Pelayanan
Lingkungan Kesehatan Kesehatan
29% 10%
Paling besar
Perilaku pengaruhnya
53%
Depresi
Kecemasan
Hipertensi
Stress Obesitas
Merokok
Alkoholik
Serangan
Asma
Angina
Pectoris
Appendiks :
1. Pengaruh pemberian musik terhadap penurunan tekanan darah pada lansia
(Anonim, 2008)
2. Pengaruh terapi bekam terhadap penurunan tekanan darah (Fikri, 2010)
3. Pengaruh masase kaki dengan minyak esensial lavender terhadap penurunan
tekanan darah penderita hipertensi primer usia 45-59 tahun (Ramadhani, 2010)
NYERI
Insidensi
Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan 25% sampai 50% lansia
yang tinggal dalam komunitas menderita masalah nyeri
yang penting dibandingkan dengan 45% sampai 80%
lansia yang tinggal di panti werdha
Kanker merupakan sumber nyeri hebat di kalangan
lansia dan banyak lansia yang menderita akibat penyakit
vaskuler periver yang nyeri, herpes zoster, atritis,
temporal, sumber nyeri dan lainnya adalah kram
tangkai, sakit kepala dan lain-lain.
Akibat Nyeri :
Depresi, berkurangnya sosialisasi, gangguan tidur, hambatan
ambulasi dan peningkatan kebutuhan terhadap perawatan
kesehatannya dan bahaya akibat nyeri, penurunan
kebugaran, gangguan gaya berjalan, jatuh, rehabilitasi,
lambatnya malnutrisi.
Chapter 1 : The Injury Response
Process
Injury process 2 stages
Primer : response to injury
Secondary : blockage oxygen -- cell damage
Result : inflammatory mediator,
hemorraghe, and edema
Wound healing phases : inflamatory phase,
proliferation phase, and maturation phase
Chapter 1 : The Injury Response
Process
Cardinal signs of inflamation
Heat : blood flow , metabolic rate
Redness : idem + histamine release
Swelling : leakage of inflammatory mediator into
the surrounding tissues -- block venous return
Pain : mechanical pressure on or chemical
irritation of nerves -- triggered by release
inflammatory mediator
Loss of function : primary tissue damage, the
sum preceding signs
Chapter 1 : The Injury Response
Process
Mediators of inflamation
Heparin : inhibits coagulation
Histamine : vasodilation of arterioles & increased
vascular permeability -- edema
Kinins : produce pain
Neutrophils : first line cellular defense --
phagocytes
Prostaglandins : produce pain too + same effect
with histamin
Serotonin : local vasoconstriction
Leukotrienes : cause smooth muscle contraction +
increase vascular permeability
Chapter 1 : The Injury Response
Process
Edema reduction
Key : prevent from occurring
Strategies to reduce edema :
Voluntary muscle contraction
Compression devices
Elevation
Electrically-induced muscle contraction (muscle
milking)
Pasive Range of Motion
Massage
Passive Motion
Compression Wraps
Chapter 2 : The Physiology and Psychology of
Pain
Assesment of Pain
Where is your pain?
When did your pain begin?
What is duration of your pain?
Have you ever experienced this pain before?
Can you describe how the pain feels?
Is the pain getting better or worse?
Does your pain increase with activity?
Do you have more pain after activity?
Do you have pain at night?
Chapter 2 : The Physiology and Psychology of
Pain
Acute Pain
< 6 months
Cause by the activation nociceptors
When the tissue has healed : acute pain ends
Chronic Pain
Nociceptive chronic pain : continual activates nociceptors -- ex:
arthritis
Neuropathic chronic pain : abnormality neuron of the pain
system
Characteristics : last longer than 6 months, difficulty in
sleeping, depression, etc.
Thermal Modalities
Skin -- thermoreceptors -- high responsive
to heat and cold
Mechanisme :
Conduction : e.g ice pack, moist heat pack
Convection : e.g warm or cold whirlpool
Radiation : e.g infrared lamp
Evaporation : e.g vapocoolant spray
Conversion : e.g short wave diathermy,
ultrasound
Thermal Modalities
The Effects Cold Modalities
Local effect Systemic Effect
Vasocontriction General vasocontraction in
Decreased rate of cell metabolism response to cooling of the
resulting in a decreased need of posterior hypothalamus
oxygen Decreased respiratory and heart
Decreased production of cellular rates
wastes Shivering and increased muscle
Reduction in inflammation tone
Decreased nerve conduction
velocity
Decreased pain
Decreased muscle spasm
Decreased muscular force
production
General Indication & Contraindication for
Cold Treatments
Indications Contraindications
Oxygen consumptiom
Cell wastes
Fluid viscosity
Capillary permeability
Inflammation
Pain