Hukum ke-0
Hukum ke-1
Hukum ke-2
Hukum ke-3
Sistem
Sebuah sistem terpisah dari lingkungannya oleh
dinding. Sistem tertutup, jika tidak ada perpindahan
materi antara sistem dan lingkungan.
Dinding dibagi dua, yaitu
Adiabatic: tidak ada pertukaran panas
Diathermal: panas dapat mengalir lewat dinding
T,K
273.16
P - for an ideal gas
T 273.16 K constant-volume
PTP thermoscope
0 PTP P PTP the pressure of the gas in a
absolute zero constant-volume gas thermoscope
at T = 273.16 K
Hukum ke-1
Energi internal sistem terisolasi, E
dapat berubah jika terjadi aliran
panas, Q atau melakukan usaha, W
(tanda bisa pos. atau neg. bergantung konvensi)
Dirumuskan sebagai
U=Q-W
Banyak panas masuk ke sistem Usaha yg dilakukan dalam sistem
dq =CP dT atau dq = CV dT dW = - pdV
Temperatur dan Energi Kinetik
The temperature T of a system of N particles is a
quantity related to the averaged kinetic energy of
the disordered motion of the particle in the frame
of reference.
1 1 2
T Ek ,ave
N
i 2mi vi
Velocity of
Mass of particle i particle i
Thermal equilibrium:
Average kinetic energy is the same in all regions of the system
Hukum ke-2
Clausius: Panas mengalir dari panas ke dingin
Kelvin: Tidaklah mungkin mengubah semua
energi panas menjadi usaha
Carathodory: lingkungan suatu keadaan stabil
dari sistem yang terisolasi secara termal,
terdapat suatu keadaan yang tidak teramati
Callen: Entropi tidak pernah turun dalam
sistem terisolasi dan proses spontan
Hukum ke-2
The entropy S of an isolated system increases
during any spontaneous change.
Spontaneous
Low S 0
High
entropy entropy
This is because a system at T = 0 exists in its ground state, so that its entropy is
determined only by the degeneracy of the ground state.
In other words, S(T) approaches a finite limit at T = 0 , which does not depend
on specifics of processes that brought the system to the T = 0 state.
dq
dS 0
T
dq : heat supplied to the system
dS : Change of entropy of system due to internal processes.
Homework : The exponential atmosphere
Consider a horizontal slab of air whose thickness is
dz. If this slab is at rest, the pressure holding it up
from below must balance both the pressure from
above and the weight of the slab. Use this fact to
find an expression for the variation of pressure with
altitude, in terms of the density of air, . Assume
that the temperature of atmosphere is independent
of height, the average molecular mass m.
P(z+dz)A area A
z+dz
z
P(z)A Mg
M=rAdz