Farmakologi Kul1 PDF
Farmakologi Kul1 PDF
Ernawati Sinaga
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Obat adalah Racun
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Efek Efek
Terapi Samping/Toksik
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Efektivitas terapi Obat
Kadar
Aktivitas
di jaringan
Biologis
sasaran
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Potensi & Efikasi
(Kekuatan & Efektivitas)
• Potensi obat merujuk pada jumlah obat
(biasanya dinyatakan dalam mg) yang
diperlukan untuk menghasilkan suatu efek
farmakologis tertentu, misalnya penurunan
tekanan darah, penurunan kadar glukosa
darah dan sebagainya.
• Misalnya, jika 5 mg obat A dapat meredakan
nyeri sama efektifnya dengan 10 mg obat B,
maka dikatakan: obat A memiliki potensi 2 x
lebih besar daripada obat B.
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Potensi & Efikasi
(Kekuatan & Efektivitas)
&
Farmakodinamik
Farmakokinetika
1. Absorpsi
2. Distribusi
3. Biotransformasi/
Metabolisme obat
4. Eliminasi
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Farmakodinamika
1. Efek Terapi
2. Efek samping & Toksisitas
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Farmakokinetika
1. Absorpsi
2. Distribusi
3. Biotransformasi
(Metabolisme)
4. Eliminasi
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Absorpsi Obat
• Saluran pencernaan/Oral
• Suntikan:
– intravena (iv)
– subkutan (sc)
– intra muskular (im)
• Inhalasi
• Kulit topikal
• Membran mukosa
Suntikan
• iv (intra vena)
• im (intra
muscular)
• sc (sub cutan)
• pc (per cutan)
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Melalui Membran Mukosa
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Sawar Biologis
• Sawar otak-darah
• Sawar usus-darah
• Sawar kulit-darah
• Sawar plasenta
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Sawar Biologis
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Membran Sel
Lipid Bilayer)
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Parameter Farmakokinetik
Absorpsi
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Ketersediaan Hayati
(Bioavailability)
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Penentuan Ketersediaan Hayati
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Ketersediaan Hayati
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Ketersediaan Hayati
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Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
Ketersediaan Hayati
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Pro Drug
esterase
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Jawaban-2
• Yes. Since 98% of the radioactivity of PSC3310 is recovered
after both oral and intravenous administration, it is
apparent that the drug is well absorbed after oral
administration. If it was poorly absorbed, the recovery of
radioactivity would be substantially less than that seen
after intravenous administration (the fact that only 98% is
recovered after both routes suggests there is some other
route for elimination of the drug and metabolites, most
likely biliary excretion). The observation that the area
under the curve for unchanged drug is much less for oral
than intravenous administration, suggests much of the drug
is metabolized after oral administration prior to reaching
the systemic circulation. Hence, there is evidence of a
significant first-pass effect.
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Soal latihan-3
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Jawaban-3
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Jawaban-4