Nama : Mafazatud Diniyyah

NIM : 170341615017
Kelas&Offr : B’2017
Hari&Tanggal : Selasa, 29 Agustus 2017

Pertanyaan :
1. Mengapa konsep dasar biologi dipelajari?
2. Mengapa sejarah kehidupan di muka bumi dipelajari dan apa saja yang termasuk sejarah
kehidupan di bumi tersebut?
3. Apa saja temuan sel baru selama 10tahun terakhir ini (2007-2017) di bumi?
4. Apa saja hasil temuan organel sel baru selama 10 tahun terakhir ini (2007-2017)?

Jawaban:
1. Karena dengan mempelajari konsep dasar biologi kita akan terbekali tentang berbagai
struktur dan fungsi pada makhluk hidup serta berbagai kegiatan dan dampak yang
dihasilkannya, yang dijabarkan dalam materi: sel sebagai satuan structural dan
fungsional terkecil makhluk hidup, reproduksi, metabolisme sel dan berbagai
keanekaragaman makhluk hidup.
Rapid generation of uniform cellular structure by using prefabricated unit cells

Cellular structures are one of the effective ways to produce parts with higher resource
efficiency by reducing material and time used. These complex structures can be built by
using Additive Manufacturing (AM) which is hardly achievable by using traditional
subtractive manufacturing. Cellular structures can be designed and modelled according
to desired, specific properties. However, the modelling can be time and resource
consuming, due to the complexity and the size of the structure. This article proposes a
modelling technique for rapid generation of cellular structure. The method works based
on a concept of a hybrid B-Rep and polygon approach. Prefabrication of unit cell kernels is
introduced to shorten time in a populating phase, which results in a significant reduction
of modelling time, especially for a structure with a large number of cells. The
implementation of this method by using open-source library, Open Cascade Technology
(OCCT) and Visualization Toolkits (VTK), is also presented.

2. Belajar sejarah kehidupan di bumi selain kita bisa menambah wawasan kita, kita juga
 dapat mengetahui asal mula terjadinya kehidupan di bumi ini. Asal mula manusia
pertama kali ada dan bisa bertahan hidup di bumi dan berevolusi terus menerus hingga
saat ini. Yang termasuk sejarah kehidupan di bumi adalah mereka para manusia purba
atau manusia zaman pra aksara yang kemudian seiring berjalannya waktu mereka
berevolusi menjadi manusia yang seperti sekarang ini.

3. ® Stem cell

A New Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Paradigm: Polarization into a Pro-Inflammatory MSC1 or
an Immunosuppressive MSC2 Phenotype
® Amoebae as a tool to isolate new bacterial species, to discover new virulence factors
and to study the host–pathogen interactions

Amoebae are unicellular protozoan present worldwide in several environments mainly

feeding on bacteria. Some of them, the amoebae-resistant bacteria (ARBs), have evolved
mechanisms to survive and replicate inside amoebal species. These mainly include legionella,
mycobacteria and Chlamydia-related bacteria. Amoebae can provide a replicative niche, can act
as reservoir for bacteria whereas the cystic form can protect the internalized bacteria.
Moreover, the amoebae represent a Trojan horse for ARBs to infect animals. The long
interaction between amoebae and bacteria has likely selected for bacterial virulence traits
leading to the adaptation towards an intracellular lifestyle, and some ARBs have acquired the
ability to infect mammals.
This review intends to highlight the important uses of amoebae in several fields in microbiology
by describing the main tools developed using amoebal cells. First, amoebae such
as Acanthamoeba are used to isolate and discover new intracellular bacterial species by two
main techniques: the amoebal co-culture and the amoebal enrichment. In the second part,
taking Waddlia chondrophila as example, we summarize some important recent applications of
amoebae to discover new bacterial virulence factors, in particular thanks to the amoebal plaque
assay. Finally, the genetically tractable Dictyostelium discoideum is used as a model organism to
study host–pathogen interactions, in particular with the development of several approaches to
manipulate its genome that allowed the creation of a wide range of mutated strains largely
shared within the Dictyostelium community.

Journal of Microbial Pathogenesis

Volume : 77
Page : 125-130
Date : December 2014
4. Cyro-Elektron Tomography:New view of Cells
* Biology Dept., Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA. Electron microscope
tomography (ET) is a non-invasive imaging technique that can provide invaluable and novel
information about the three-dimensional (3D) structure of cells, organelles and macromolecular
assemblies. In ET a set of projection images from different viewing angles is recorded using a
transmission electron microscope. These images can then be used to reconstruct the 3D
structure of the specimen using weighted back projection or other algorithms [1, 2]. For
meaningful images it is crucial that biological specimens are maintained at a state that
resembles their native structure as close as possible. Rapid freezing of cells and tissues can
provide outstanding structure preservation and good time resolution of dynamic cellular
processes [2, 3]. In the past decade, cryo-ET of frozen-hydrated cells and organelles has
emerged as a powerful technique that provides unprecedented images of cellular features in
situ. In fact, various studies have shown that cryo-ET in combination with image processing
techniques, such as 3D correlation averaging and structural classification, can reveal molecular
details of cellular specimen, i.e. relatively thick biological material, at about 2-4 nm resolution
[4, 5, 6]. In this presentation I will give an introduction into the technique, discuss strengths,
limitations and possible future developments, and describe a few exemplary applications where
cryo-ET has produced unprecedented views. Such information can provide unique insights into
the structural basis and ultimately the function of many cellular processes.
References
[1] J. Frank (1992) Electron tomography: Three-dimensional imaging with the transmission
electron microscope. Plenum Press, N.Y.
[2] R. McIntosh et al., Trends Cell Biol. 15 (2005) 43.
[3] J. Dubochet et al., Quart. Rev. Biophys. 21 (1988) 129.
[4] D. Nicastro et al., Science 313 (2006) 944.
[5] J. L. Milne & S. Subramaniam, Nat Rev Microbiol. 7 (2009) 666.
[6] T. Heuser et al., J. Cell. Biol. 187 (2009) 921.

Journal : Microscopy and Microanalys

Volume : 16
Page : 834,835
Date : July 2010