Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S.

, ITB

DAFTAR ISI

Judul............................................................................................................................Isi

Bab. I. System of Units

1.1. Consistent System Unit........................................................................................1

1.2. Klasifikasi System Unit.........................................................................................1
1.2.1. English System.................................................................................1
1.2.2. International System.........................................................................1
1.3. Conversion of Units..............................................................................................9
1.3.1. Satuan Si..........................................................................................9
1.3.2. Aturan Konversi dan Pembuatan......................................................9
1.3.3. Faktor konversi.................................................................................10

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

Bab. II. Persiapan Tempat dan Lokasi Pemboran

2.1. Pendahuluan .......................................................................................................25

2.2. Persiapan Tempat ...............................................................................................26
2.3. Pengiriman Peralatan ..........................................................................................29
2.4. Penunjukan Pekerja ............................................................................................30
2.5. Mendirikan Derrick ..............................................................................................32
2.6. Peralatan Penunjang dan Pemasangannya .......................................................34
2.7. Persiapan Akhir ...................................................................................................37

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

Bab. III. Peralatan Pemboran

3.1. Pendahuluan........................................................................................................1
3.2. Sistem Pengangkat (Hoisting System)................................................................1
3.2.1. Derrick atau Portable Mast dan Substruktur.............................................2
3.2.1.1. Rig Floor...........................................................................................4
3.2.1.2. Rig....................................................................................................6
3.2.1.2.1. Cable tool rig......................................................................7
3.2.1.2.2. Land rig...............................................................................9
3.2.1.2.3. Standard derrick.................................................................9
3.2.1.2.4. Portable rig.........................................................................10
3.2.1.2.5. Conventional rig..................................................................11
3.2.1.2.6. Marine rig ...........................................................................13
3.2.2. Block dan Tackle.......................................................................................19
3.2.3. Drawwork..................................................................................................26
3.3. Sistem Sirkulasi (Circulating System)..................................................................28
3.4. Rotating System...................................................................................................32
3.5. BOP System.........................................................................................................46
3.5.1. Anular Blowout Preventer.........................................................................47
3.5.1.1. Annular Preventer..........................................................................47
3.5.1.2. Ram Preventer...............................................................................47
3.5.1.2.1. Pipe Rams.......................................................................48
3.5.1.2.2. Variable-bore Ram (VBR)................................................48
3.5.1.2.3. Blind Ram........................................................................48
3.5.1.2.4. Shear Ram.......................................................................49
3.5.1.3. Drilling spools.................................................................................49
3.5.1.4. Casing Head..................................................................................50
3.5.1.5. Diverter Bags.................................................................................50
3.5.1.6. Rotating Head................................................................................51
3.5.1.7. Choke dan Kill Lines......................................................................52
3.5.2. Drillpipe Blowout Preventer.......................................................................53
3.5.2.1.Kelly dan Kelly Cock.......................................................................53
3.5.2.2. Automatic Valves............................................................................53
3.5.2.3. Valve Manual ................................................................................54
3.6. Power System......................................................................................................54
3.7. Peralatan-Peralatan Khusus................................................................................59
3.7.1. Stabilizer...................................................................................................59
3.7.2. Rotary Reamer..........................................................................................60
3.7.3. Shock Absorber.........................................................................................61
3.7.4. Square Drill Collar.....................................................................................61
3.7.5. Peralatan untuk pembelokan lubang........................................................61
3.7.5.1 Badger bit........................................................................................61
3.7.5.2. Spud bit..........................................................................................62
3.7.5.3. Knucle joint....................................................................................63
3.7.5.4. Whipstock......................................................................................63
3.7.5.5. Turbodril.........................................................................................64
3.7.5.6. Dynadrill.........................................................................................64
3.7.5.7. Jet Deflector Bit..............................................................................65
3.7.5.8. Bent Sub........................................................................................66
3.7.5.9. Knuckle Joint atau Fleksible Joint.................................................66
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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

3.7.6. Peralatan Cementing................................................................................66

3.7.6.1. Peralatan permukaan....................................................................66
3.7.6.1.1 Mixer (pencampur).........................................................67
3.7.6.1.2 Pompa semen................................................................67
3.7.6.1.3 Casing cementing head.................................................67
3.7.6.2. Peralatan Semen di bawah permukaan.......................................68
3.7.6.2.1 Casing Guide Shoe dan Float Collar.............................68
3.7.6.2.2 Wiper plug......................................................................69
3.7.6.2.3 Scratcher........................................................................69
3.7.6.2.4 Casing centralizer..........................................................70

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

Bab. IV. Rotary Drilling Bit

4.1. Pendahuluan................................................................................................113
4.1.1 Drag Bit..............................................................................................113
4.1.2. Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) Bits.................................................117
4.1.3. Rolling Cutter Bits.............................................................................119
4.1.4. Standard Klasifikasi Bit (IADC Classification Codes).......................124
4.2. Mekanisme Kegagalan Batuan....................................................................132
4.2.1. Mekanisme Kegagalan Batuan pada Drag Bit.................................132
4.2.2. Mekanisme Kegagalan Batuan pada Rolling Cutter Bit...................133
4.3. Bit Selection & Evaluation............................................................................135
4.3.1. Mengklasifikasi Keausan Gigi Bit.....................................................137
4.3.2. Mengklasifikasi Keausan Bearing.....................................................138
4.3.3. Mengklasifikasikan Keausan Gauge (Gauge Wear)........................139
4.4 Drilling Cost Analysis ...................................................................................139
4.4.1. Metoda Cost Per Foot.......................................................................139
4.4.2. Metoda Minimum Cost Drilling .........................................................140
4.4.3. Optimasi WOB dan RPM dengan Metode Galle-Woods..................143
4.4.3.1. Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Perhitungan Optimasi Wob-RPM. .143
4.4.3.2. Langkah-Langkah Perhitungan Optimasi Faktor Mekanik.........146

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

Bab. V. Mekanika Batuan

5.1. Klasifikasi Serta Sifat Fisik Dan Sifat Mekanik Batuan........................................153

5.1.1. Klasifikasi Batuan......................................................................................153
5.1.2. Sifat Fisik dan Mekanik Batuan................................................................154
5.1.2.1. Sifat Fisik Batuan...........................................................................154
5.1.2.2. Sifat Mekanik Batuan.....................................................................156
5.2. Strength Batuan Dan Kriteria Penghancuran......................................................157
5.2.1. Model Penghancuran Batuan...................................................................157
5.2.2. Pengujian Strain dan Stress Batuan.........................................................158
5.2.2.1. Pengujian Kuat Tekan....................................................................158
5.2.2.2. Pengujian kuat tarik (indirect tensile strength test)........................161
5.2.2.3. Pengujian Triaxial..........................................................................161
5.2.2.4. Direct box shear strength test........................................................162
5.2.3. Perilaku Tegangan dan Regangan dalam Tekanan..................................163
5.2.3.1. Tegangan (Stress) dan Regangan (Strain)....................................163
5.2.3.2. Hydrostatic Compression...............................................................165
5.2.3.3. Deviator Compression...................................................................165
5.2.3.4. Axial Normal Strain........................................................................166
5.2.3.5. Pengaruh Confining Pressure.......................................................166
5.2.4. Kriteria Failure dari Mohr-Coulomb...........................................................166
5.2.4.1. Konsep Dasar Failure Mohr-Coulomb...........................................166
5.2.4.2. Pengaruh dari Principal Stress Ratio pada Failure......................172
5.2.4.3. Kriteria Failure Empiris..................................................................173
5.2.4.4. Pengaruh Dari Ukuran Pada Strength...........................................175
5.2.4.5. Batuan Anisotropik.........................................................................175
5.3. Penerapan Mekanika Penghancuran Batuan Dalam Operasi Pemboran...........177
5.3.1. Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Laju Pemboran...................................177
5.3.2. Kriteria Mohr-Coulomb Pada Penghancuran Batuan Oleh Pahat.............177
5.3.2.1. Uji Kriteria Mohr-Coulomb dengan beban gigi pahat....................177
5.3.2.2. Mekanisme Penghancuran Batuan oleh Drag Bit.........................180
5.3.2.3. Mekanisme Penghancuran Batuan oleh Diamond Bit...................181
5.3.2.4. Mekanisme Penghancuran Batuan oleh Rolling Cutter Bit...........181
5.3.2.5. Pengaruh Beban Pahat dan Putaran Pahat..................................184
5.5.2.6. Pengaruh Tekanan Lumpur dan Tekanan Formasi.......................186
5.4. Penerapan Metoda Cost Per Foot Dan Specific Energy Dalam
Operasi Pemboran...............................................................................................188
5.4.1. Metoda Cost Per Foot................................................................................189
5.4.2. Metoda Specific Energy.............................................................................189
5.5. IADC CODE ROCK BIT.......................................................................................190
5.6. CONTOH SOAL...................................................................................................194

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

Bab. VI. Lumpur Pemboran

6.1. Pendahuluan........................................................................................................197
6.2. Fungsi Lumpur Pemboran....................................................................................198
6.3. Sifat-Sifat Lumpur................................................................................................200
6.3.1 Densitas dan Sand Content ......................................................................200
6.3.2. Viskositas dan Gel Strength......................................................................203
6.3.3. Filtrasi Dan Mud Cake..............................................................................207
6.3.4. Sifat-Sifat Lumpur pada Tekanan dan Temperatur Tinggi........................209
6.3.5. Analisa Kimia Lumpur Bor.........................................................................211
6.3.6. Kontaminasi Lumpur Pemboran ..............................................................212
6.3.7. Sifat Pelumasan Lumpur dengan Metode Multi-Torsi...............................212
6.4. Hidrasi Bentonite..................................................................................................214
6.4.1. Dispersi.....................................................................................................215
6.4.2. Flokulasi....................................................................................................216
6.4.3. Aggregasi..................................................................................................216
6.4.4. Deflokulasi.................................................................................................216
6.5. Jenis-Jenis Lumpur Bor.......................................................................................216
6.5.1. Fresh Water Muds.....................................................................................217
6.5.2 Salt Water Mud..........................................................................................219
6.5.3. Oil-in-Water Emultion Muds (Emulsion Mud)............................................221
6.5.4. Oil Base dan Oil Base Emulsion Mud.......................................................222
6.6. Contoh Soal..........................................................................................................223
6.7. Aditif Lumpur Pemboran.......................................................................................224
6.7.1. Aditif Lumpur Pemboran Water-base ......................................................224
6.7.1.1. Fluid Loss Control..........................................................................224
6.7.1.2. Thinner (Pengencer)......................................................................230
6.7.1.3. Bahan-bahan Pemberat (Weighting Material)...............................233
6.7.1.4. Pengatur pH (pH Adjuster).............................................................235
6.7.2. Penggunaan Aditif-aditif Khusus...............................................................235
6.7.3. Bahan-bahan Aditif Lumpur Minyak (Oil Based Mud)..............................236
6.7.4. Pengaruh Elektrolit terhadap Karateristik dan Sifat Fisik
Lumpur Pemboran....................................................................................237
6.7.5. Pengaruh Temperatur terhadap Karakteristik dan
Sifat Fisik Lumpur.....................................................................................237
6.7.6. Perhitungan Additive lumpur.....................................................................239
6.8 Teknik Pemboran AERASI (Lumpur + Udara).......................................................242
6.8.1. Pendahuluan.............................................................................................242
6.8.2. Pengertian Lumpur Aerasi........................................................................242
6.8.3. Komponen Lumpur Aerasi........................................................................243
6.8.3.1. Udara.............................................................................................243
6.8.3.2. Lumpur Biasa.................................................................................243
6.8.4. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Lumpur Aerasi..............................................244
6.8.5. Distribusi Gelembung dalam Lumpur Aerasi............................................245
6.8.5.1. Lumpur Aerasi ketika Bersirkulasi.................................................246
6.8.5.2. Lumpur Aerasi dalam Keadaan Tidak Bersirkulasi........................246
6.8.5.3. Pengaruh Tekanan Permukaan terhadap Distribusi Gelembung . 247
6.8.6. Pola Aliran Dua Fasa................................................................................247
6.8.7. Sifat-sifat Lumpur Aerasi...........................................................................250
6.8.7.1. Densitas ........................................................................................250
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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

6.8.7.2. Viskositas ......................................................................................251

6.8.7.3. Gel Strength ..................................................................................252
6.8.8. Kapasitas Pengangkatan Cutting.............................................................252
6.8.9. Volume Udara Injeksi................................................................................253
6.8.9.1. Metoda Poettmann & Begman......................................................254
6.8.9.2. Metoda White.................................................................................254
6.8.9.3. Metoda PV = konstan....................................................................255
6.8.9.4. Metoda PV/T = konstan.................................................................256
6.8.10. Metoda Pembuatan Lumpur Aerasi........................................................258
6.8.11. Peralatan Pemboran...............................................................................259
6.8.12. Prosedur Pemboran................................................................................263
6.8.13. Operator .................................................................................................263
6.9.Lumpur Inhibitif .....................................................................................................264
6.9.1. Pendahuluan.............................................................................................264
6.9.2. Seawater Mud...........................................................................................264
6.9.3. Lumpur Prehydrated Bentonite-polyanionic Cellulose (CMC)..................265
6.9.6.1 Formulasi Lapangan.......................................................................265
6.9.6.2 Perawatan.......................................................................................265
6.9.6.3. Mengantisipasi Sifat-sifat Lumpur 196
6.9.4. Lumpur Xanthan Gum Polymer ...............................................................266
6.9.4.1 Formulasi Lapangan ......................................................................266
6.9.4.2 Perawatan ......................................................................................266
6.9.5. Lumpur Jenuh Garam (salt-saturated Mud) ............................................266
6.9.5.1. Formulasi Lapangan .....................................................................267
6.9.5.2. Perawatan .....................................................................................268
6.9.6. Xanthan Gum Dan Hydroxypropyl Guar...................................................268
6.9.6.1. Formulasi Lapangan .....................................................................268
6.9.6.2. Perawatan......................................................................................268
6.9.7. Lumpur Potassium-base...........................................................................269
6.9.7.1. Kebutuhan Sistem Lumpur............................................................269
6.9.7.2. Menaikkan Densitas......................................................................270
6.9.7.3. Perawatan......................................................................................270
6.9.7.4. Calcium-Treated Mud....................................................................270
6.10. Deskripsi Material Clay......................................................................................271
6.10.1. Deskripsi Material Clay...........................................................................271
6.10.1.1 Genesa Mineral Clay....................................................................271
6.10.1.2 Klasifikasi Material Clay................................................................273
6.10.1.3 Sifat-sifat Kimia Mineral Clay........................................................286
6.10.1.4. Sifat-sifat Listrik Mineral Clay......................................................291
6.10.2. Terjadinya Swelling.................................................................................292
6.10.2.1. Invasi Mud Filtrate.......................................................................292
6.10.2.2. Hidrasi Clay..................................................................................300
6.10.3. Prinsip Pengukuran.................................................................................305
6.10.3.1. Pengukuran dengan Alat Geonor Swelling Test..........................305
6.10.3.2. Peralatan......................................................................................306
6.10.3.3 Cara dan Hasil Pengukuran.........................................................306
6.10.4. Pengukuran dari Alat CBR......................................................................309
6.10.4.1. Parameter Yang Diukur...............................................................309
6.10.4.2. Peralatan......................................................................................309
6.10.4.3. Cara dan Hasil Pengukuran........................................................309

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

6.11.Lumpur Dasar Minyak (Oil Base Mud)................................................................311

6.11.1. Oil Base Mud...........................................................................................311
6.11.2. Teori Emulsi.............................................................................................312
6.11.3. Komposisi Lumpur Minyak (Oil Mud)......................................................314
6.11.4. Formulasi Lapangan...............................................................................315
6.11.4.1 Prosedur Pencampuran Diesel Oil-Base Mud..............................315
6.11.4.2. Prosedur Pendesakan.................................................................315
6.11.5. Sifat-sifat Fisik Lumpur Minyak...............................................................316
6.11.5.1 High-Temperature/High-Pressure (HTHP) Fluid Loss..................316
6.11.5.2 Sifat-sifat Aliran.............................................................................316
6.11.5.3 Oil Water Ratio...........................................................................317
6.11.5.4 Padatan (Solids)............................................................................318
6.11.5.5 Penentuan Kadar Padatan............................................................318
6.11.6. Pengontrolan Activitas Oil-base Mud Untuk Mencapai Stabilitas Lubang
Bor ...........................................................................................................321
6.11.7. Low-colloid Oil Mud ................................................................................324
6.11.8. Logging in Oil-base Mud.........................................................................325
6.11.9. Pemecahan Masalah Dalam Penggunaan Oil-base Mud.......................326

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

Bab. VII. Hole Problem

7.1. Ketidakstabilan Dinding Sumur Pemboran..........................................................333

7.2. Formation Damage..............................................................................................334
7.2.1. Perubahan Pada Sifat-sifat Fisik Batuan Reservoir.................................334
7.2.2. Skin Effect.................................................................................................338
7.3. Penyebab Lost Circulation Dan Cara Penanggulangannya................................342
7.3.1. Penyebab Lost Circulation........................................................................342
7.3.1.1. Formasi Natural Yang Dapat Menyebabkan Lost..........................342
7.3.1.2. Lost Circulation Karena Tekanan...................................................345
7.3.2. Penanggulangan Lost Circulation.............................................................345
7.3.2.1. Mengurangi tekanan pompa..........................................................346
7.3.2.2. Mengurangi berat lumpur...............................................................346
7.3.2.3. Menaikkan Viskositas dan Gel Strength........................................346
7.3.2.4. Mengurangi Tekanan Surge Lubang Bor.......................................347
7.3.2.5. Sealing Agent.................................................................................347
7.3.2.6. Cement plug...................................................................................348
7.3.2.6.1. Penyemenan Multi Stage..............................................249
7.3.2.6.2. Semen Busa..................................................................249
7.3.2.6.3. Quick Setting Cement...................................................351
7.3.2.6.4. High-filter-loss slurry squeeze (HFLSS).......................351
7.3.2.6.5. Down hole-mixed soft/hard pug (M+BDO2C)...............351
7.3.2.6.6. Drilling blind...................................................................352
7.3.2.6.7. Aerated drilling..............................................................352
7.4 Penentuan Tekanan Formasi dan Gradien Rekah................................................353
7.4.1. Pendahuluan.............................................................................................353
7.4.1.1. Deteksi Tekanan Pori Formasi.......................................................353
7.5. D-Exponen Terkoreksi .........................................................................................358
7.5.1 Gradien Rekah...........................................................................................364
7.5.1.1. Tekanan.........................................................................................364
7.5.1.2. Tekanan Overburden.....................................................................364
7.5.1.3. Tekanan Formasi Normal...............................................................366
7.5.1.4. Tekanan Rekah..............................................................................366
7.6. Proyeksi Tekanan Formasi dan Gradien Rekah..................................................369

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

Bab. VIII. Pressure Loss (kehilangan Tekanan)

8.1. Pendahuluan........................................................................................................375
8.2. Perhitungan Kehilangan Tekanan Secara Analitik...............................................375
8.2.1. Surface Connection Losses (Kehilangan Tekanan
Pada sambungan permukaan)...................................................................375
8.2.2. Pipe and Annular Losses (Kehilangan Tekanan di
dalam pipa dan annulus).............................................................................376
8.2.3. Pressure drop across bit (Kehilangan tekanan di bit)................................379
8.3. Penentuan Kehilangan Tekanan Secara Praktis.................................................380
8.4. Penentuan Kehilangan Tekanan dengan Slow Pump Rate Test (SPRT)............383

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

Bab.IX. Dasar Dasar Pengangkatan Cutting

9.1. Pendahuluan................................................................................................391
9.2. Sumur Vertikal..............................................................................................393
9.2.1. Kecepatan Slip Metode Moore.........................................................393
9.2.1.1. Penentuan Apparent Viscosity.........................................393
9.2.1.2. Penentuan Reynold Number............................................394
9.2.2. Kecepatan Cutting............................................................................395
9.3. Sumur Directional dan Horizontal................................................................397
9.3.1. Metoda Larsen..................................................................................397
9.3.1.1. Kecepatan Cutting............................................................397
9.3.1.2. Kecepatan Slip (Vs) dan Faktor Koreksi..........................399
9.3.2. Metode Rudi Rubiandini dan Shindu L. M........................................402
9.3.2.1. Koreksi inklinasi...............................................................403
9.3.2.2. Koreksi Densitas Lumpur..................................................403
9.3.2.3 Koreksi Terhadap RPM.....................................................403

9.4. Contoh Perhitungan.....................................................................................405

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

Bab. X. Analisa Surge, Swab dan Slip

10.1. Menghitung Hasil Maksimum dan Minimum Densitas Efektif Lumpur..............411

10.2. Menghitung kecepatan Slip................................................................................412

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

Bab. XI. Hidrolika Fluida Pemboran

11.1. Rheology Fluida Pemboran................................................................................417

11.1.1 Sifat Aliran................................................................................................417
11.1.2 Jenis jenis Fluida Pemboran.................................................................417
11.1.2.1. Newtonian Fluids..........................................................................417
11.1.2.2. Non-Newtonian Fluids..................................................................418
11.2. Kecepatan Alir Pompa........................................................................................420
11.2.1. Kecepatan Alir Anulus.............................................................................421
11.3. Kehilangan Tekanan Pada Sistem Sirkulasi.......................................................423
11.3.1. Cara praktis.............................................................................................424
11.4. Pembahasan HP Tekanan dan Rate Pompa.....................................................429
11.5. Bit Hydraulics......................................................................................................429
11.5.1. Optimasi dengan Perhitungan.................................................................430
11.5.2. Konsep BHHP.........................................................................................431
11.5.3. Konsep BHI.............................................................................................433
11.5.4. Konsep JV...............................................................................................435
11.5.5. Evaluasi Hasil Optimasi..........................................................................437
11.6. Contoh Soal........................................................................................................441

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

Bab. XII. Teori Umum Semen dan Penyemenan

12.1. Alasan Dilakukan Penyemenan.........................................................................445

12.1.1. Primary Cementing.................................................................................445
12.1.2. Secondary Cementing atau Remedial Cementing.................................445
12.1.2.1. Squeeze Cementing....................................................................445
12.1.2.2. Re-cementing...............................................................................446
12.1.2.3. Plug-Back Cementing..................................................................446
12.2. Komposisi Dan Pembuatan Semen...................................................................446
12.2.1. Pembuatan Semen.................................................................................448
12.2.2. Proses Peleburan...................................................................................448
12.2.3. Proses Pembakaran...............................................................................449
12.2.4. Proses Pendinginan................................................................................450
12.2.5. Proses Penggilingan...............................................................................450
12.3. Klasifikasi Semen...............................................................................................450
12.4. Proses Hidrasi Semen.......................................................................................454
12.4.1. Hidrasi Pada Temperatur Rendah..........................................................454
12.4.2. Hidrasi Pada Temperatur Tinggi ............................................................458
12.5. Sifat - Sifat Semen.............................................................................................460
12.5.1. Densitas..................................................................................................460
12.5.2. Thickening Time Dan Viskositas.............................................................461
12.5.3. Filtration Loss..........................................................................................462
12.5.4. Water Cement Ratio (WCR)...................................................................463
12.5.5. Waiting On Cement (WOC)....................................................................465
12.5.6. Permeabilitas..........................................................................................465
12.5.7. Compressive Strength Dan Shear Strength...........................................465
12.5.8. Pengendapan Partikel dan Air Bebas (Particle Settling & Free Water)..468
12.5.9. Sulfat Resistance....................................................................................470
12.6. Aditif Yang Digunakan Dalam Suspensi Semen................................................470
12.6.1. Accelerator..............................................................................................471
12.6.2. Retarder..................................................................................................471
12.6.3. Extender..................................................................................................472
12.6.4. Weighting Agents....................................................................................473
12.6.5. Dispersant...............................................................................................474
12.6.6. Fluid-Loss Control Agents.......................................................................475
12.6.7. Lost Circulation Control Agents..............................................................475
12.6.8. Special Additives.....................................................................................475
12.7. Perhitungan Pada Penyemenan........................................................................477
12.7.1. Specific Gravity.......................................................................................477
12.7.2. Volume absolute dan Volume Bulk.........................................................478
12.7.3. Konsentrasi Aditif....................................................................................479
12.7.4. Densitas Semen dan Yield Semen.........................................................479
12.7.5. Volume Annulus......................................................................................480
12.8. Contoh Perhitungan...........................................................................................480
12.9. Semen-Semen Khusus......................................................................................482
12.9.1. Semen Menggumpal (Thixotropic Cement)............................................482
12.9.2. Semen Mengembang (Expanding Cement)...........................................483
12.9.3. Semen Untuk Daerah Dingin (Freeze Protected Cement).....................484
12.9.4. Semen Bergaram (Salt Cement)............................................................484
12.9.5. Semen Berlatex ( Latex Modified Cemment)..........................................484
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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

12.9.6. Semen Untuk Lingkungan Korosif..........................................................485

12.9.7. Fluida Pemboran Bersifat Semen...........................................................485
12.9.8. Semen Ringan (Lighweight Cement)......................................................486
12.9.9. Semen Untuk Suhu Tinggi (Thermal Cement)........................................487
12.9.10. Semen Pencegah Migrasi Gas.............................................................488
12.9.11. Retarded Cement..................................................................................490
12.9.12. Semen Khusus Lain-lain....................................................................... 494
12.10. Teknik Penyemenan.........................................................................................495
12.10.1. Pendahuluan.........................................................................................495
12.10.2. Peralatan Penyemenan........................................................................495
12.10.2.1. Material Semen..........................................................................495
12.10.2.2. Peralatan Permukaan................................................................496
12.10.2.3. Peralatan Bawah Permukaan.................................................... 499
12.10.3. Persiapan Penyemenan........................................................................506
12.10.3.1 Analisa Masalah..........................................................................506
12.10.3.2 Seleksi Suspensi Semen............................................................506
12.10.3.3. Cara Penempatan Suspensi Semen......................................... 509
12.10.3.4. Kontrol dan Keamanan Sumur..................................................509
12.10.3.5. Simulator....................................................................................509
12.10.4. Teknik Penyemenan Awal.....................................................................509
12.10.4.1. Klasifikasi Casing.......................................................................509
12.10.4.2. Prosedur Penempatan Semen..................................................511
12.10.4.3. Liner...........................................................................................516
12.10.4.4. Teknik Penyemenan di Offshore................................................517
12.10.4.5. Batasan Operasional................................................................. 518
12.10.5. Teknik Penyemenan Perbaikan............................................................519
12.10.5.1. Teori Squeeze Cementing.........................................................519
12.10.5.2. Teknik Penempatan Squeeze Cementing.................................519
12.10.5.3. Test Injeksi.................................................................................521
12.10.5.4. Disain dan Persiapan Suspensi Semen....................................521
12.10.5.5. Prosedur Pelaksanaan Squeeze...............................................523
12.10.5.6. Aplikasi Squeeze Cementing.....................................................523
12.10.5.7. Evaluasi Squeeze Cementing...................................................523
12.10.5.8. Penyebab Kegagalan................................................................524
12.10.5.9. Teknik Penempatan Penyekat (plug).........................................525
12.11. Penilaian Kualitas Penyemenan......................................................................528
12.11.1. Pendahuluan.........................................................................................528
12.11.2. Hydraulic Testing...................................................................................528
12.11.2.1. Pressure Testing........................................................................528
12.11.2.2. Dry Testing.................................................................................528
12.11.3. Temperatur dan Nuklir Log....................................................................529
12.11.3.1. Temperatur Log..........................................................................529
12.11.3.2. Nuclear Logging.........................................................................530
12.11.4. Gelombang Acoustic.............................................................................530
12.11.4.1. Karakteristik Gelombang Acoustic.............................................530
12.11.4.2. Karakteristik Acoustic Formasi...................................................530
12.11.4.3. Karakteristik Acoustic Semen....................................................531
12.11.5. Metode Acoustic Logging......................................................................532
12.11.5.1. Cement Bond Logging............................................................... 532
12.11.5.2. Cement Bond Tool......................................................................544

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12.11.5.3. Cement Evaluation Tool.............................................................545

12.12. Perhitungan Pada Penyemenan......................................................................553
12.12.1. Pendahuluan.........................................................................................553
12.12.2. Karakteristik Suspensi Semen..............................................................554
12.12.2.1. Specific Gravity Semen.............................................................554
12.12.2.2. Volume Absolut dan Volumen Bulk............................................554
12.12.2.3. Konsentrasi Additive..................................................................555
12.12.2.4. Densitas Suspensi Semen dan Yield..........................................556
12.12.3. Perhitungan Pada Operasi Penyemenan.............................................556
12.12.3.1. Penentuan Densitas dan Yield Suspensi Semen......................556
12.12.4. Primary Cementing...............................................................................557
12.12.4.1. Volume annulus......................................................................... 557
12.12.4.2. Volume pendorong plug.............................................................558
12.12.4.3. Tekanan pompa untuk mendorong plug....................................558
12.12.4.4.Tekanan hidrostatik formasi (Tekanan pori dan rekahan)..........558
12.12.4.5. Contoh Soal...............................................................................559
12.12.5. Plug Balancing......................................................................................560
12.12.5.1. Volume spacer di belakang semen............................................561
12.12.5.2. Panjang dari Plug Balancing ketika workstring bekerja............562
12.12.5.3. Volume displacement (volume penempatan)............................562
12.12.6. Squeeze Cementing.............................................................................563
12.12.7. Perhitungan Aliran Fluida (Semen dan Water flush)............................564
12.12.7.1. Aliran semen..............................................................................564
12.12.7.1.1. Aliran semen di dalam casing...................................564
12.12.7.1.2. Aliran semen di luar casing.......................................568
12.12.7.2. Aliran water flush.......................................................................572
12.12.7.2.1. Aliran water flush di dalam casing............................572
12.12.7.2.2. Aliran water flush di luar casing................................574
12.12.8. Foamed Cementing..............................................................................576

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

Bab.XIII. Vertical Well Drill String Design

13.1. Pendahuluan......................................................................................................585
13.2. Perhitungan Titik Netral......................................................................................586
13.3. Perhitungan Desain Drill String..........................................................................587
13.3.1 Tension.....................................................................................................587
13.3.2 Collapse...................................................................................................603
13.3.3. Shock loading..........................................................................................605
13.3.4 Torsi..........................................................................................................605
13.3.5. Pemilihan Berat Drill Collar.....................................................................607
13.3.6. Peregangan Drill Pipe.............................................................................607
13.3.7 Kecepatan Putar Kritik.............................................................................607
13.4. Analisa Vertikal Drillstring Desain......................................................................608
13.4.1. Analisa Vertikal Drillstring Desain...........................................................608
13.4.1.1. Weight On Bit Kritis......................................................................608
13.4.1.2. Kecepatan Putar Kritis.................................................................608
13.4.1.3. Faktor Stickiness Drill String........................................................608
13.4.1.4. Diameter Lubang Efektif Minimum..............................................609
13.4.1.5. Berat di Udara dan Berat Apung BHA.........................................609
13.5. Contoh Soal........................................................................................................610

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

Bab.XIV. Metode Inspeksi Drillstring

14.1 Metoda Inspeksi..........................................................................................615

14.1.1. Visual Tube.....................................................................................615
14.1.2. OD Gage Tube................................................................................615
14.1.3. Ultrasonic Wall Thickness...............................................................615
14.1.4. Mpi Slip/upset.................................................................................616
14.1.5. Ut Slip/upset....................................................................................617
14.1.6. Visual Connection...........................................................................617
14.1.7. Dimensional 1.................................................................................617
14.1.8. Dimensional 2.................................................................................617
14.1.9. Dimensional 3.................................................................................618
14.1.10. Blacklight Connection...................................................................619
14.1.11. Ut Connection...............................................................................620
14.1.12. Liquid Penetrant Connections......................................................620
14.1.13. Elevator Groove............................................................................620
14.2. Program Inspeksi.......................................................................................621

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Copyright by Dr. Ir. Rudi Rubiandini R.S., ITB

Bab. XV. Komplesi, Workover dan Stimulasi

15.1. Komplesi.............................................................................................................643
15.1.1. Bottom Hole Completion........................................................................643
15.1.2. Tubing Completion.................................................................................644
15.1.3. Liner Completion...................................................................................647
15.1.4. Gravel Pack Completion........................................................................649
15.1.5. Sand Consolidation...............................................................................649
15.2. Workover............................................................................................................649
15.2.1. Perawatan Perbaikan Produksi Sumur.................................................649
15.2.2. Swabbing...............................................................................................650
15.2.3. Sand Control..........................................................................................652
15.2.4. Corrosion, Scale dan Paraffin Removal................................................653
15.2.4.1. Corrosion Removal.................................................................653
15.2.4.2. Scale Removal.......................................................................654
15.2.4.3. Paraffin removal.....................................................................655
15.2.5. Perubahan Zone Produksi.....................................................................656
15.2.6. Deteksi Kebocoran dan isolasi..............................................................659
15.2.7. Isolasi.....................................................................................................661
15.2.8. Metode Dasar Plugging Back................................................................663
15.2.9. Perbaikan dan Pemasangan Peralatan.................................................663
15.3. Stimulasi.............................................................................................................664
15.3.1. Acidizing.................................................................................................664
15.3.2. Acidizing Fracturing...............................................................................665
15.3.3. Hydraulic Fracturing..............................................................................665

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