Episode Episode
pertama berulang
Tabel berikutnya merupakan ringkasan nyeri abdomen berdasarkan lokasi, onset dan
petunjuk klinis
Akut Kronik
1x > Hipotensi
1x
Kuadran Penyakit bilier √ √ – √ Nyeri
kanan atas postprandial
atau nokturnal
Urin seperti
teh (gelap)
Hepatitis – – √ – Riwayat
konsumsi
alkohol
Riwayat
penggunaan
obat terlarang
dengan jarum
suntik bersama
Ikterik
Pankreatitis √ √ √ √ Riwayat
konsumsi
alkohol
Batu empedu
Pankreatitis √ √ √ √ Memberat
ketika posisi
supine
Riwayat
penyalah
gunaan
alkohol atau
riwayat batu
empedu
Iskemia √ – – √ Riwayat AF
mesenterik akut Gagal jantung
Penyakit
Katup Jantung
Riwayat
kateterisasi
Nyeri dapat
menghilang
ketika
pemeriksaan
Gastroenteritis √ – – – Diare
Riwayat
perjalanan
IBD – – √ – Riwayat
keluarga
Hematoskezia
Penurunan
berat badan
IBS – – √ – Diare
intermiten atau
konstipasi
Torsio ovarium √ – – – –
Torsio ovarium √ – – – –
Kondisi hipotebensi yang tidak dapat dijelaskan merupakan fitur penting berikutnya.
Banyak pasien dengan nyeri abdomen mengalami hipotensi karena muntal atau asupan
oral yang buruk. Kondisi hipotensi yang tidak dapat dijelaskan dapat menjadi penanda
suatu sepsis, perdarahan retroperitoneal, atau penyakit lainnya. Tabel berikutnya
menunjukkan penyakit yang berhubungan dengan nyeri abdomen dan hipotensi yang
tidak dapat dijelaskan.
Mekanisme Diagnosis banding
hipotensi
Kehamilan ektopik
terganggu
Ruptur lien
Fitur penting yang terakhir adalah temuan distensi abdomen yang signifikan. Temuan ini
terjadi karana peningkatan udara atau cairan pada rongga abdomen. Peningkatan udara
dapat terjadi karena obstruksi usus atau perforasi saluran cerna (udara bebas)
Peningkatan cairan dapat terlihat pada pasien dengan asites atau hemoragik. Perkusi
dan shifting dullness dapat membedakan peningkatan udara dan cairan pada pasien.
Tabel berikutnya menunjukkan pertimbangan diagnosis pasien dengan distensi
abdomen.
Udara Cairan
Beberapa hal yang penting lainnya termasuk faktor apa yang dapat menyebabkan nyeri
semakin berat (misalnya makan), penjalaran nyeri, dan gejala lainnya (nausea, vomitus,
anoreksia, ketidakmampuan untuk buang air besar dan flatus, melena, hematoskezia,
perubahan warna urin dan feses, demam, menggigil, penurunan berat badan, gangguan
pola makan, gejala ortostatik, gejala berkemih) atau riwayat operasi abdomen
sebelumnya). Gejala puloner atau riwayat penyakit jantung dapat menjadi petunjuk untuk
pneumonia atau infark miokar yang memunculkan gejala nyeri abdomen. Pada wanita,
penting untuk menanyakan riwayat seksual dan mentruasi. Pasien juga perlu ditanyakan
terkait dengan komsumsi alkohol dan obat yang rutin dikonsumsi.
Pemeriksaan fisik abdomen merupakan kunci diagnosis. Inspeksi untuk menilai distensi.
Auskultasi untuk menilai suara usus. Suara usus yang menghilang menunjukkan suatu
gangguan katastropik intra abdomen. Bunyi berdenting dengan frekuensi tinggi
menunjukkan suatu obstruksi usus. Palpasi harus dilakukan terakhir. Sangat berguna
untuk membuat pasien tidak berfokus pada pemeriksaan palpasi dengan mengajaknya
berbicara selamam pemeriksaan palpasi dilakukan. Area yang dikeluhkan mengalami
nyeri abdomen harus diperiksa paling akhir. Pemeriksaan rektal harus dilakukan,
pemeriksaan feses juga harus dilakukan untuk membantu diagnosis yang pasti.
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