4. Ecosphere
Biosphere
Travel
Ambient levels
Vehicle
maintenance and
Economics support Health,
environmental
Disposal of or welfare
vehicles and parts Exposure
effects
Level of emissions
Level of energy consumption
Mode
Nature of emissions
Nature of energy consumption
Transportation Activities Affecting
the Environment
Activity Mode Traffic
Infrastructure
Road
Vehicle manufacture
Rail Passengers
Vehicle travel
Maritime Freight
Vehicle maintenance
Air
Vehicle disposal
Paradox antara mobilitas & biayanya
internal costs
demand meningkat
(pengguna)
external costs
motorisasi
(masyarakat)
dampak
energi (bbm)
lingkungan
Tingkatan dampak (costs) lingkungan
jenis costs implikasi
Material, buruh, biaya lain dan pendapatan yg umumnya dikaitkan
Internal dgn suatu produk atau proses tertentu.
Dapat dihitung dgn mudah (terinternalisasikan).
Atmosphere
Respiration Respiration and assimilation
Emission Respiration Respiration and assimilation
Ecosphere
Human activities Animal activities Vegetation
Transportation
Lithosphere
Limestone Hydrosphere
Decomposition Fossil fuels
CO2 Emission by Economic Sector,
2011
9% Electricity and heat
production
6%
Manufacturing and
42% Construction
Transport
22%
Residental
Other
21%
Road Transportation Noise
~ 50 db(A)
Ambient noise 100 m
~ 65 db(A)
Barrier effect
~ 80 db(A) Specific vehicle
Rail Transportation Noise
~ 55 db(A) 500 m
~ 85 db(A)
~ 70 db(A)
Air Transportation Noise
4 km
~ 60 db(A)
SO2 NOx
Short sea shipping
PM HC
CO CO2
Rail
Road
Economic
Development
Ecologism
Pembangunan yg berkelanjutan
“Sustainable development
adalah pembangunan yg
memenuhi kebutuhan
saat ini, tanpa
mengurangi peluang
bagi generasi masa
depan utk memenuhi
kebutuhan mereka."
Brundtland Commission
“Our common future” 1987
Sustainable development
Sustainable Transportation
Sustainable Transportation
Konsep sustainable transportation sangat berkaitan dgn pengembangan
moda-moda transportasi, prasarana dan logistik yg berkelanjutan. Tiga
dimensi utama hrs diperhitungkan dlm konsep tsb:
1. Lingkungan hidup.
• Pengurangan dampak lingkungan transportasi adl strategi utama
sustainability.
• Transportasi berkontribusi banyak dlm btk: emisi zat beracun,
kebisingan dan perubahan cuaca extrim (harmful emissions, noise and
climate changes). Walaupun teknologi kendaraan semakin ramah
lingkungan, namun jumlah kendaraan meningkat dgn sangat cepat,
• Sasaran strategis lain: perbaikan dampak transportasi thd tata-guna
lahan, khususnya dlm bidang pembangunan konstruksi dan
pemeliharaan infrastruktur transportasi,
• Sistem transportasi juga merupakan produser sampah (rongsokan,
suku-cadang bekas, bekas kemasan dsb, perlu dikurangi.
Sustainable Transportation
2. Ekonomi.
• Transportasi adalah faktor utama pertumbuhan/pembangunan
ekonomi,
• Strategi yg berkelanjutan (sustainable strategy) mengarah kpd
transportasi yg efisien utk pertumbuhan dan penyediaan lapangan
kerja,
• Transportasi hrs memiliki strategi biaya yg berkeadilan (fair pricing
strategy), artinya pengguna harus memikul semua biaya-biaya akibat
pemakaian moda transportasi tsb,
• Sistem transportasi yg berkompetisi (bersaing) scr terbuka dan adil
akan menimbulkan pilihan-pilihan utk pengguna serta efisiensi utk
pelaku,
• Dlm sistem transportasi yg dimonopoli (swasta atau pribadi) fluktuasi
harga/ongkos dan salah-urus mudah terjadi, shg dapat menggagalkan
keberlanjutan sistem tsb (system unsustainable).
Sustainable Transportation
3. Masyarakat.
• Sustainable transportation harus menguntungkan masyarakat,
• Sistem tsb harus aman, tidak berdampak buruk pada kesehatan
manusia dan mengurangi gangguan ketaknyamanan thd
masyarakat sekitar,
• Keterhubungan (akses) kepada kebutuhan orang banyak harus
semakin mudah dan murah.
What is Urban Sustainability
• There are few places that are worse for the environment than a city. Huge
numbers of people coming and going, driving cars, buying products, while
factories pump all kinds of pollution into the atmosphere. The way people
in the Western world live would not be possible for everyone in the world
without destroying the planet in the process. Sustainability is the ability
for the world and its resources to endure forever. It's a way of living
without actively using our resources, such that we can continue to live
that way indefinitely. So urban sustainability is about building cities that
could continue without running out of resources.
• The urban environment has unique challenges when it comes to
sustainability that other areas do not. Cities are growing bigger and bigger
every year, demanding more and more land, and requiring more and more
buildings to be built. The outer parts of cities quickly become just as built-
up as the inner parts, and the suburban edges of cities move further and
further out. This rapid development makes sustainable growth more
difficult.
General Indicators of Urban Sustainability
Urban Sustainability
Livability