PENDAHULUAN
perempuan, dan profil usia di bawah 45 tahun sebesar 11.8%, usia 45-64
tahun 54.2%, dan usia di atas 65 tahun sebesar 33.5%. Data lain di
stroke. Angka kematian berdasarkan umur adalah sebesar 15.9% (umur 45-
55 tahun), 26.8% (umur 55-64 tahun), dan 23.5% (umur >65 tahun).2
darah ke otak tersumbat. Jenis stroke ini yang paling umum, hampir 90%
1
(IMT) arteri karotis interna yang diukur menggunakan ultrasound dapat
adalah respon adaptif atau perbaikan terhadap berbagai rangsangan fisik dan
nilai IMT normal adalah < 0,8 mm, curiga penyakit arterial bila 0,8-0,99
mm dan patologis bila > 1,0 mm. Dengan bertambahnya faktor risiko akan
terjadinya infark miokard dan stroke pada usia tua. Peningkatan rerata IMT
dislipidemia dan obesitas; namun masih banyak faktor risiko yang dapat
stroke iskemik. Oleh karena itu, gen yang terlibat dalam respon inflamasi
2
predisposisi stroke iskemik. Menurut Buraczynska,dkk pada penelitiannya tahun
2015 dikatakan bahwa faktor risiko stroke yang tidak dapat dimodifikasi kemudian
infark dimana sel masih viable, namun kaskade yang mengarah pada proses
bersifat irreversible.17 Sel neuron yang mati akan menjadi trigger keluarnya
3
Factor-α (TNF-α) sehingga mengakibatkan rusaknya kolagen tipe IV,
infark serebri, sehingga akan berakibat pada buruknya keluaran klinis pasien
stroke iskemik.16,22
dan pendekatan pengobatan. Saat ini tidak banyak biomarker yang dapat
baik.21,23 Selain itu peran dari faktor genetik yang terlibat dalam
4
faktor risiko stroke, ketebalan tunika intima media karotis dan keluaran
klinis yang dinilai dengan skor NIHSS (National Institutes of Health Stroke
B. Rumusan Masalah
hubungan antara kadar MMP-9 serum dengan faktor risiko stroke, ketebalan
tunika intima media karotis dan perubahan skor NIHSS pada stroke iskemik
akut?
5
C. Orisinalitas Penelitian
antara kadar MMP-9 serum dengan faktor risiko stroke, ketebalan tunika
intima dan perubahan skor NIHSS pada stroke iskemik akut, antara lain :
Barbieri A, Giuliani
4 Clinical Severity of Penelitian MMP-9, S100β, NT pro
E, Carone
. C, Ischemic Stroke and Cohort BNP dan D-Dimer
Pederzoli F, Neural Damage menunjukkan korelasi
Mascheroni G, Biomarkers in The Acute yang baik terhadap
Greco G, Stucchi C, Setting : The STROke tingkat keparahan stroke
et al.26 MArkers (STROMA) pada evaluasi pasien
Study stroke akut dan secara
potensial dapat terfollow
up
Fernandez MR,
5 Matrix Systematic Kadar MMP-9 yang
Bellolio
. MF, Stead Metalloproteinase-9 as A Review : RCT, tinggi secara signifikan
LG.27 Marker for Acute Quasi- berkorelasi dengan
Ischemic Stroke : A randomized volume infark yang lebih
Systematic Review controlled luas, derajat keparahan
trials, stroke dan keluaran
6
penelitian fungsional yang lebih
cohort dan buruk. MMP-9 yang
case sontrol tinggi juga sebagai
prediktor kejadian
transformasi hemoragik
pada pasien yang
mendapat terapi
trombolitik.
Beton O, Arslan
6 S, Association Between Penelitian Aktivitas MMP-9
Acar. B, Ozbilum N, MMP-3 and MMP-9 Case Control dikontrol oleh functional -
Berkan O.28 Polymorphisme and 1562 C?T
Coronary Artery Disease Polymorphisme, dimana
alel T mempromosikan
lebih banyak aktivitas
gene dibandingkan alel C,
mRNA MMP-9 dan
ekspresi protein secara
signifikan lebih banyak
pada carier alel T.
Liu X, Zhu R,
7 Li Q, Association of MMP-9 Penelitian Penelitian terdahulu yang
. 15
He Z. Gene Polymorphisms and Case Control, meneliti hubungan
Ischemic Stroke : dilanjutkan polimorfisme gen MMP-9
Evidence from A Case dengan meta -1562 C/T dengan risiko
Control Study to A Meta analisis stroke iskemik
Analysis menunjukkan hasil yang
masih inkonsisten. Pada
penelitian ini konsentrasi
MMP-9 serum individu
dengan genotipe T/T atau
T/C secara statistik lebih
tinggi dibandingkan
individu dengan genotipe
C/C. Terdapat hubungan
signifikan antara
polimorfisme gen MMP-9
-1562 C/T dengan risiko
stroke iskemik, kecuali
pada model resesif
7
Perbedaan penelitian ini dengan penelitian sebelumnya adalah terletak
yaitu : kelompok pasien stroke iskemik akut dengan kadar MMP-9 normal
dan MMP-9 tinggi, pengukuran kadar MMP-9 hanya dilakukan 1 kali pada
hari onset ke 1-2. Kemudian dilakukan penilaian faktor risiko stroke pada
hari onset ke-1, pengukuran ketebalan tunika intima karotis pada hari onset
ke 1-2 dan dievaluasi pada hari ke-90 dan penilaian defisit neurologis
dengan skor NIHSS pada hari onset ke 1-2 dan dievaluasi pada hari ke-7
terhadap hubungan antara kadar MMP-9 serum dengan faktor risiko stroke,
ketebalan tunika intima media karotis dan perubahan skor NIHSS pada
dengan kadar MMP-9 pada hari onset ke-1. Penelitian Elfauomy dkk
meneliti keluaran klinis pasien stroke iskemik pada hari onset ke-30
dengan kadar MMP-9 pada onset hari ke-1. Sedangkan penelitian Barbieri
8
terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT pro-BNP) dan D-Dimer
dihubungkan dengan NIHSS pada pasien stroke iskemik hari onset ke-1.
faktor risiko stroke yang memperburuk outcome antara lain usia lanjut saat
memperburuk outcome.
D. Tujuan Penelitian
1. Tujuan Umum
antara kadar MMP-9 serum dengan faktor risiko stroke, ketebalan tunika
intima media karotis dan perubahan skor NIHSS pada stroke iskemik akut.
2. Tujuan Khusus
9
3. Menganalisis hubungan kadar MMP-9 serum hari onset ke 1-2 dengan
perubahan skor NIHSS antara hari onset ke 1-2 dengan hari ke-7 dan
ketebalan tunika intima media antara hari ke 1-2 dengan hari ke-90
tunika intima media karotis dan perubahan skor NIHSS pada stroke
iskemik akut.
10
E. Manfaat Penelitian
1. Bidang Akademis
stroke, ketebalan tunika intima media karotis dan perubahan skor NIHSS
2. Bidang Penelitian
genetik MMP-9, kadar MMP-9 serum yang tinggi pada hari onset ke 1-2,
faktor risiko stroke, tunika intima media karotis yang tebal dapat menjadi
indikator keluaran klinis pasien stroke iskemik akut, bila hipotesis tebukti.
11
F. Kerangka Teori
12
G. Kerangka Konsep
ketebalan tunika intima dan perubahan skor NIHSS pada stroke iskemik
melitus, status nutrisi, riwayat merokok, tipe infark serebri (jumlah, luas
Usia
Jenis kelamin
Jumlah, luas
dan lokasi
infark
Pemakaian
statin
Hipertensi
Diabetes
melitus Kadar Skor NIHSS
Dislipidemia MMP-9 CIMT
Obesitas
Polimorfisme
genetik MMP-9
13
H. Hipotesis
iskemik akut.
onset ke 1-2 dengan hari ke-7 dan ke-14 pada stroke iskemik
akut.
stroke iskemik.
14
6. Terdapat peran polimorfisme genetik MMP-9 terhadap
15
BAB II
METODE PENELITIAN
CT F0 K0 K 1-0 K 2-0
Hipertensi
Diabetes melitus
TT CIMT 0 CIMT 1-0
Dislipidemia
tinggi
Obesitas
CC Subyek
yang MMP-9 N
sesuai
kriteria
CT MMP-9 ↑
inklusi
Hipertensi tinggi
Diabetes melitus
TT
Dislipidemia
CIMT’ 0 CIMT’ 1-0
Obesitas
CC F1
K’ 0 K’ 1-0 K’ 2-0
Onset Onset Onset Onset
H 1-2 H-7 H-14 H-90
16
Keterangan
antara hari onset ke 1-2 dengan hari ke-90 pada subyek dengan
antara hari onset ke 1-2 dengan hari ke-90 pada subyek dengan
17
K’ 2-0 : perubahan skor NIHSS antara hari onset ke 1-2 dan
hari ke-14 pada kelompok subyek dengan kadar MMP 9 tinggi
1. Pasien stroke iskemik akut pertama kali onset <48 jam yang
kontras.
ureum, kreatinin.
18
b. Penyakit hepar kronis, dibuktikan dengan pemeriksaan
pemeriksaan fisik.
b. NSAID
pemeriksaan fisik.
onset ke-14.
19
E. Besar Sampel
yaitu semua pasien yang telah diseleksi dengan kriteria inklusi dan
Keterangan:
n : besar sampel
Zα : derivat baku alfa (α = 5%, Zα = 1,65)
Zβ : derivat baku beta (β = 20%, Zβ =0,84)
P : proporsi total = (P1 + P2 / 2)
Q :1–P
P1 : proporsi pada kelompok yang nilainya merupakan judgement
peneliti
Q : 1 – P1
P2 : Proporsi pada kelompok yang sudah diketahui nilainya
Q2 : 1 – P2
P1 – P2 : beda proporsi minimal yang dianggap bermakna
Penelitian ini menggunakan IK: 95%, berarti nilai α : 0,05; power 80%,
tahun 2011 di dapatkan P2: 0,4→Q2: 0,6, P1: 0,75→ Q1: 0,25;
(0,35)2
20
Nilai n1=n2: 19, total sampel : 38. Untuk mengantisipasi subyek drop out
F. Variabel Penelitian
3. Variable perancu
G. Batasan Operasional
21
Kadar MMP 9 Kadar MMP 9 Metoda Enzyme Kadar MMP-9 Numerik
serum pasien Linked serum
stroke iskemik akut Immunosorbent
hari onset ke 1-2 Assay (ELISA).
Sampel diambil
saat puasa, lalu
Kemudian diencerkan dan
dilakukan diukur dengan
pembagian kadar alat ELx-800.
MMP-9 menjadi : Kadar MMP-9
Normal normal 169-705
Tinggi ng/ml
Faktor Risiko
Stroke
- Hipertensi Hipertensi Berdasar JNC Normal <120 Numerik
ditegakkan dari VIII, 2015 ,<80
pengukuran Didasarkan Prehypertension
tekanan darah saat 120-139 OR 80-
onset pada sistolik pada rerata dari 89
≥140 sedangkan 2 atau lebih Stage I HTN 140-
diastol ≥ 90 dengan pengukuran 159 OR 90-99
atau tanpa yang benar yang Stage 2 HTN
tatalaksana obat dibaca pada 2 >160 OR >100
antihipertensi. atau lebih visit.
Jika sistol atau
diastol jatuh
pada angka
dengan kategori
yang berbeda,
klasifikasi
menyeluruhnya
didasarkan pada
2 pengukuran
tertinggi.
Diabetes melitus Kadar Gula Darah Konsensus Diabetes Nominal
yang dikur baik PERKENI Bukan
dari darah kapiler Pengendalian Diabetes
atau vena onset hari dan Pencegahan
ke 1-2 Diabetes
Melitus Tipe 2
di Indonesia
2011:
GDS > 200
mg/dL atau
GDP ≥ 126 mg/
dL
Obesitas Status nutrisi IMT : Nilai IMT dari Numerik
dilihat dari IMT BB(Kg)/TB2 penghitungan
(Indeks Massa (m). rumus
22
Tubuh) Kriteria WHO :
< 24,9 : non
obese
> 25 : obese
Dislipidemia had combined Dilakukan Kolesterol total Nominal
dyslipidemia pemeriksaan ≥ 200
[defined by profil lipid Trigliserid ≥
International Lipid lengkap( 150
Information Cholesterol HDL ≤60
Bureau (ILIB)],16 Total, LDL ≥ 150
and had never Trigliserid,
previously taken LDL,HDL)
lipid-lowering pada Hari ke 1
medications. atau 2 dari onset
stroke
CIMT (Carotic- marker yang Dengan Tebal KIM Numerik
Intima Media menggambarkan menggunakan normal < 0,95
Tickness) aterosklerosis USG mm sedangkan
secara umum dan penebalan
merupakan KIM > 1,0 mm
prediktor keadaan merupakan
pembuluh darah keadaan
pada masa abnormal
mendatang. menandakan
perubahan
paling awal
aterosklerosis.
Lokasi infark Lokasi infark yang CT scan kepala Hemisfer non Ordinal
dijumpai pada CT polos dominan
scan kepala polos Hemisfer
23
dominan
Campuran
Polimorfisme Alel genotip MMP- Pemeriksaan Kelompok alel : Nominal
genetik MMP-9 9 pasien stroke Polymerase TT
iskemik akut pada Chain Reaction CT
hari onset ke 1-2 CC
Kemudian
dilakukan
pembagian
berdasarkan alel
genotip
H. Cara Penelitian
faktor risiko stroke dan diambil darah venanya pada onset hari ke 1-2
neurotropik. Pada hari onset ke-7 dan ke-14 pasien diukur skor NIHSS
Pasien yang meninggal atau pulang sebelum hari ke-7 dan meninggal
24
I. Alur Penelitian
Informed Consent
Pasien dikelola sesuai protap tata laksana Pasien dikelola sesuai protap tata laksana
Stroke Iskemik Stroke Iskemik
Hari onset ke-7 dan ke-14 : periksa skor Hari onset ke-7 dan ke-14 : periksa skor
NIHSS ulang NIHSS ulang
Pengumpulan data dan penghitungan perubahan skor NIHSS antara hari ke 1-2 dengan hari ke-7
dan ke-14 serta pengukuran CIMT hari ke-90 dan penghitungan perubahan nilai CIMT
Analisa data
Hasil penelitian
25
J. Analisa Data
komputer. Data diolah dengan program SPSS for Windows versi 16.
maka uji statistik menggunakan tes ANOVA one way. Namun bila tidak
dilakukan uji normalitas data, bila data normal digunakan uji korelasi
sebagai perancu atau bukan dilakukan uji sesuai skala masing – masing.
berganda.
K. Etika Penelitian
26
Persetujuan keluarga akan dimintakan dalam bentuk informed consent
dirahasiakan.
27
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