Syahyad Aryamehr
Pendahuluan
Nyeri
MORBIDITAS
MORTALITAS
NYERI
PERISTIWA ELEKTROFISIOLOGIS
KOLEKTIF
NOSISEPSI
1. TRANSDUKSI
2. TRANSMISI
3. MODULASI
4. PERSEPSI
Transduksi
Kimia
Termal
Mekanik
Transmisi
Kimia
Termal
Mekanik
Modulasi
Otak
Opiat endogen
Serotonergik
Noradrenergik
Impuls nyeri
Persepsi
Transduksi
?
Otak
Transmisi Persepsi
Modulasi
Patofisiologi Nyeri
Normal
DIHANTAR DIHANTAR
SERABUT SARAF KECIL SERABUT SARAF BESAR
- Aδ BERMIELIN - Aβ BERMIELIN
- C TIDAK BERMIELIN
Patofisiologi Nyeri
Kerusakan Jaringan
Inflamasi
Hyperalgesia Allodynia
Sensitisasi Perifer
KERUSAKAN JARINGAN
SUBSTANSI NYERI
ION K, ION H, SEROTONIN, PROSTAGLANDIN
HISTAMIN DAN BRADIKININ
SUBSTANSI P
DILEPAS DARI UJUNG SARAF (NOSISEPTOR)
AKTIVITAS
NOSISEPTOR MENINGKAT
Trauma
KORNU POSTERIOR
DEPOLARISASI BERKEPANJANGAN
Allodynia
5-HT
α
Opioid
Glutamat
sP
AMPA NMDA
Klasifikasi Nyeri
INTERVAL WAKTU
TERTENTU BILA PERLU
ANALGESIC THERAPEUTICAL
LEVEL
Therapeutic Level
MENCEGAH MENCEGAH
SENSITISASI PERIFER SENSITISASI SENTRAL
KOMBINASI
5-HT
α
Opioid
Glutamat
sP
AMPA NMDA
5-HT
α
Opioid
AMPA NMDA
5-HT
α
Opioid
AMPA NMDA
Anestetik lokal
5-HT
α
Opioid
AMPA NMDA
Nyeri Pascabedah
PENDEKATAN MULTIMODAL
• KECEMASAN, DEPRESI
• STATUS PENDIDIKAN
• RIWAYAT MENDERITA NYERI
• RIWAYAT PENGGUNAAN OBAT
ANALGETIK
• RESPON PLASEBO
Three Step Ladder
Opioid kuat
Analgetik non-opioid
Opioid lemah
Analgetik non-opioid
Analgetik non-opioid
Efek Samping NSAIDs
• ALERGI
KULIT KEMERAHAN, URTIKARIA EDEMA
LARYNX, ASTHMA, ANAFILAKSIS
• GANGGUAN SALURAN CERNA BAGIAN
ATAS
DISPEPSIA, MUAL, MUNTAH, DADA PANAS
BERSENDAWA, KEMBUNG, NYERI
EPIGASTRIK, TUKAK LAMBUNG,
PERDARAHAN LAMBUNG, PERFORASI
LAMBUNG
Penggunaan NSAIDs
Trauma Agonis α
Opioid
Ketamin
DXM
COX1
Tramadol
COX2
Anestetik lokal
• Soldiers requested less analgesic medication
than civilians with comparable injuries. The
injured soldier expected evacuation and safe
recuperation, but the civilian expected loss of
wages and social hardship. (Beecher)
• In the late 1990s, Kehlet dramatically
shortened length of hospital stay after surgery
through the use of a multimodal framework of
perioperative rehabilitation together with
preoperative instruction, minimisation of
intraoperative stress, aggressive mobilisation,
and early feeding.
"Pain is just like any enemy. You keep moving
around and the enemy cannot hit you. Same
way with pain. The quicker you break away
from the pain, the quicker you will drive the
pain out of your system. You sit too long
and you will not be able to move.“
(Beecher)
Terima
Kasih