EL5140 JARINGAN TELEKOMUNIKASI

STEI - ITB Tutun Juhana – Program Studi Teknik Telekomunikasi

 Tipe-tipe Media Transmisi
2

Guided transmission media

Kabel tembaga
Open Wires
Coaxial
Twisted Pair
Kabel serat optik
Unguided transmission media
infra merah
gelombang radio
microwave: terrestrial maupun satellite
3
4 Guided Transmission Media
Waves are guided along solid medium
 Model Saluran Transmisi
5

Menurut Telegrapher's Equations, suatu saluran transmisi terdiri dari serangkaian

komponen kutub dua yang jumlahnya tak terhingga
R menyatakan resistensi konduktor
L menyatakan induktansi salurann
C menyatakan kapasitansi antara dua konduktor
G menyatakan konduktansi materi dielektrik yang memisahkan kedua konduktor
Impedansi karakteristik dinyatakan oleh
 Kabel Tembaga
6

Paling lama dan sudah biasa digunakan

Kelemahan: redaman tinggi dan sensitif terhadap
interferensi
Redaman pada suatu kabel tembaga akan meningkat
bila frekuensi dinaikkan
Kecepatan rambat sinyal di dalam kabel tembaga
mendekati 200.000 km/detik
Tiga jenis kabel tembaga yang biasa digunakan:
Open wire
Coaxial
Twisted Pair
 Open wire
7

Sudah jarang digunakan

Kelemahan:
Terpengaruh kondisi cuaca
dan lingkungan
Kapasitas terbatas (hanya
sekitar 12 kanal voice)

70 miles open wire from Hawthorne to Tonopah

Photograph taken by Brian Hayes in 1999
(http://flickr.com/photos/brianhayes/321552411/)
 Coaxial
• Bandwidth lebar (45-500 MHz)
• Lebih kebal terhadap interferensi
• Contoh penggunaan : pada antena TV,
LAN dsb.

= CORE (D)
= DIELECTRIC (C)
= SHIELD (B)
= JACKET (A)

RG58 coax and BNC Connector

8
 Source: Radio Laboratory Handbook, School On Digital Radio Communications for
Research and Training in Developing Countries, ICTP

9
 Twisted pair
10

Twisted pair dibangun dari dua konduktor yang dipilin

Kabel dipilin untuk mengeliminasi crosstalk
Pada suatu bundel twisted pair (lebih dari satu pasang), twist
length (twist rates) masing-masing pasangan dibedakan untuk
mencegah crosstalk antar pasangan
Pengiriman sinyal pada twisted pair menggunakan “balance
signaling” untuk mengeliminasi pengaruh interferensi (noise)
 Balance Signaling
11

A balanced transmission line is one whose currents

are symmetric with respect to ground so that all
current flows through the transmission line and the
load
none through ground
Note that line balance depends on the current
through the line, not the voltage across the line
It is also called differential signaling

Source: York County Amateur Radio Society

 Examples of a Balanced Line
All using DC rather than AC to simplify the analysis
12

V = +6 VDC
I = 25 mA Example #1

6V
240 Ω

240 Ω
6V

I = -25 mA
V = -6 VDC

Notice that the currents are equal and opposite and that the
total current flowing through ground = 25mA-25mA = 0
13

V = +9 VDC
I = 25 mA
Example #2

360 Ω

240 Ω

I = -25 mA
V = -6 VDC

Note that the total current flowing through ground is again 0

Because the ground current is 0, the ground is not required
14

V = +6 VDC
I = 20 mA Example #3

300 Ω

240 Ω

I = -25 mA
V = -6 VDC

Is the line balanced?

No – although the voltages are equal and opposite,
the currents are not!
15

FYI:
Coaxial is an example of unbalanced transmission line
Many types of antenna (dipoles, yagi etc.) are
balanced load
So, to feed balanced antenna with unbalance
transmission lines we have to use baluns (balance-
unbalance)
 Twisted pairs Types
16

Unshielded Twisted pair (UTP)

Shielded Twisted pair (STP)
 Unshielded Twisted pair (UTP)
17

Up to Cat 6 -> supports 1Gig Ethernet

18 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
 Screened unshielded twisted pair (S/UTP)
19

ET2080 Jaringan Telekomunikasi

 Shielded twisted pair (STP or STP-A)
20

1 – Jacket
2 – Shield-foil
3 – Drain wire
4 – Solid twisted pair
 Screened shielded twisted pair (S/STP or S/FTP)
21

1 – Jacket
2 – Rip-cord
3 – Shield-foil
4 – Drain wire
5 – Protective skin
6 – Polymer tape
7 – Solid twisted pair
 Cable Legend
22
23 Optical Fiber
 Optical Fiber Advantages
24

Weight and Size

Fiber cable is significantly smaller and lighter than electrical cables to do the same job
Material Cost
Fiber cable costs significantly less than copper cable for the same transmission capacity
Information Capacity
Recently, bit-rates of up to 14 Tbit/s have been reached over a single 160 km line using optical amplifiers
No Electrical Connection
Electrical connections have problems:
Ground loops (in a conductor connecting two points that are supposed to be at the same potential, often ground, but are
actually at different potentials) causing noises and interferences
Dangerous (must be protected)
Lightning poses a severe hazard
No Electromagnetic Interference
Because the connection is not electrical, you can neither pick up nor create electrical interference (the
major source of noise)
Longer distances between Regenerators (hundreds of kilometers)
Open Ended Capacity
The maximum theoretical capacity of installed fiber is very great (almost infinite)
Better Security
It is possible to tap fiber optical cable. But it is very difficult to do and the additional loss caused by the tap is relatively
easy to detect
 Optical Fiber Elements
25

Core
Carries the light signal (pure silica glass and
doped with germanium)
Cladding
Keeps light signal within core (Pure Silica
Glass)
Coating
Protects Optical Fiber From Abrasion and
External Pressures (UV Cured Acrylate)
 Mengapa cahaya bisa bergerak sepanjang
serat optik?
26

Karena ada fenomena Total

Internal Reflection (TIR)
TIR dimungkinkan dengan
membedakan indeks bias (n)
antara core dan clading
Dalam hal ini ncore > ncladding
Memanfaatkan hukum Snellius
 Remembering Snellius
27

ncore > ncladding

28

Critical angle
At the critical angle we know that θ² equals 90° and sin
90° = 1 and so
 for rays where θ1 is less than a critical value then the ray will
propagate along the fiber and will be “bound” within the fiber
(Total Internal Reflection)

where the angle θ1 is greater than the critical value the ray is
refracted into the cladding and will ultimately be lost outside the
fiber
29
 Numerical Aperture (NA)
30
 Light Modes
31

Can be as few as one mode and as many as tens of

thousands of modes
 Fiber Transmission Windows (Bands)
32
 Transmitter Light Sources
33

Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

Used for multimode: 850 nm or 1300 nm
Wide beam width fills multimode fibers
Wider spectrum (typically 50 nm)
Inexpensive
Cannot modulate as fast as lasers
VCSEL’s–Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting
Laser
Used for multimode at 850 and 1300 nm
Quite narrow spectrum
Narrow beam width (does not fill multimode fibers)
Much less expensive than FP or DFB lasers
Fabry-Perot (FP) and Distributed Feedback
(DFB) Lasers
Used for singlemode: 1310 nm or 1550 nm
Narrow spectrum (can be less than 1 nm)
Narrow beam width (does not fill multimode fibers)
Highest power and fastest switching–Most expensive
(especially DFB)
34

Salah satu cara untuk

mengidenifikasi konstruksi kabel
optik adalah dengan menggunakan
perbandingan antara diameter core
dan cladding. Sebagai contoh
adalah tipe kabel 62.5/125.
Artinya diamater core 62,5 micron
dan diameter cladding 125 micron
Contoh lain tipe kabel:50/125,
62.5/125 dan 8.3/125
Jumlah core di dalam satu kabel
bisa antara 4 s.d. 144
 Klasifikasi Serat Optik
35

Berdasarkan mode gelombang cahaya yang

berpropagasi pada serat optik
Multimode Fibre
Singlemode Fibre
Berdasarkan perubahan indeks bias bahan
Step index fibre
Gradded index fibre
 Step Index Fiber vs Gradded Index Fiber
36

Pada step index fiber, perbedaan antara index bias

inti dengan index bias cladding terjadi secara drastis
 Pada gradded index fiber, perbedaan index bias bahan dari inti sampai
cladding berlangsung secara gradual
Contoh profile gradded index:
Untuk 0 ≤r ≤ a
r = jari-jari di dalam inti serat
a = jari-jari maksimum inti serat

37
 Multimode Optical Fiber
38

Step-index multimode. Used with 850nm, 1300 nm source.

Graded-index multimode. Used with 850nm, 1300 nm source.

 Singlemode Optical Fiber
39
 Distortions in Fiber
40

If a short pulse of light from a source such as a laser

or an LED is sent down a narrow fiber, it will be
changed (degraded) by its passage down the fiber
It will emerge (depending on the distance) much weaker
lengthened in time (“smeared out”), and
distorted in other ways
The reasons for the above are as follows:
Attenuation
Maximum Power
Polarization
Dispersion
Noise
41

Attenuation
Internal External

Single-mode fibers will not tolerate

a minimum Bend Radius
of less than 6.5 to 7.5 cm
Graded-Index Multimode Fiber will
typically tolerate a minimum bend
radius of not less than 3.8 cm
The fibers commonly used in
customer-premises applications
(62.5-m core) can tolerate a bend
radius of less than an inch (2.5 cm).
(Source: timbercon.com)
42

Dispersion
Dispersion occurs when a pulse of light is spread out
during transmission on the fiber
43

Material Dispersion (chromatic

dispersion)
Lasers and LEDs produce a range of
optical wavelengths (a band of light)
rather than a single narrow wavelength
The fiber has different refractive index
characteristics at different wavelengths
and therefore each wavelength will
travel at a different speed in the fiber
Thus, some wavelengths arrive before
others and a signal pulse disperses (or
smears out)
Expressed in picoseconds per kilometer
per nanoseconds (ps/km/n)
Maximum information-carrying capacity
at 1310 nm also known at zero-
dispersion wavelength
44

Modal dispersion
When using multimode fiber, the
light is able to take many different
paths or “modes” as it travels
within the fiber
The distance traveled by light in
each mode is different from the
distance travelled in other modes
Therefore, some components of the
pulse will arrive before others
Not issue in single mode fiber
 Bandwidth-distance product
45

Because the effect of dispersion increases with the length of

the fiber, a fiber Information carrying capacity is often
characterized by its bandwidth-distance product, often
expressed in units of MHz×km.
This value is a product of bandwidth and distance because
there is a trade off between the bandwidth of the signal and
the distance it can be carried
For example, a common multimode fiber with bandwidth-
distance product of 500 MHz×km could carry a 500 MHz
signal for 1 km or a 1000 MHz signal for 0.5 km.

ET2080 Jaringan Telekomunikasi

 Fiber Optics Connectors, Splices
46

Splices v. Connectors
A permanent join is a splice
Connectors are used at patch panels, and can be
disconnected
47

Acceptable Losses
 Fiber Optic Installation Safety Rules
48
Keep all food and beverages out of the work area. If fiber particles are ingested they can
cause internal hemorrhaging
Wear disposable aprons to minimize fiber particles on your clothing
Fiber particles on your clothing can later get into food, drinks, and/or be ingested by other means
Always wear safety glasses with side shields and protective gloves
Treat fiber optic splinters the same as you would glass splinters.
Never look directly into the end of fiber cables until you are positive that there is no light
source at the other end
Use a fiber optic power meter to make certain the fiber is dark. When using an optical tracer or continuity
checker, look at the fiber from an angle at least 6 inches away from your eye to determine if the visible light is
present..
Only work in well ventilated areas
Contact wearers must not handle their lenses until they have thoroughly washed their hands.
Do not touch your eyes while working with fiber optic systems until they have been thoroughly
washed
Keep all combustible materials safely away from the curing ovens
Put all cut fiber pieces in a safe place.
Thoroughly clean your work area when you are done
Do not smoke while working with fiber optic systems.
Source: http://www.jimhayes.com/
 Structured Cabling Architecture
49
50 Unguided Transmission Media
Provides a means for transmitting electro-
magnetic signals through the air but do not guide
them (wireless transmission)
 Electromagnetic Spectrum for Wireless Communication
51

Radio wave and microwave Infra Red Light wave

3 kHz 300 GHz 400 THz 900 THz

52

Transmission and reception are achieved by means

of antennas
For transmission, an antenna radiates electromagnetic
radiation in the air
For reception, the antenna picks up electromagnetic
waves from the surrounding medium
The antenna plays a key role
 Directional Antenna
53

the transmitting
antenna puts out a
focused
electromagnetic
beam
the transmitting and
receiving antennas
must be aligned
Dr. Yagi and his Yagi antenna
(example of directional antenna)
 Omnidirectional Antenna
54

the transmitted signal

spreads out in all
directions and can be
received by many
antennas
In general, the higher
the frequency of a
signal, the more it is
possible to focus it into
a directional beam
 Microwave
55

Frequencies in the range of about 30 MHz to 40

GHz are referred to as microwave frequencies
2 GHz to 40 GHz
wavelength in air is 0.75cm to 15cm
wavelength = velocity / frequency
highly directional beams are possible
suitable for point-to-point transmission
30 MHz to 1 GHz
suitable for omnidirectional applications
56 Terrestrial Microwave
 Terrestrial Microwave
57

Limited to line-of-sight (LOS)

transmission
This means that microwaves must
be transmitted in a straight line
and that no obstructions can
exists, such as buildings or
mountains, between microwave
stations.
The Fresnel Zone must be clear
of all obstructions.
58

Radius of the first Fresnel zone

R=17.32(x(d-x)/fd)1/2
where d = distance between antennas (in Km)
R= first Fresnel zone radius in meters
f= frequency in GHz
59

Another apps: cellular communication, and LANs

Freq. Band Use Range Data Rate

824 - 894 MHz Analog cell phones (AMPS) 20 km per cell 13 kbps/channel
902-928 MHz License free in North America
1.7 - 2.3 GHz PCS digital cell phones < 1 km per cell
1.8 GHz GSM digital cell phones 16 kbps/channel
2.400-2.484 GHz global license free band
2.4 GHz 802.11, Lucent WaveLAN 100 m - 25 km 2 - 11 Mbps
2.45 GHz Bluetooth about 10 m 1 Mbps
4 - 6 GHz commercial (telecomm.) 40 - 80 km 100 Mbps
Infrared short distance line of sight 5 - 100 m 1 Mbps
 Transmission characteristics
60

The higher the frequency used, the higher the

potential bandwidth and therefore the higher the
potential data rate

Band (GHz) | Bandwidth (MHz) | Data rate (Mbps)

2 7 12
6 30 90
11 40 90
18 220 274
 Attenuation
61

2
 4πd 
L = 10 log 
 λ 

d is the distance
λ is the wavelength
repeaters or amplifiers may be placed farther apart for
microwave systems - 10 to 100 km is typical
Attenuation increases with rainfall, especially above 10 GHz
The assignment of frequency bands is strictly regulated
(http://www.postel.go.id/utama.aspx?MenuID=3&MenuItem=3)
62 Satellite Microwave
63

a satellite is a microwave relay

station
link two or more ground-based
microwave transmitter/receivers
(known as earth stations or
ground stations)
The satellite receives
transmissions on one frequency
band (uplink), amplifies or
repeats the signal, and transmits
it on another frequency
(downlink)
An orbiting satellite operate on a
number of frequency bands,
called transponder channels
 VSAT
64

A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT),

is a two-way satellite ground station with
a dish antenna that is smaller than 3
meters.
Most VSAT antennas range from 75 cm
to 1.2 m.
Data rates typically range from 56
Kbit/s up to 4 Mbit/s
VSATs access satellites in geosynchronous
(geostationary) orbit (to relay data from
small remote earth stations (terminals) to
other terminals (in mesh configurations)
or master earth station "hubs" (in star
configurations).
 Frequency allocation
65

Optimum frequency range for satellite transmission

is 1 - 10GHz
Below 1 GHz, there is significant noise from nature
sources
About 10 GHz, the signal is severely attenuated by
atmosphere
 Fixed satellite service
66

Typical frequency bands for

uplink/downlink usual terminology

6/4 GHz C band
8/7 GHz X band
14/12 GHz Ku band
30/20 GHz Ka band
 Mobile satellite service
67

Typical frequency bands for

uplink/downlink usual terminology

1.6/1.5 GHz L band
30/20 GHz Ka band
 Broadcasting satellite service
68

Typical frequency bands for

uplink/downlink usual terminology

12 GHz Ku band
69 Broadcast Radio
70

Physical description
omnidirectional
Applications
AM broadcasting
Operating frequencies
MF (medium frequency): 300 kHz - 3 MHz
HF (high frequency): 3 MHz - 30 MHz
HF is the most economic means of low information rate
transmission over long distances (e.g. > 300km)
71

A HF wave emitted from an antenna is characterized by a

groundwave and a skywave components.
The groundwave follows the surface of the earth and can
provide useful communication over salt water up to 1000km
and over land for some 40km to 160km
The skywave transmission depends on ionospheric
refraction.
Transmitted radio waves hitting the ionosphere are bent or
refracted.
When they are bent sufficiently, the waves are returned to
earth at a distant location.
Skywave links can be from 160km to 12800km.
72
73

FM broadcasting
operating frequencies
VHF (very high frequency): 30 MHz - 300 MHz
TV broadcasting
operating frequencies:
VHF
UHF (ultra high frequency): 300 MHz - 3000MHz
74 Infrared
75

Does not penetrate walls

no security or interference problems
no frequency allocation issue
no licensing is required
Apps: Infrared Wireless LAN
 So..you’ve heard about dB..
76
What is it?
 Decibel, Gain, dan Loss
77

Power loss : penurunan daya sinyal

Power gain : penguatan daya sinyal
Decibel : “satuan” untuk menyatakan
power loss/gain
Decibel merupakan satuan ukuran
daya yang logaritmis
Pertama kali digunakan oleh
Alexander Graham Bell (satuan
decibel digunakan untuk
menghormati jasanya)
Decibel : dB
Alexander Graham Bell
Born 1847 - Died 1922
 Decibel in Action
78

Gain
g = Pout/Pin Overall Gain
g = g1*g2
Gain in dB
gdB = 10 log (Pout/Pin) Overall Gain in dB
gdB = g1(dB) + g2(dB)
Loss Contoh:
L = Pin/Pout - Bila daya output 10 Watt dan daya input 1 Watt,
maka Gain = 10 dB
Loss in dB - Bila daya input 10 Watt dan daya output 1 Watt,
LdB = 10 log (Pin/Pout) maka Loss = 10 dB (atau Gain = -10 dB)
 Power Levels in dB
79

Sampai titik ini kita masih melihat penerapan dB

untuk menyatakan perbandingan daya
Bagaimana cara menyatakan level daya absolut
menggunakan dB?

Gunakan suatu daya referensi

Daya referensi yang banyak
digunakan adalah 1 mW  P 
PdBm = 10 log  
Satuan dB yang dihasilkan  1 mW 
adalah dBm
Contoh: suatu level daya 10  P 
PdBW = 10 log  
mW bila dinyatakan di  1W 
dalam dB adalah 10 dBm
Daya referensi lain yang
dapat digunakan: 1 Watt
(satuan dB yang digunakan
dBW)

80
81

Contoh penggunaan dB

Daya pancar P1 = 1W atau +30 dBm

Gain antena = 30 dB
Redaman link = 110 dB
Daya diterima terima P2,dBm = +30 dBm + 30 dB –110 dB +30 dB = –20 dBm
Bila dinyatakan di dalam Watt P2 = 10 μW.
 Redaman
serat optik 0,5 dB/km

Daya pancar P1,dBm = 0 dBm

Redaman serat optik = 0,5 dB/km, maka redaman total serat optik = 0,5*40 =20 dB
Daya terima P2,dBm = 0 dBm – 20 dB = –20 dBm

82
83

Satuan lain yang biasa digunakan

untuk menyatakan suatu
perbadingan adalah Neper
1 Neper (Np) = 8,685889638 dB
1 dB = 0,115129254 Np John Napier or Neper
nicknamed Marvellous Merchiston
(1550, 1617)
Penemu Logaritma