Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Plate
Platemovements
movementsand
andgeometric
geometricrelationships
relationships
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Konveksi Pada Mantel (Mantle Convection) Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Konveksi Pada Mantel (Mantle Convection) Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Konveksi Pada Mantel (Mantle Convection) Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Konveksi Pada Mantel (Mantle Convection) Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Konveksi Pada Mantel (Mantle Convection) Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Konveksi Pada Mantel (Mantle Convection) Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Konveksi Pada Mantel (Mantle Convection) Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
ARUS KONVEKSI ASTHESNOSPHERE
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Thermal Plume
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
SUMBER PANAS
• Joly, di tahun 1900-an, berhipotesa bahwa siklus orogenesa terjadi
karena panas radioaktif.
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY Dept. of Geology
• Salah satu hasil seismik tomografi memperkuat bukti bagi adanya aliran
mantel vertikal yang mampu menukar bahan mineral antara litosfer dan
mantel bawah, bahkan mencapai dasar mantel bawah.
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Seismic Tomography
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY
Dept. of Geology
Schematic E-W cross-section through the upper mantle to a depth of 660 km that
shows mantle currents in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans (Anderson and
Dziewonski,1984). Hot anomalies (red) indicate rising mantle currents that are
expressed at the Earth’s surface by mid-ocean ridges. Cool, descending mantle
currents (blue) are characterized by high-velocity seismic waves. Because the
Indian Ridge is drifting eastward from Africa, no subduction zone has developed
on the east coast of Africa.
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Cross section through the Earth’s mantle beneath North America
showing results from seismic tomography (Grand et al., 1997).
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
MOMO EPISODES
Dept. of Geology
AHH-2018
ARUS KONVEKSI ASTHESNOSPHERE
Dept. of Geology
AHH-2018
KONVEKSI MANTEL
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Hot Spot & Mantle Plume
Dept. of Geology
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Schematic cross section through the mantle. Mantle plumes generally initiate at
the base of the mantle within the D” layer. Heavy parts of subducted plates sink
Geodynamics
down to the base of the mantle to feed the D” layer.
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
IntroGeomorfo
AHH-2018
Mantle plume
Dept. of Geology
Model of mantle plume rising upward through the mantle to form a hot spot
and associated flood basalts and volcanic chain. (A) Rising mantle plume
contains a hot, mushroom shaped plume head and a narrow tail. (B) Plume
head forms a broad hot spot when it reaches the top of the mantle and
Geodynamics causes uplift and stretching of the crust and eruption of flood basalts. (C)
When the tail rises to the surface, a narrower hot spot forms a volcano. (D)
Continued plate motion over the hot spot creates a trail or chain of volcanoes.
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Hot spots and mid-ocean ridges
Dept. of Geology
Maps showing a) bulges on the core and b) geoidal bulges. Bulges (red) and
indentions (blue) of the core have ca. 10 km of total relief Bulges and indentions
of the geoid surface have ca. 200 m of total relief. Hot spots (red dots) are
concentrated in the bulges (Chase, 1979).
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Maps showing a) bulges on the core and b) geoidal bulges. Bulges (red)
and indentions (blue) of the core have ca. 10 km of total relief Bulges
and indentions of the geoid surface have ca. 200 m of total relief. Hot
Geodynamics
spots (red dots) are concentrated in the bulges (Chase, 1979).
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
The Hawaii-Emperor
chain with volcanic
islands (yellow names)
and submarine
seamounts and guyots
(white names). The age of
the volcanoes increases
from Hawaii towards NW.
At 42 Ma a kink of 60°
occurs that indicates a
change in the plate
movement direction.
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
IntroGeomorfo
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Evolution of a guyot.
Stage 1 – the hot spot builds a volcano above sea level that in tropical regions
may be fringed by reefs. Stage 2 – the ocean plate moves off of the hot spot
and the volcano erodes by marine processes to a fl at-topped extinct volcano.
Stage 3 – the fringing reef builds around the margin of the truncated volcano.
Stage 4 – the volcano subsides and the reef builds upward; eventually
subsidence lowers the volcano to depths at which reefs can no longer grow.
The now flattened volcano becomes a guyot whose summit can be in water
Geodynamics
depths as great as 2000 m.
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
Geodynamics
Global distribution of large igneous provinces in the oceans
(submarine plateaus) and on land (flood basalts). AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
The bimodal (basaltic and rhyolitic) volcanic rocks along the track
of the Yellowstone hot spot (Christiansen et al., 2002). Because of the plate drift of
North America towards WSW, the volcanic rocks decrease in age towards ENE.
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
The superplume event in the Cretaceous and some of its global effects
(Larson, 1995).Shown are rates of formation of ocean crust (at hot spots
and mid-oceanridges), high-latitude temperatures, and sea level elevation,
each compared to the present. Also shown is the long normal magnetic
Geodynamics polarity period that lasted 40 m.y. This period may have been caused by a
stable convection current pattern in the liquid outer core that was related to
the superplume event. AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Also shown is the long normal magnetic polarity period that lasted 40 m.y. This period may
Geodynamics
have been caused by a stable convection current pattern in the liquid outer core that was
related to the superplume event.
AHH-2018
Two models of plate tectonics show how flow in the Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Convection vs Driving Force
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
• Slab Pull
• Push Ridge
• Basal Drag
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
What are driving forces for plate tectonics? Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Forces Acting on Plate Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Driving Force Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
MECHANISM PLATE MOVEMENT
Dept. of Geology
Ridge-Push
Slab-pull
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
DRIVING FORCE
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Gaya yang terlibat dalam Gerakan Lempeng Dept. of Geology
Semua gaya yang terlibat dalam gerakan lempeng dibagi menjadi dua
kategori:
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
• Pada Kelas R, terdapat dua jenis bentuk menghilangnya energi
(energy dissipation). Menghilangnya energi antara lempeng dan
astenosfer terjadi pada seluruh lapisan dimana terjadi viscous
shearing. Viscous shear ini menghasilkan panas (sensible heat) pada
lapisan mantel. Resistansi yang terjadi antara dua lempeng
menghilang melalui friksi. Gerakan lempeng tersebut adalah jenis
stick-slip, yang juga dinamakan stick-slip shear. Panas dari friksi ini
disalurkan ke massa lempeng di dekatnya. Proses ini menghasilkan
gempa.
• Hal ini memberikan kesan bahwa palung ‘bergerak mundur’ terhadap benua, atau
palung ‘bermigrasi’ (bergerak) ke arah samudra. Para ahli geophysic mengenali
gaya ini sebagai trench-suction force (FSU), yaitu gaya yang ‘menarik’ lempeng
benua ke palung. Sifat gaya tersebut tidak begitu dimengerti. Mungkin
penjelasan yang baik adalah model mantle corner flow atau arus pada mantel
yang naik dan turun dan menyeret litosfer benua ke bawah sehingga
menyebabkan pelipatan ke bawah (buckle downward) dan akhirnya
menyebabkan gaya tarikan horizontal (horizontal pulling force) pada lempeng
benua.
• Konvergensi dua lempeng menyebabkan lempeng benua ditekan kuat oleh bagian
atas lempeng samudra yang menunjam. Tekanan tersebut akan ada dengan atau
tanpa beroperasinya trench-suction force.
• Tekanan ini dinamakan plate-colliding force (FCP). Gaya ini menghasilkan strain
energy, yang dilepaskan oleh stick-slip shear dan akhirnya menghasilkan gempa
atau membentuk fault creep.
• Resistansi
Geodynamics yang saling meniadakan ini merupakan kelas friksi dan dinamakan
collision-resistance force (RC).
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
Trench-Suction-Force AHH-2018
• Pada sesar transform, dasar gaya yang terjadi adalah ridge-push force Dept.
yang of Geology
terletak pada bidang sesar dimana terdapat perbedaan kecepatan dengan
lempeng sebelahnya. Pada bidang sesar tersebut terdapat friksi yang
membentuk strain energy dan dilepaskan ketika stick-slip terjadi atau
melalui fault creep.
AHH-2018
Mengukur Kecepatan Pemekaran
(Calculation of Spreading Rates)
Dept. of Geology
AHH-2018
MID-OCEAN RIFT SYSTEM
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Mengukur Kecepatan Pemekaran (Calculation of
Spreading Rates) Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Plate motion on a sphere
Dept. of Geology
Plate motion can be easily understood by considering a plate that covers an entire
hemisphere. Each point on the plate would move along a line of latitude with respect to the
pole of spreading, P.
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Plate movements and geometric relationships
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Relative movements
Relative movements between two plates
are different at different places along
their common boundary, only the
angular velocity remains the same.
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Relative movements and triple junctions
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Two RTF triple junctions off North America
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Relative movements and triple junctions
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Relative movements and triple junctions
Dept. of Geology
Geometric relationship of
three plates around a triple
junction (Dewey, 1972). The
common poles of rotation
of the three pairs of plates
are all located on one great
Geodynamics circle (white line).
AHH-2018
KECEPATAN GERAK LEMPENG Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
Dept. of Geology
AHH-2018
• Gerakan lempeng sebenarnya adalah gerakan relatif dari satu Dept. of Geology
lempeng terhadap lempeng lainnya, atau gerakan relatif dari tiga
lempeng terhadap salah satu lempengnya.
• Fakta lainnya adalah lima hingga enam kali panjang dari daerah
sekitarnya merupakan batas pemekaran.
AHH-2018
Pengukuran Geodetik pada Gerakan Lempeng
Dept. of Geology
(Geodetic Measurements of Plate Motions)
Tahun 1976, NASA meluncurkan satelit Lageos sebagai cara baru untuk
mengukuran gerakan lempeng relatif.
Lageos singkatan dari Laser Geodynamics Satellite. Satelit ini berperan
sebagai reflektor laser yang dikirimkan ke ground station di bumi.
Dengan menggunakan dua atau lebih ground station sebagai sistim
triangulasi, satelit ini sanggup menjadi alat triangulasi yang akurat bagi
pengukuran geodetik, dinamakan Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR).
Tahun 1979, NASA menggunakan teknologi VLBI (Very Long Baseline
Interferometry) yang mampu mengukur hingga tingkat 3 cm di bumi.
Sistim ketiga adalah Global Positioning System (GPS) menggunakan
beberapa satelit yang memancarkan sinyal dan diterima oleh ground
station.
Hasil pengukuran satelit menunjukkan bahwa kecepatan terendah
gerakan lempeng adalah 1 cm / tahun, sementara kecepatan tercepat
adalah 10 cm / tahun.
Tahun 1986, hasil pengukuran dengan sistim VLBI ternyata cocok
dengan fakta geologi / geophysic.
Geodynamics
Geodynamics
VLBI Ground Station
AHH-2018
Direct measurement of plate movements
Dept. of Geology
Comparison of absolute plate motion velocities calculated using the GPS technique and
Geodynamics
the NUVEL model (Reigber and Gendt,1996). The length of the arrows is related to the
velocity (after Spektrum der Wissenschaft 01/1996)
AHH-2018
Relatives and Absolute Plate velocity
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
• Dari jaringan VLBI, diketahui bahwa Lempeng Australia bergerak
terhadap Lempeng Amerika utara dengan kecepatan 7 cm / tahun. Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
NUVEL-1 AHH-2018
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Plate movements and geometric relationships
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Gerakan Lempeng relatif terhadap Hotspot
Dept. of Geology
(Plate Motions Relative to Hotspots)
AHH-2018
KECEPATAN GERAK LEMPENG Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
Geodynamics
KECEPATAN GERAK RELATIF LEMPENG TEKTONIK
AHH-2018
AHH-09
Principle of fault-plane-solutions Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018
Examples of fault-plane-solutions of earthquakes
at the three different kinds of plate boundaries. Dept. of Geology
Geodynamics
AHH-2018