CHAPTER1
CHAPTER1
Oleh :
TEKNIK PERKAPALAN
FAKULTAS TEKNIK DAN ILMU KELAUTAN
UNIVERSITAS HANG TUAH
SURABAYA
2019
CHAPTER 1
Preliminary Estimates for New Ships: Main Dimensions
𝐷𝑤𝑡 45.967
𝛥= 𝛥= 𝛥 = 57.458,750 tonnes
80% 80%
Perhitungan Ukuran Utama untuk Data Kapal Baru Dengan Dwt 45.000 Ton
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 4)
Method the Geosim Procedure [Metode ini digunakan ketika ada pesanan kapal baru yang
ukuran utamanya hampir sama dengan kapal pembanding].
𝐷𝑤𝑡 45.000
𝛥= 𝛥= 𝛥 = 56.250 tonnes
80% 80%
𝛥 56.250
CB = 𝐿 𝑋 𝐵 𝑋 𝐻 𝑋 𝜌 CB = 168,462 𝑋 31,538 𝑋 11,853 𝑋 1,025 CB = 0,871
𝛥 = 𝐿 𝑥 𝐵 𝑥 𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵 𝑥 𝜌
𝛥 = 56.250 tonnes
Data Ukuran Utama Kapal Baru
𝑊𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑎 = 73% 𝑥 𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑎 = 73% 𝑥 11.491,75 𝑊𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑎 = 9.193,4 tonnes
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 20)
Cubic Number Method.
2 1 168,462 𝑥 31,538
𝑊&𝑂 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐵 = 3 𝑥 1.149,175 + 3 𝑥 1.149,175 x ( ) tonnes
172 𝑥 32,2
𝑊𝑀 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑎 = 12% 𝑥 𝑊𝐿
𝑊𝑀 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑎 = 12% 𝑥 11.491,75
𝑊𝑀 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑎 = 1.379,010 tonnes
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 28)
The Rate Procedure Method
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 9.267
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 1.379,010 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 6,720 Kw/ tonnes
2 2
𝛥3 𝑥 𝑉 3 𝛥3 𝑥 𝑉 3
=
𝑃 𝑃
2 2
57.458,753 𝑥 16,53 50.0003 𝑥 16,33
=
9267 𝑃 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑢
2 2
57.458,753 𝑥 16,53 56.2503 𝑥 16,33
=
9267 𝑃 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑢
6.381.087,200
724,442 = 𝑃 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑢
𝑃 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑢 = 8.808,279 kW
8.808,79
𝑊𝑀 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑢 =
6,720
Disebutkan bahwa Tonnage net didasarkan pada perhitungan volume semua ruang kargo
pada kapal. Ini menunjuukan ruang yang ada pada kapal dan merupakan fungsi dari seluruh
volume kargo yang ada pada kapal.
Oleh karena itu perhitungan untuk moulded capacity adalah selisih dari Tonnage net dan
Hull Weight.
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 4)
Method the Geosim Procedure [Metode ini digunakan ketika ada pesanan kapal baru yang
ukuran utamanya hampir sama dengan kapal pembanding].
= 11561,240 – 9756,879
= 1.804,361 tonnage
1.804,361 ton = 5109,381 m3
Perhitungan Grain Capacity
CB Values
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 40)
3 7
𝐶𝐵@3 = 0,871 𝑋 (11,853)0,058 𝐶𝐵@7 = 0,871 𝑋 (11,853)0,058
4 8
𝐶𝐵@4 = 0,871 𝑋 (11,853)0,058 𝐶𝐵@8 = 0,871 𝑋 (11,853)0,058
5 9
𝐶𝐵@5 = 0,871 𝑋 (11,853)0,058 𝐶𝐵@9 = 0,871 𝑋 (11,853)0,058
6 10
𝐶𝐵@6 = 0,871 𝑋 (11,853)0,058 𝐶𝐵@10 = 0,871 𝑋 (11,853)0,058
CW Values
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 41)
𝐶𝑊 = 𝐶𝐵 + 𝐾
1 − 𝐶𝐵@𝑆𝐿𝑊𝐿
𝐶𝑊 = 𝐶𝐵 +
3
1 − 0,871
𝐶𝑊 = 𝐶𝐵 +
3
𝐶𝑊 = 𝐶𝐵 + 0,043
Displacement
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 43)
𝑊 = 𝐿 𝑥 𝐵 𝑥 𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵 𝑥 𝜌
𝑊 = 168,462 𝑥 31,538 𝑥 𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵 𝑥 1,025
𝑊 = 5.445,778 𝑥 𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵
KB Values
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 41)
𝐻
𝐾𝐵 =
𝐶𝐵
(1 + 𝐶𝑊 )
BMT Values
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 43)
𝜂 𝑥 𝐵2
𝐵𝑀𝑇 =
𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵
83,550 𝑥 (𝐶𝑊)2
𝐵𝑀𝑇 =
𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵
KMT Values
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 44)
𝐾𝑀𝑇 = 𝐾𝐵 + 𝐵𝑀𝑇
BML Values
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 41)
𝜂 𝑥 𝐿2
𝐵𝑀𝐿 =
𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵
3
(𝐶𝑊)2 𝑥 168,4622
𝐵𝑀𝑇 = 40
𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵
2.128,458 𝑥 (𝐶𝑊)2
𝐵𝑀𝑇 =
𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵
KML Values
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 41)
𝐾𝑀𝐿 = 𝐾𝐵 + 𝐵𝑀𝐿
WPA Values
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 41)
𝑊𝑃𝐴 = 𝐿 𝑥 𝐵 𝑥 𝐶𝑊
𝑊𝑃𝐴 = 168,462 𝑥 31,538 𝑥 𝐶𝑊
𝑊𝑃𝐴 = 5.312,955 𝑥 𝐶𝑊
TPC Values
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 45)
𝑊𝑃𝐴
𝑇𝑃𝐶 = 𝑥𝜌
100
𝑊𝑃𝐴
𝑇𝑃𝐶 = 𝑥 1,025
100
𝑊𝑃𝐴
𝑇𝑃𝐶 =
97,561
MCTC Values
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 45)
For Oil Tankers
7,8 𝑥 𝑇𝑃𝐶 2
𝑀𝐶𝑇𝐶 =
𝐵
7,8 𝑥 𝑇𝑃𝐶 2
𝑀𝐶𝑇𝐶 =
31,538
𝑀𝐶𝑇𝐶 = 0,247 𝑥 𝑇𝑃𝐶 2
Draft (H) W KB BMT KMT BML KML WPA TPC MCTC
Cb Cw CB/CW
(m) (tonnes) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m^2) (tonnes) (tm/cm)
12 0,872 0,915 56959,977 6,144 6,682 12,827 170,231 176,376 4859,350 49,808 612,775 0,953
11,853 0,871 0,914 56222,011 6,069 6,761 12,830 172,231 178,300 4856,041 49,774 611,940 0,953
10 0,862 0,905 46967,349 5,122 7,942 13,064 202,331 207,452 4810,638 49,309 600,551 0,953
9 0,857 0,900 42013,090 4,610 8,776 13,386 223,573 228,183 4782,722 49,023 593,601 0,952
8 0,851 0,894 37090,719 4,099 9,812 13,911 249,970 254,069 4751,716 48,705 585,930 0,952
7 0,845 0,888 32203,997 3,587 11,136 14,723 283,688 287,275 4716,820 48,347 577,355 0,952
6 0,837 0,880 27357,731 3,075 12,887 15,962 328,309 331,384 4676,869 47,938 567,616 0,951
5 0,828 0,871 22558,297 2,563 15,318 17,881 390,232 392,795 4630,077 47,458 556,315 0,951
4 0,818 0,861 17814,577 2,051 18,926 20,977 482,137 484,188 4573,477 46,878 542,797 0,950
3 0,804 0,847 13139,848 1,539 24,858 26,397 633,275 634,814 4501,579 46,141 525,865 0,949
*Approximate hydrostatic values for a Oil Tankers ship, having an LBP of 168,462 m
Comparison Between BMT and BML (for BMT)
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 50)
0,084 𝑥 𝐶𝑊 2 𝑥 𝐵 2
𝐵𝑀𝑇 𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵
=
𝐵𝑀𝐿 3 2 2
40 𝑥 𝐶𝑊 𝑥 𝐿
𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵
0,084 𝑥 𝐶𝑊 2 𝑥 31,5382
𝐵𝑀𝑇 𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵
=
𝐵𝑀𝐿 3 2 2
40 𝑥 𝐶𝑊 𝑥 168,462
𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵
31,538 2
𝐵𝑀𝑇 = 𝐵𝑀𝐿 𝑥 1,12 𝑥 ( )
168,462
3 2 2
40 𝑥 𝐶𝑊 𝑥 𝐿
𝐵𝑀𝐿 𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵
=
𝐵𝑀𝑇 0,084 𝑥 𝐶𝑊 2 𝑥 𝐵 2
𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵
3 2 2
40 𝑥 𝐶𝑊 𝑥 168,462
𝐵𝑀𝐿 𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵
=
𝐵𝑀𝑇 0,084 𝑥 𝐶𝑊 2 𝑥 31,5382
𝐻 𝑥 𝐶𝐵
168,462 2
𝐵𝑀𝐿 = 𝐵𝑀𝑇 𝑥 0,893 𝑥 ( )
31,538
*Comparison of sets of values for KB, WPA, MCTC, BMT, and BML.
CHAPTER 5
Types of Ship Resistance
0,441 0,441
𝑓= 𝑓= 𝑓 = 0,422
𝐿𝑝𝑝 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎0,0088 1720,0088
𝑅𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝑉 𝑛 N
𝑅𝑓 = 566.111,130 N
Residual Resistance pada Kapal Pembanding (Rr)
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 57)
𝑅𝑓
Disebutkan bahwa nilai untuk super tanker adalah sekitar 90%. Dalam perhitungan ini
𝑅𝑡
𝑅𝑓
nilai diasumsikan senilai 90%.
𝑅𝑡
𝑅𝑓 566.111,130
= 90% 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅𝑡 = 629.012,367 N
𝑅𝑡 90%
168,462 2,9037
𝑅𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑢 = 566.111,130 𝑥 ( )
172
𝑅𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑢 = 532.144,462 N
Residual Resistance Pada Kapal Baru (Rr)
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 61)
Menggunakan Goesim Method
168,462 2,9037
𝑅𝑟 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑢 = 62.901,237 𝑥 ( )
172
𝑅𝑟 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑢 = 59.127,163 N
𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅𝑟
𝑅𝑡 = 532.144,462 + 59.127,163
𝑅𝑡 = 591.271,625 N
𝑅𝑡 = 591,272 KN
CHAPTER 6
Types of Ship Speed
𝐶𝑏 0,705
𝑊𝑡 = − 0,05 𝑊𝑡 = − 0,05 𝑊𝑡 = 0,3025
2 2
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 64)
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑎
𝑊𝑡 =
𝑉𝑠
16,3 − 𝑉𝑎
0,3025 =
16,3
16,3 − 𝑉𝑎 = 4,931
𝑉𝑎 = 16,3 − 4,931
𝑉𝑎 = 11,369 kt
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑎
𝑊𝑡 =
𝑉𝑠
16,3 − 11,369
𝑊𝑡 =
16,3
𝑊𝑡 = 0,3025
Theoretical Speed (Vt)
Dalam perhitungan ini, face pitch ratio diasumsikan = 0,85. Dimana proppeller
berputar pada kecepatan 110 rpm, kecepatan kapal (Vs) adalah 16,3 kt dengan Real
slip ratio yang diasumsikan senilai 30%.
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 64)
𝑉𝑡 − 𝑉𝑎
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑉𝑡
𝑉𝑡 − 11,369
0,3 =
𝑉𝑡
0,3 𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉𝑡 − 11,369
𝑉𝑡 − 0,3 𝑉𝑡 = 11,369
0,7 𝑉𝑡 = 11,369
𝑉𝑡 = 16,241 kt
16,241 − 11,369
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
16,241
Wake Speed
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 65)
𝑃𝑥𝑁
𝑉𝑡 =
30,867
𝑃 𝑥 110
16,241 =
30,867
16,241 𝑥 30,867
𝑃=
110
𝑃 = 4,557 m
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 66)
𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
4,557
0,85 =
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
4,557
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
0,85
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 5,361 m
Apparent Slip Ratio
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 66)
𝑉𝑡 − 𝑉𝑠
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑉𝑡
16,241 − 16,3
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
16,241
𝑃𝑁𝐸 = 𝑅𝑡 𝑥 𝑉𝑠
1852
𝑃𝑁𝐸 = 591,272 𝑥 (16,3 𝑥 )
3600
𝑃𝑁𝐸 = 4.953,677 kW
𝑃𝐸 = 4.953,677 + 990,735
𝑃𝐸 = 5.944,412 kW
Thrust Power (PT)
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 69)
Disebutkan bahwa Hull Efficiency adalah 98 – 99 %. Dalam perhitungan ini Hull Effiency
diasumsikan senilai 98%.
𝑃𝐸 5.944,412
𝐻𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑇 = 6.065,727 kW
𝑃𝑇 0,98
𝑃𝑇 6.065,727
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝐷 = 8.665,324 kW
𝑃𝐷 0,7
𝑃𝐷 8.665,324
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑃𝑆 (𝑃𝐵) = 𝑃𝑆(𝑃𝐵) = 8.842,167 kW
𝑃𝐵 0,98
𝑃𝐵 8.842,167
𝐸𝑀 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑃𝐼 = 𝑃𝐼 = 9.824,630 kW
𝑃𝐼 0,90
Check PI
(Dr. C B Barrass. 2004. Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates : Page 72)
𝑃𝐸
𝑃𝐼 =
𝐻𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑥 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑥 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑥 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
5.944,412
𝑃𝐼 =
0,98 𝑥 0,7 𝑥 0,98 𝑥 0,9
𝑃𝐼 = 9.824,630 kW