Epidemiologi INOS PDF
Epidemiologi INOS PDF
Pasien dan
Petugas Kesehatan
The interplay of factors that result in
health-care associated infections (HAIs)
Health-care associated Infections
(Freedman C, 2007)
• Macam HAIs :
• Device Associated Infections (DAIs)
– Cathether Urethra- ISK (Terbanyak)
– Cathether IV/ Central- BSI
– Mechanic Ventilat/ ETT- pneumonia
• Non Device Associated Infections/ Procedure
– Operasi- IDO
Sumber HAIs
• HAIs dapat disebabkan agen infeksi yg berasal
dari sumber infeksi endogen atau eksogen:
• Sumber Endogen adalah bagian tubuh seperti
kulit, hidung, mulut, Gastrointestinal (GI) tract,
atau vagina dimana pada kondisi normal dihuni
mikroba.
• Sumber Exogen adalah bagian eksternal pasien,
seperti personel kesehatan, alat perawatan
pasien, alat medis atau lingkungan rumah sakit..
Talaro and Chess, 2015
The occurrence of infections with
regard to location and sequence
• Skin
• Placenta
• Conjunctiva
• Mucous membranes of
the respiratory, gastro-
intestinal, urinary, and
reproductive tracts.
• The parenteral route
involves a puncture
through the skin.
Talaro and Chess, 2015
Talaro and Chess, 2015
Portals of exit
• in secretions (earwax,
tears, nasal secretions,
saliva, sputum, and
respiratory droplets)
• in blood (via arthropod
bites, hypodermic
needles, or wounds)
• in vaginal secretions or
semen
• in milk produced by the
mammary glands
• in excreted bodily wastes
(feces and urine).
Herd
Immunity
Ten most common pathogens
that account for 84% of all HAIs (n=33.848)
• Coagulase-negative staphylococci (15%)
• Staphylococcus aureus (15%)
• Enterococcus species (12%)
• Candida species (11%)
• Escherichia coli (10%)
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%)
• Klebsiella pneumoniae (6%)
• Enterobacter species (5%)
• Acinetobacter baumannii (3%)
• Klebsiella oxytoca (2%)
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:996-1011
Definisi MDRos
• Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) adalah
mikroorganisme terutama Bakteria, yang
resistens terhadap satu atau lebih kelas agen
antimikroba
• MDROs, antara lain methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-
resistant enterococci (VRE) dan gram-negative
bacilli (GNB)
• Synonim: HRMOs- Highly Resistant
Microorganisms
4 Pintu Masuk Kuman pada ISK
Sumber Kontaminasi Mikroba
Organisms present on patient skin or
immediate environment