital, human capital and technological knowledge to produce goods
and services to run the economy. However, we need to dig into the
underlying causes upon why factors of production differ from one country
to another. And to answer the mystical inquiry regarding the root cause
of nations affluence, social scientist developed four hypothesizes.
First, the geography hypothesis. The core idea of geography
hypothesis lies on the strategic locations of a nation. The more strategic
it is, the wealthier the country could be. What differentiates wealth and a
poor nation is distinctive geographical location, in which affluent nations
tend to locate in temperate latitude (Montesquieu, France). The
argument originated from Montesquieu investigation over wealth and
poor country distribution in a bracket latitude. He found a pattern that
poor countries such as Africa, Central America and South Asia are
located between tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. People in this area are
often time hit by endemic disease such as malaria which affects the labor
productivity.
However, it is not always correct to generalize geography as the
main factor of nation wealth. Mexico and Bolivia, located in Central
America, were once the center of Aztec and Inca civilization. It had been
politically centralized and was able to establish road even recognize
10
writings and money. These features are the foundation of development.
Secondly, tropical diseases are not necessarily the main cause why
African Poor. Instead, it is the consequence of poverty and inability of the
government to provide better healthcare system for society. The
emerging of Singapore as developed country also emphasize the failure
of the hypothesis.
The second is the culture hypothesis. A country is wealthy
because they have a certainly tailored culture for example western
culture which affect the work ethic of the nations. However, when we
look at the fact from a city located along the border of USA and Mexico
named Nogales Sonora and Arizona, the things are getting absurd. The
city was once an indivisible region which has the same culture, language,
and norm. However, since the constructions of the wall separating the
region into two areas, there has been a large shift of economic gap today
in the region. Nogales Arizona, USA, is currently a lot more prosperous as
well as educated than its neighbor Sonora.
Culture hypothesis also mentions religion as the driving factor of
countrys richness such as country whose Christian majority of society
tend to be more affluent. However, the economic success of East Asia
which has nothing to do with religion counters the argument. Argentina
and Uruguay who are the descendants of Europe doesnt necessarily
make that country into a wealthy nation.
Third, the ignorance hypothesis. A nation is failing because its
leader simply doesnt know what to do. The idea is derived from the idea
of market economy. The market economy is a situation in which
individual or company are able to freely produce, sell and buy whatever
things they want to. The inexistence of it creates what so called as market
failure. The market failure enables a particular company to monopolize or
a political figure to rule the market which intends to put as much as
money to their crony. Big inequality will raise and if unaddressed, the gap
will grow big.
Yet, most incumbent government official actually knows which
policy is inefficient and what to do. But, they simply avoid doing it
because they need a political support which can be achieved through
changing the policy. In exchange for tailored policy, a politician will get
financial support which is necessary to gain votes for the next election.
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Fourth, the institution hypothesis. The prevailing reason of
countries richness lies on its institution. Lets take a look at South Korea
and North Korea. Currently, South Korea has a per capita GDP nearly 20
times higher than that of North Korea. Why? Answering because of they
have more capital will not comprehensively answer the question. What
we want to know is why philosophically South Korea has more capital.
After World War II, South and North Korea were divided into two
regions. They once share the same people and culture, in another word,
same human capital. The natural resources were about the same in the
South as the North, which means a same physical capital. If there were
any advantages, it went to North Korea because at that time it was more
industrialized than the South.
South and North differed in their economic institutions. After
1945, the different government in the North and the South adopted very
different ways of organizing their economy. South Korea was led, and its
early economic and political institutions were shaped, by the Harvard and
Princeton educated, a staunchly anticommunist Syngman Rhee, with
significant support from the United States. However, forged in the midst
of the Korean War and against the threat of communism spreading to the
south, South Korea was no democracy. Both Rhee and his famous
successor, General Park Chung Hee, secured their places in history as
authoritarian presidents. But both governed a market economy where the
private economy was recognized.
The situation of the North was different. Kim Il-Sung, a leader of
anti-Japanese communist partisans during the Second World War,
established himself as a dictator by 1947 and, with the help of the Soviet
Union, introduced a rigid form of centrally planned economy. Private
property was outlawed, and markets were banned except for those who
are the part of very small ruling elite.
Meanwhile, in the South, economic institution encouraged
investment and trade. Politician invested in education, achieving high
rates of literacy and schooling. The youth was not afraid to achieve as
high as education as possible because they know in the end of the day
they can choose career that suits them best. Whereas, in the North, youth
doesnt have such incentive because after they graduate, it is compulsory
to join the army.
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Based on that, we understand that there are two kinds of
institutions: inclusive and extractive economic institution. South Korea
develops faster because it has an inclusive economic institution which
encourages and allows inclusive societys participation in economic
activity. It incentivizes them to work self-interestedly to achieve the best
outcome. Meanwhile, an extractive economic institution is designed to
extract income from one subset of society to benefit different subset. And
that what is happening in North Korea.
What is an institution? Institutions are the rules of the game that
shape human interaction and structure economic incentives within a
society. The kinds of the institution that encourage investment are the
property of rights, honest government, political stability, a dependable
legal system and competitive and open market.
Property of Rights is the basic reason why people would like to do
hard work. In a communist system, only communal right was recognized.
It may be the source of the problem of stagnant economy in communist
system based country because people dont have the incentive to work
hard since what they have produced with flooding sweet will be
distributed equally among the members. The inexistence of property of
right will discourage technological innovation to grow because the
company, for example, a pharmaceutical company, will not be able to
reap benefits of newly invented drugs.
Honest Government means no corruption. Corrupt government
will bleed resources away from productive entrepreneurs. Resources that
should be invested in equipment to drive productivity are taken away to
bribe the politician to ease complicating policy.
Political Stability means nations future is good. No investor would
like to invest if the expropriation or bloodshed occurs.
The problem of poorly protected property rights is not always a
problem of too much government but also too little government. People
can be more comfortable when there is a reliable system to protect them
inclusively in form of a dependable legal system. Last but not least, the
existence Competitive and Open Market will enable a country to allocate
capital efficiently which has a great effect on the wealth of the nations.
Finally, poor countries are poor not because their geographies or
cultures, or because their leaders do not know which policies will enrich
13
their citizens, instead it is the institution which unable to provide an
incentive for people to grow the economy.
14
The Obviousness Nightmare of Biopiracy
in Indonesia
By Yongki
15
Indonesia in their home country about curing some diseases like malaria
and another communicable diseases.
With abundant biodiversity, Indonesia is home to millions of
species though Indonesia is not the largest country in the world. The
biodiversity of Indonesia has is actually the future- most important
resource indeed. Many medicines and materials are made of natural
sources.
Dejectedly, our government often disregard toward the enormous
richness of natural resources that we have. As a developing country, we
battle up with a lot of poverty, inequalities and disease. As for disease, it
still remains a huge problem for our country. Many Indonesian have to
come up with the fact that they have to face deadly diseases such
malaria, swine flu, H5N1 flu, TBC and any forms of disease. Drugs or
medicines to cure those diseases are expensive and sorrowfully most of
the medicines are actually imported from other countries. CEO of
Biofarma (a famous brand for medicine in Indonesia) once stated that we
actually can cure a lot of disease and bolster our research outcome if we
want to wisely use our great nature. Nature has always mesmerized us
but it needs a grace touch of our god-damn hand to unlock what actually
inside. Every answer of our problem can be found if we want to take a
closer look to the nature. Drugs to assassinate disease like TBC or malaria
can be found if we want to go find it in nature. Contrary, the current status
quo is our Great government rarely pushes research in basic natural
research like biology. If we focus to thoughtfully exploit our nature
richness instead of focus on exploiting coal, palm, or gold, we can find
many breakthroughs in medicines or pharmacy. Maybe it can lead
Indonesian to win Nobel Prize in the future
One reason answering the why question for our nature which
being stolen by those foreign researchers is because we tragically never
claim nature as our property. We never consider nature and biodiversity
as a place to conduct research and create scientific advancement. We are
lazy as it is to know more about our natural wealth. If only we give more
dedication to do research about our natural biodiversity, no one will have
the courage to do biopiracy. We need to support the government to give
more funds for the fundamental natural researches so we can reduce our
ignorance about our lovely biodiversity and prevent sinfully biopiracy.
16
The Change of the Ancient View toward
Past long-journey Leader, Americans
View Christopher Columbus and George
Washington Today
by Yongki
A good leader is someone who stands not only for his cause but
takes responsibility and motivates individuals to be better. A leader
should be courageous, diligent, intelligent, genuine, selfless, and
thoughtful. Each leader has their own way to face challenges and
difficulties.
Christopher Columbus and George Washington faced many
difficult mountains and challenges in their day. They hold the memoirs
of America because they both faced unknown worlds and were
courageous and dedicated to their cause. .Christopher Columbus was
born on October 31, 1450 in the Republic of Genoa. Today its known as
northwestern Italy. He was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer.
Columbus is viewed by older Americans differently than the younger
generation, because older Americans were taught that Columbus was a
hero. They were instructed that he founded America and earned respect
for his bravery and that he was a visionary leader. He sailed around the
world that was thought to be flat at that time. He travelled around the
world to find the spices. The younger generation has a different point of
view of Columbus because many youth now know that he enslaved the
Native American population when he discovered the Americas. He
forced the Native Americans to search for gold to profit him. His
cruel treatment led to the death of many innocent natives.
George Washington was born in Pope's Creek in Westmoreland
County, Virginia, on February 22, 1732. He was the first President of The
United States of America and the commander of the Continental Army
during the American Revolutionary War. He carved his name in
Americans heart immutably. He was one of the most able administrators
ever to serve as President. He administered the government with fairness
and integrity. Americans got to see that the President could lead without
corruption. This was a new concept in the world at that time. Kings of the
past often were corrupt. Further, he executed new laws with restraint.
He established his authority with controls. He was trusted as a leader
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that served to build a foundation for the new country that would change
the world.
Columbus, in his time it is common to see the revolts problem.
Mutiny was a big problem that was faced by many explorers. The skills
and courageous soul are required for him in order to lead a safe and
achieve successful expedition to discovered unknown lands. Columbus
has a valuable feature that should had by every people in his position, as
a leader in the journey, he needs power and responsibility, both ability
are used to keep a close connection between the leader and the follower,
which often determine the success of leaders mission. In his time, it was
the capability to integrate the crews. He had to motivate to follower in
order to accomplish and attain of their goals.
Washington is described as selfless hero who did not expect
anything in return for what he had done for America. As the first
president of United States he had to face nation huge difficulties, he faced
the challenges of being the first president to run, and builds the
foundations of the newly country of United States. US had nothing in
money and were having heavy debt to other country. Washington
brought his concerns to the American people by trying to persuade them
that their independence, safety, and liberty were all to be determined by
the unity of their states. By these issues he proved to be a paragon leader.
You have to thoroughly understand your mission including the
environment in which way that you can stand to overcome the challenges
and thats how can be an effective leader. Good leaders dont think doing
the same thing in the long-range of time; leaders need to conquer the
obstacle by revolutionary methods. They challenge conventional wisdom
and seek new out, better, different ways of doing things, which will result
in achieving the glory.
It is interesting to know that todays view will not be the same in
past years before; there is no any changing of history, but the concept is
triggering, like the Americans view of Cristopher Columbus and George
Washington today will have the variation of answer because the teaching
is changed not because the chronicle is switched over to a different
viewpoint. As much we observe, as much we gain the new information.
18
Dari Panama Papers hingga Tax amnesty
Oleh Kajian Strategis HMTM PATRA ITB
19
Isu tax amnesty pun semakin intens diberitakan di berbagai
media ketika kumpulan informasi mengenai offshore dan shell company
di Panama bocor ke publik. Perusahaan ini diindikasikan menyimpan
dana pada tax heaven country (Panama) untuk menghindari pajak yang
besar di negara asalnya. Kebocoran data ini juga menyeret berbagai
pejabat tinggi dan pengusaha Indonesia yang mengimplikasikan
sekaligus mengkonfirmasi secara persepsi bahwa banyak warga negara
Indonesia yang melakukan tax evasion.
Dikarenakan kondisi APBN Indonesia yang sedang defisit, dan isu
dana panas luar negeri terus bergulir, kebijakan pengampunan pajak
semakin gencar dibahas di DPR. Fraksi fraksi di DPR terlihat satu suara
dan sangat optimis dengan kebijakan penghapusan pajak ini, padahal
ada pembelot yang sebenarnya tidak berani untuk bersikap oposisi
karena masyarakat Indonesia cenderung adem ayem saat itu tentu
karena isu ini begitu eksklusif dan terlihat begitu sulit untuk dimengeti
masyarakat. Selain itu, dampak pada masyarakat Indonesia maupun
mahasiswa dirasakan secara tidak langsung sehingga ada
kecenderungan untuk bersikap acuh tak acuh. Beda halnya ketika
kebijakannya mengatur UKT, atau naiknya BBM, atau penghapusan
asuransi kesehatan yang dampaknya dirasakan langsung pada mayoritas
rakyat Indonesia sehingga pasti perlawanan akan bermunculan dengan
sangat cepat.
Karena minimnya perlawanan dari pihak kontra, UU mengenai tax
amnesty pun resmi diberlakukan pada awal juli 2016 dan berakhir pada
akhir maret 2017.
Program tax amnesty Indonesia
Kebijakan pengampunan pajak Indonesia secara fundamental
menghapuskan sanksi administrasi, sanksi pidana dan sanksi lainnya
yang diakibatkan dari penggelapan pajak sehingga penggelap pajak
hanya perlu melunaskan pajak-pajaknya yang telah lalu dan membayar
sejumlah uang tembusan yang diatur berdasarkan siapa yang
menyelundupkan, waktu dan keinginanan untuk merepatriasi
uang mereka. Mekanisme sangat menguntungkan bagi penyelundup
pajak karena sanksi administrasi pajak sangat berat bisa membuat
mereka membayar 4x lipat dari pajak terhutang. Dengan kebijakan ini,
pemerintah berharap adanya win-win solution antara pemerintah dan tax
evaders: pemerintah berharap mendapatkan dana untuk menjalankan
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program pemerintah, dan penyelundup pajak mendapatkan kesempatan
untuk tobat.
Hal yang cukup rancu sebenarnya adalah mengapa pemerintah
Indonesia begitu tunduk dengan para pelaku kejahatan. Pemerintah
seolah olah menyediakan karpet merah dalam bentuk upaya penyediakan
undang undang khusus untuk mereka dengan aspirasi bahwa uang
hanya datang dari orang orang ini dapat membangun Indonesia. Padahal,
pada 2015, ada sekitar 200 T tunggakan pajak Indonesia yang belum
diselesaikan tapi malah Indonesia menggenjot penerimaan pajak dengan
kebijakan tax amnesty dengan harapan pemasukan 160 T.
Aturan tax amnesty
Program tax amnesty yang dilaksanakan Indonesia dibagi menjadi
3 termin. Apabila harta direpatriasi, maka akan dikenai tebusan sebesar
2% pada termin I, 3% pada termin II, dan 5% pada termin III terhadap
harta yang dideklarasi. Namun apabila harta tidak direpatriasi, maka
uang tembusan akan dua kali lebih besar pada tiap termin. Khusus untuk
wajib pajak dengan peredaran usaha, apabila harta deklarasi kurang dari
10 Millar, maka akan dikenai dana tembusan 0.5% dari total harta
tersebut. Dan apabila lebih dari 10 Millar, maka akan dikenai uang
tebusan sebesar 2% dari harta yang di deklarasi. Dana tembusan akan
menjadi aliran pemasukan Indonesia dan Dana repatriasi yang masuk ke
Indonesia akan diivestasikan dalam bentuk surat berharga, oblogasi
BUMN, investasi pada program infrastruktur Indonesia. Harapannya
dana ini dapat membantu mendorong pembangunan perekonomian
Indonesia.
Dari pandangan politik pragmatis memang program ini
bermanfaat apabila sukses dilaksanakan, namun pada realitanya, hingga
akhir agustus atau 2/9 bulan sejak dilaksanakan, dana yang terkumpul
hanya sekitar 2%. Bayang kegagalan dan tagar penolakan masyarakat
muncul setelah undang undang ini telah dilaksanakan dikarenakan
alasan keadilan.
Kedepannya, hal yang paling penting adalah reformasi perpajakan
Indonesia dan mengawal kebijakan pengampunan pajak ini. Intrumen
investasi harus selalu dikontrol agar tidak terjadi over likuiditas pada
sektor sektor tertentu yang akan berakibat pada tidak effisiennya
penyerapan dana repatriasi. Iya jika target repatriasi terpenuhi, apabila
gagal, Indonesia akan dihantui oleh pembelotan rakyat yang merasa
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tidak diperlakukan adil karena membayar tepat waktu, perlambatan
ekonomi dan budget defisit yang semakin berlarut larut.
Reformasi perpajakan sangat dibutuhkan sebagai escape plan
apabila tax amnesty gagal. Karena secara fundamental, program
ekstensifikasi maupun intensifikasi pemerintah tak akan berjalan dengan
baik bahkan gagal apabila tidak didukung oleh instansi pajak yang
mumpuni. Dalam hal mumpuni, kita berbicara mengenai man power,
birokrasi, teknologi serta transparansi. Reformasi pajak adalah kunci
keberhasilan Indonesia dalam mengatasi permasalahannya.
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Status quo Indonesia dan China di
kepulauan Natuna
Oleh Kajian Strategis HMTM PATRA ITB
Apa yang terjadi di Natuna saat ini?
Konflik di Laut China Selatan melibatkan 6 negara, yakni
Malaysia, Filipina, Vietnam, Brunei Darussalam, China dan Taiwan.
Setiap negara berusaha mematok landas kontinen masing-masing,
mengingat di perairan itu kaya sumber daya alam. Selain itu, Laut China
Selatan adalah jalur laut tersibuk dunia. Beijing lah yang memulai konflik
ini dengan mengeluarkan peta pada 1947, memasukkan kepulauan milik
Filipina dan Vietnam, dengan alasan sejarah.
Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang terancam dirugikan
karena aksi China menggambar sembilan titik wilayah baru di Kepulauan
Natuna, Provinsi Kepulauan Riau. Jika dilihat sekilas, perairan kaya gas
itu terkesan masuk wilayah kedaulatan China. Menurut Kementerian
Luar Negeri, klaim China melanggar Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif milik RI.
Indonesia sudah mengajukan keberatan atas sembilan titik itu pada
2009 ke Komisi Landas Kontinen Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB).
Adapun, hubungan RI-China relatif masih baik dalam isu Laut China
Selatan, dibandingkan sengketa yang terasa antara China-Vietnam atau
China-Filipina.
Pada 20 maret 2016, terjadi ketegangan antara pemerintah
Indonesia dan China. Aparat kapal keamanan laut China berusaha
menghalangi petugas Indonesia untuk mengamankan kapal Kway Fee
10078 yang diduga melakukan illegal fishing, di Perairan Natuna.
Padahal, Berdasarkan Konvensi PBB tentang Hukum Laut (UNCLOS)
Negara Indonesia memiliki hak berdaulat atas laut teritorial dan ZEE
(Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif). Hal ini berimplikasi kepada timbulnya kesan
China tidak memiliki iktikad baik dalam menghormati UNCLOS.
Indonesia sebagai coastal state
Berdasarkan Pasal 73 UNCLOS Indonesia sebagai "coastal state"
memiliki hak untuk mengekplorasi, ekploitasi, konservasi dan
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mengkontrol sumber daya alam pada wilayah ZEE. Indonesia juga berhak
untuk melakukan tindakan seperti "boarding", inspeksi, penahanan dan
melakukan proses hukum untuk menegakkan hukum penangkapan ikan.
Sementara, berdasarkan Pasal 58 UNCLOS, negara-negara lain harus
menghormati dan melaksanakan aturan yang diterapkan oleh Indonesia
sebagai 'coastal state'. Sehingga, dalam insiden yang terjadi di perairan
Natuna, secara hukum Indonesia sudah tepat dalam bertindak.
Apakah kasus natuna merupakan terriorial dispute?
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penangkapan ikan menjadi fungsi diplomatis dan politik yang cukup
penting untuk meningkatkan keberataan maritime. Kapal kapal ini
kemungkinan didukung oleh pemerintah china secara finansial dan
politik untuk men-defacto-kan keberadaan dan kedaulatan negara pada
daerah tersebut.
Contoh kasus: Kasus Haiyang Shiyou 981 Standoff, kedua negara
sengketa, dalam hal ini China dan Vietnam melakukan taktik penyebaran
nelayan pada daerah konflik. Personel ini biasanya disebut maritime
militia digunakan sebagai proksi untuk mengabsahkan posisi china pada
zona disputed laut china selatan.
http://thediplomat.com/2015/05/rethinking-chinas-maritime-militia-policy/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiyang_Shiyou_981_standoff
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According to Ryamizard, Indonesia plans to deploy a fleet of
jet fighters and three corvettes to the islands, revamp its naval
and air force base and deploy more troops.
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/12/16/asia-pacific/politics-diplomacy-
asia-pacific/indonesia-looks-boost-defenses-around-natuna-islands-south-
china-sea/#.Vw-cFDB97IX
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To start reading cheap, you can start by
using these tricks!
By Dharmawan Raharjo
I know most of us have a desire to learn and read but often times
being stumbled because we dont know what books to read, how to find
the books, financial aspect or have found the good book but written in
fucking English which we are too lazy to translate. Here are the steps that
I personally recommend for those of you who would like to start to dig
deep in intellectual manuscript.
1. Search the books that you are interested in learning in
Google. It may be learning how to be rich, learning
politics, learning economics or just simply reading a
romance novel. Be free to express and unleash your thirst
of knowledge. If you simply dont know, ask
recommendation from the friends whom you perceive as
a book geek.
2. Buy ebooks (this is a lot cheaper than paper one) or find it
in bookzz.org. Use this trick if you really dont have any
money to buy books.
3. If the book is written in English, it may be really hard to
read at first. Dont be discouraged. Keep moving on! The
moment you reach the tipping point, books are going to
be easy to read!
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4. To find the definition of a difficult word, you can try using
Google Play Book application in android. It will provide
you instantaneous definition of a word the moment you
press it. This feature is really helpful to read a difficult
book.
To enable the instantaneous pop-up definition after
pressing, you need to find a book with the extension
.epub not .pdf
5. After you are ready to read, dont forget to note important
points so it will not just fade away.
6. Enjoy reading!
However, I know people dont enjoy so much in reading in their
ipad, tablets or smartphone due to eye straining and blue light. If you
have more bucks in pocket and want to try new experience in reading
ebook feel like hard books, you can try to buy ebook reader which
specifically design to read books. To my experience, this is a lot more
convenient than phone, and economically a lot cheaper than paper book.
Hopefully, you may find your joy to read books. Good luck
exploring the world!
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