DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN
KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................. ii
DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................ iii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................... vii
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................... viii
BAB I. PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................... 1
BAB II. KARAKTERISTIK RESERVOIR .........................................
2.1. Karakteristik batuan reservoir ............................................................ 3
2.1.1 Komposisi kimia batuan reservoir ............................................ 4
2.1.1.1. Komposisi Kimia Batupasir ........................................ 4
2.1.1.2. Komposisi Kimia Karbonat ........................................ 9
2.1.1.3. Komposisi Kimia Shale .............................................. 12
2.1.2 Sifat fisik batuan reservoir ........................................................ 14
2.1.2.1. Porositas ...................................................................... 14
2.1.2.2. Permeabilitas ............................................................... 18
2.1.2.3. Derajat Kebasahan (Wettabilitas) ................................ 26
2.1.2.4. Tekanan Kapiler .......................................................... 30
2.1.2.5. Saturasi Fluida ............................................................. 33
2.1.2.6. Kompressibilitas .......................................................... 35
2.2. Karakteristik fluida reservoir ............................................................. 37
2.2.1.Komposisi kimia Fluida Reservoir ........................................... 38
2.2.1.1 Komposisi Kimia Hidrokarbon .................................... 38
2.1.1.2 Komposisi Kimia non hidrokarbon .............................. 44
2.2.1.3. Komposisi Kimia Air Formasi .................................... 45
2.2.2 Sifat fisik fluida reservoir ......................................................... 47
2.2.2.1 Densitas ........................................................................ 47
2.2.2.2 Viskositas ..................................................................... 48
2.2.2.3 Faktor Volume Formasi Fluida .................................... 49

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 2.2.2.4 Kompresibilitas Fluida ................................................. 50
2.3 Jenis Jenis reservoir............................................................................. 51
2.3.1.Reservoir Berdasarkan Perangkap Reservoir ............................ 51
2.3.1.1. Perangkap struktur ....................................................... 52
2.3.1.2. Perangkap stratigrafi .................................................... 53
2.3.1.3. Perangkap kombinasi................................................... 54
2.3.2 Reservoir berdasarkan mekanisme pendorong ........................ 54
2.3.2.1. Solutin Gas Drive ........................................................ 54
2.3.2.2. Gas cap drive ............................................................... 55
2.3.2.3. Gravity Drainage Reservoir ......................................... 56
2.3.2.4. Water Drive Reservoir ................................................. 58
2.3.2.5. Combination Drive Reservoir...................................... 59
2.3.3.Reservoir Berdasarkan fasa Fluida ........................................... 59
2.3.3.1.Black Oil (minyak Berat) ............................................. 60
2.3.3.2.Voalatile Oil (Minyak Ringan) ..................................... 61
2.3.3.3. Retrogade Gas (condesate Gas) ................................... 62
2.3.3.4. Wet Gas (Gas Basah)................................................... 63
2.3.3.5. Dry Gas (Gas Kering) .................................................. 63
BAB III. PRINSIP KERJA PEMBORAN BERARAH .......................
3.1. Pendahuluan ....................................................................................... 65
3.2. Tipe Pembelokan Sumur .................................................................... 65
3.2.1. Radius Pendek .......................................................................... 66
3.2.2. Radius Semi Pendek................................................................. 66
3.2.3. Radius Sedang .......................................................................... 67
3.2.4. Radius Panjang......................................................................... 67
3.3. Profil Sumur ....................................................................................... 68
3.2.1.Build and Hold (“J” Shape well)............................................... 69
3.2.2.Build,Hold and Drop (“S” Shape well) ..................................... 69
3.2.3.Build,Hold and Build (“L” Shape well) .................................... 69
3.2.4.Continues Build (Side Tracking) .............................................. 69
3.4. Penggunaan Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) ..................................... 70

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 3.4.1.Drill Pipe ................................................................................... 70
3.4.2.Heavy Wight Drill Pipe (HWDP) ............................................. 70
3.4.3.Drill Collar ................................................................................ 70
3.4.3.1. Short Drill Collar (SDC).............................................. 71
3.4.3.2. Non Magnetic Drill Collar (NMDC) ........................... 71
3.4.3.3. Short Non Magnetic Drill Collar (SNMDC) ............... 71
3.4.4.Float Sub ................................................................................... 72
3.4.5.Bit Sub ...................................................................................... 72
3.4.6.Stabilizer ................................................................................... 72
3.4.6.1. Welded Blade Stabilizer .............................................. 72
3.4.6.2. Integral Blade Stabilizer .............................................. 72
3.4.6.3. Sleeve Type Stabilizer ................................................. 73
3.4.6.4. Clamp On Stibilizer ..................................................... 75
3.4.6.5. Non Rotating Rubber Slevee Stabilizer ....................... 75
3.4.6.6. Replaceable Wear Pad Stibilizer ................................. 75
3.4.7.Drilling Jar ................................................................................ 76
3.4.8.Drilling Bit ................................................................................ 77
3.4.8.1.Roller Cone Bit ............................................................. 77
3.4.8.2.Fixed Cutter Bit ............................................................ 78
3.4.8.1.Core Bit ........................................................................ 78
3.5. Alat dan Metode Defleksi .................................................................. 78
3.5.1.Badger Bit ................................................................................. 79
3.5.2.Spud Bit .................................................................................... 79
3.5.3.Whipstock ................................................................................. 79
3.5.4.Mud Motor ................................................................................ 82
3.6. Alat-Alat Survey ................................................................................ 83
3.6.1.Measurment While Drilling Tool (MWD) ................................ 84
3.6.2.Efek Kemagnetan Bumi Terhadap Pengukurun dengan alat- alat
Survey ....................................................................................... 86
3.7.Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kemiringan dan Arah Lubang Bor
3.7.1.Faktor Formasi .......................................................................... 86

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 3.7.2.Faktor Mekanis ......................................................................... 87
BAB IV. PEMBUATAN DESAIN PEMBORAN BERARAH ..........
4.1. Isu-Isu Pemboran ............................................................................... 88
4.1.1.Collision Issue ........................................................................... 88
4.1.1.1.Faktor Pembanding ....................................................... 89
4.1.1.1.1. Faktor Separasi (Separation Factor) .......... 89
4.1.1.1.1. Faktor Jarak (Clearance Factor) ................ 89
4.1.1.2. Hasil Output................................................................. 90
4.1.1.2.1.Traveling Cylinder Plot ............................... 90
4.1.1.2.2.Spider Plot ................................................... 90
4.1.1.2.3.Separation Factor Plot ................................. 90
4.1.1.2.4.Ladder Plot .................................................. 90
4.1.1.2.5.Section View ............................................... 91
4.1.1.2.6.Plant View ................................................... 91
4.1.2. Shallow Gas Issue .................................................................... 91
4.1.3. High Risk Contamination Zone ............................................... 91
4.2. Metode Perhitungan Rencana Trayek Sumur .................................... 91
4.2.1. Metode Tangential ................................................................... 93
4.2.2. Metode Average ....................................................................... 94
4.2.3. Merode Radius of curvature..................................................... 94
BAB V. PEMBAHASAN ........................................................................ 96
BAB VI. KESIMPULAN ........................................................................ 102
DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar ..................................................................................................... Halaman

2.1 Diagram komponen penyusun batuan ....................................................... 4
2.2 Contoh batuan pasir ................................................................................... 5
2.3 contoh batu gamping ( limestone ) ........................................................... 11
2.4 contoh batu dolomite ................................................................................ 11
2.5 contoh batu lempung ................................................................................ 13
2.6 grain, Clay material dan cement ............................................................... 14
2.7 skema Perbandingan porositas efektif,non-efektif & absolut batuan ....... 15
2.8 Pengaruh susunan butir terhadap porositas .............................................. 16
2.9 skema percobaan penentuan permeabilitas .............................................. 19
2.10 struktur permeabilitas ............................................................................... 20
2.11 kurva permeabilitas effektif untuk sistem minyak & air .......................... 21
2.12 kurfa K relatif sistem Air – minyak ......................................................... 22
2.13 grafik hubungan antara porositas dan permeabilitas ................................ 23
2.14 Porosity dan Permeability ........................................................................ 23
2.15 aliran linier, kombinasi lapisan paralel .................................................... 24
2.16 aliran linier, kombinasi lapisan seri ......................................................... 24
2.17 grafik hasil percobaan perhitungan permeabilitas .................................... 25
2.18 kesetimbangan gaya pada batas air-minyak-padatan ............................... 26
2.19 sudut kontak antar permukaan air dengan hidrokarbon pada permukaan
silika ......................................................................................................... 27
2.20 sudut kontak antar permukaan air dengan hidrokarbon pada permukaan
kalsit ......................................................................................................... 28
2.21 pembahan fluida dalam pori-pori batuan ................................................. 29
2.22 tekanan threshold sebagai fungsi dari permeablitas dan wetabilitas ........ 29
2.23 gambar kurva distribusi fluida .................................................................. 30
2.24 tekanan dalam pipa kapiler ....................................................................... 31
2.25 distribusi dalam pengukuran radius kontak antara fluida pembasah dengan
padatan ...................................................................................................... 33
2.26 pengaruh komperssibilitas terhadap batuan ............................................. 36
2.27 senyawa hidrokarbon golongan alkana .................................................... 39
2.28 viskositas .................................................................................................. 48
2.29 jenis-jenis perangkap reservoir ................................................................. 51
2.30 anticlin trap & fault trap ........................................................................... 52
2.31 unconformities dan pinch-out ................................................................... 54
2.32 solution gas drive ...................................................................................... 55
2.33 Gas Cap Drive .......................................................................................... 56
2.34 gravity drainage drive ............................................................................... 57
2.35 water drive ................................................................................................ 58
2.36 combination drive ..................................................................................... 59
2.37 Black Oil ................................................................................................... 60
2.38 diagram phasa black oil ............................................................................ 61
2.39 volatile oil ................................................................................................. 61
2.40 diagram phasa volatile oil ......................................................................... 62

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2.41 diagram phasa retrograde gas ................................................................... 62
2.42 diagram phasa wet gas .............................................................................. 63
2.43 diagram phasa dry gas .............................................................................. 64

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