Moisture Content

There are several sources of the water found in coal. The vegetation from which coal was formed
had a high percentage of water that was both physically and chemically bound, and varying
amounts of this water were still present at various stages of the coalification process. But the
overall result of the continuation of the coalification process was to eliminate much of the water,
particularly in the later stages of the process, as is evident from a comparison of the moisture
contents of different ranks of coal, from lignite to anthracite.

Ada beberapa sumber air yang ditemukan pada batubara. Vegetasi dari mana batu bara terbentuk
memiliki persentase air yang tinggi yang terikat secara fisik serta kimia, dan jumlah air yang
bervariasi ini masih ada pada berbagai tahap proses batubara. Tetapi hasil keseluruhan dari
kelanjutan proses batubara adalah untuk menghilangkan sebagian besar air, terutama pada tahap
selanjutnya dari proses, seperti yang dibuktikan dari perbandingan kadar air dari berbagai
tingkatan batubara, dari lignit ke antrasit.

After mining, many coals are washed with water during preparation for market and are then subject
to rain and snow during transportation and storage. All of these sources contribute to the moisture
in coal and to the problems associated with measurement of this moisture.
Setelah penambangan, banyak batu bara dicuci dengan air selama persiapan untuk pasar dan
kemudian terkena hujan dan salju selama transportasi dan penyimpanan. Semua sumber ini
berkontribusi pada kelembaban batubara dan masalah yang terkait dengan pengukuran
kelembaban ini.
The total moisture in coal is the determination of the moisture (in all forms except water of
crystallization of the mineral matter) that resides within the coal matrix.
total moisture Total kelembaban dalam batubara adalah penentuan kelembaban (dalam semua
bentuk kecuali air kristalisasi dari bahan mineral) yang berada di dalam matriks batubara.
Moisture loss can (and often does) occur during grinding and/or pulverization and is believed to
be related to the types and amounts of banded (maceral) ingredients in the coal. Losses are least
for vitrain and increase in order of vapor pressures for moisture (e.g., vitrain < clarain < durain <
fusain).
Kehilangan uap air dapat (dan sering terjadi) terjadi selama penggilingan dan / atau penghancuran
dan diyakini terkait dengan jenis dan jumlah bahan-bahan berpasangan (maseral) dalam batubara.
Kerugian paling sedikit untuk vitrain dan meningkat dalam urutan tekanan uap untuk kelembaban
(mis., Vitrain <clarain <durain <fusain).
The role of water in coal and the quantitative measurement of water are complicated because water
is present within the coal matrix in more than one form (Allardice and Evans, 1978). Thus, the
total moisture includes both the sur- face moisture and the residual moisture remaining in the
sample after determining the air-dry loss (ASTM D-3302). Thus,
Peran air dalam batubara dan pengukuran kuantitatif air sangat rumit, karena air hadir dalam
matriks batubara dalam lebih dari satu bentuk (Allardice dan Evans, 1978). Dengan demikian, total
moisture kelembaban total mencakup baik surface moisture permukaan wajah dan residual
moisture sisa kelembaban yang tersisa dalam sampel setelah menentukan air-dry loss hilangnya
udara-kering (ASTM D-3302). Jadi,
M = R(100 − ADL) 100 + ADL (3.1)
where M is the total moisture (% by weight), R the residual moisture (% by weight), and ADL the
air-drying loss (% by weight).
Formatted: Indent: First line: 0"

To determine the total moisture, either an analysis sample can be prepared from the
moisture sample, or the regular analysis sample can be used for this purpose, provided that the
moisture analysis is performed on the analysis sample within a prescribed time after the air-dry
sample is prepared. When separate analysis samples are used for moisture and for the other
determinations that are made, moisture determinations must be made on both. The moisture
obtained on the regular analysis sample is then used only for the purpose of calculating results to
the dry basis. The moisture determined on the analysis sample prepared from the separate moisture
sample is combined with the air-dry loss to determine the total moisture, and the total moisture is
then used for calculation of as-received basis results.
 Untuk menentukan total moisture, sampel analisis dapat dibuat dari sampel moisture, atau
sampel analisis reguler dapat digunakan untuk tujuan ini, asalkan moisture analysis dilakukan pada
analysis sample dalam waktu yang ditentukan setelah air-dry sample disiapkan. Ketika sampel
analisis terpisah digunakan untuk kelembaban dan untuk penentuan lain yang dibuat, penentuan
kelembaban harus dilakukan pada keduanya. Kelembaban yang diperoleh pada sampel analisis
reguler kemudian digunakan hanya untuk tujuan penghitungan hasil dry basis. Kelembaban
ditentukan pada sampel analisis disiapkan dari sampel kelembaban terpisah dikombinasikan
dengan kehilangan udara-kering untuk menentukan total moisture, dan total moisture kemudian
digunakan untuk perhitungan hasil dasar yang diterima.
In all methods for total moisture determination, the total moisture may be determined using
a single-stage or two-stage method in which the as-received sample is air-dried at approximately
room temperature and the residual moisture is determined in the sample (ASTM D-3302; ISO
589). The air-drying step reduces the water in the sample to an equilibrium condition, depending
on the laboratory humidity and, as a result, minimizes any potential changes in the moisture content
that might occur when the sample is prepared for further analysis. As a result, the single-stage
method does not involve the intermediate stage and is classified as a limited-purpose method,
recognizing that certain coals will give results that reflect varying levels of oxidation. High-rank
coal may be affected somewhat less than lower-rank coal by this treatment.
Dalam semua metode untuk penentuan kelembaban total, kelembaban total dapat
ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode satu-tahap atau dua-tahap di mana sampel yang diterima
kering di sekitar suhu kamar dan sisa kelembaban ditentukan dalam sampel (ASTM D-3302; ISO
589). Langkah pengeringan udara mengurangi air dalam sampel ke kondisi kesetimbangan,
tergantung pada kelembaban laboratorium dan, sebagai hasilnya, meminimalkan potensi
perubahan dalam kadar air yang mungkin terjadi ketika sampel disiapkan untuk analisis lebih
lanjut. Akibatnya, metode satu tahap tidak melibatkan tahap menengah dan diklasifikasikan
sebagai metode tujuan terbatas, mengakui bahwa batu bara tertentu akan memberikan hasil yang
mencerminkan berbagai tingkat oksidasi. Batubara peringkat tinggi mungkin terpengaruh agak
kurang dari batubara peringkat rendah dengan perlakuan ini.
Determination of the residual moisture (ASTM D-3173) involves another determination,
and the data are used for calculating other analytical results to the dry basis. It is also used in
conjunction with the air-dry loss, when it is determined, to calculate results to the as-received
basis.
Penentuan moisture sisa (ASTM D-3173) melibatkan penentuan lainnya, dan data tersebut
digunakan untuk menghitung hasil analitik lain hingga dry basis. Hal ini juga digunakan
bersamaan dengan air-dry loss, saat ditentukan, untuk menghitung hasil sesuai basis yang diterima.

Test method protocol

Moisture determination (ASTM D-3173; ASTM D-3302) depends on the extent of sample
preparation and the condition of the coal sample. The entire procedure for determining the total
moisture in coal, after collecting the gross sample, begins with preparing the sample for analysis
(ASTM D-2013). If the gross sample is sufficiently dry, it may be sieved immediately and air-
dried. If the sample is too wet to reduce in size, it should be weighed before size reduction and air-
dried using an oven that is set 10 to 15◦C (18 to 27◦F) above room temperature with a maximum
oven temperature of 40◦C (106◦F); under ambient temperature conditions, ambient temperature
should be used. In this manner, the moisture in the sample is reduced to an equilibrium condition
with the air in the laboratory, and changes in moisture content are minimized during the crushing
and grinding operations and even during analysis. After reduction of the gross sample to number
4 or number 8 top size, it is divided and a laboratory sample taken. The laboratory sample is then
air-dried and reduced to number 8 top size if necessary. If the total moisture is to be determined
(ASTM D-3302), residual moisture is determined by heating at 104 to 110◦C (219 to 230◦F) for
approximately 1 hour.
Penentuan determination (ASTM D-3173; ASTM D-3302) tergantung pada sejauh mana
persiapan sampel dan kondisi sampel batubara. Seluruh prosedur untuk menentukan total moisture
dalam batubara, setelah mengumpulkan gross sample, dimulai dengan menyiapkan sampel untuk
dianalisis (ASTM D-2013). Jika gross sample cukup kering, dapat disaring segera dan dikeringkan
dengan udara. Jika sampel terlalu basah untuk mengurangi ukuran, sampel harus ditimbang
sebelum pengurangan ukuran dan dikeringkan dengan udara menggunakan oven yang diatur 10
hingga 15◦C (18 hingga 27◦F) di atas suhu kamar dengan suhu oven maksimum 40 ◦C (106◦F);
dalam kondisi temperature ambient, ambient temperature harus digunakan. Dengan cara ini,
kelembaban dalam sampel direduksi menjadi equilibrium condition dengan udara di laboratorium,
dan perubahan kadar air diminimalkan selama operasi penghancuran dan penggilingan dan bahkan
selama analisis. Setelah pengurangan sampel kotor ke nomor 4 atau nomor 8 ukuran atas, itu dibagi
dan sampel laboratorium diambil. Sampel laboratorium kemudian dikeringkan dengan udara dan
dikurangi menjadi nomor 8 ukuran atas jika perlu. Jika kelembaban total ditentukan (ASTM D-
3302), sisa kelembaban ditentukan dengan memanaskan pada 104 hingga 110◦C (219 hingga
230◦F) selama kurang lebih 1 jam.
Air drying removes most of the surface moisture of coal, while a temperature of approximately
107◦C (225◦F) is needed to remove inherent moisture. At temperatures of approximately 200 to
300◦C (392 to 572◦F), moisture from the decomposition of organic materials is driven off, but
water of hydration requires a considerable amount of energy for expulsion. For example, the water
of hydration in clay minerals may require a temperature in excess of 500◦C (932◦F). However, the
issues of decomposition moisture and water of hydration of mineral matter are not usually dealt
with in conventional analysis because the temperatures specified in the test methods for moisture
determination are well below those needed to remove such moisture.
Air drying menghilangkan sebagian besar surface moisture batubara, sementara suhu sekitar 107◦C
(225◦F) diperlukan untuk menghilangkan inherent moisture. Pada suhu sekitar 200 hingga 300 ◦C
(392 hingga 572 ◦F), uap air dari penguraian bahan organik dihilangkan, tetapi air hidrasi
membutuhkan energi yang cukup besar untuk dihilangkan. Sebagai contoh, air hidrasi dalam clay
minerals mungkin memerlukan suhu lebih dari 500◦C (932◦F). Namun, masalah kelembaban
dekomposisi dan air hidrasi bahan mineral biasanya tidak dibahas dalam analisis konvensional
karena suhu yang ditentukan dalam metode uji untuk penentuan kelembaban jauh di bawah yang
dibutuhkan untuk menghilangkan kelembaban tersebut.

Usually, the first moisture value to be obtained on a coal sample is the air- dry loss moisture. This
moisture loss occurs during an attempt to bring the coal sample into equilibrium with the
atmosphere in the sample preparation room. The practice of using temperatures above room
temperature may accelerate oxidation but shortens the time needed for air drying; hence,
temperatures above 40 to 50◦C (104 to 122◦F) are not recommended for air drying.
Biasanya, moisture value pertama yang diperoleh pada sampel batubara adalah air- dry loss
moisture. Moisture loss ini terjadi selama upaya untuk membawa sampel batubara equilibrium
dengan atmosfer di ruang persiapan sampel. Praktik menggunakan suhu di atas suhu kamar dapat
mempercepat oksidasi tetapi mempersingkat waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk pengeringan udara;
karenanya, suhu di atas 40 hingga 50◦C (104 hingga 122◦F) tidak disarankan untuk pengeringan
udara. Formatted: Not Highlight

In the test method for determination of the equilibrium moisture in coal (ASTM D-1412; ISO
1018), a sample is brought into equilibrium in a partially evacuated desiccator with an atmosphere
of 96 to 97% relative humidity at 30◦C (86 ◦ F). However, as in all methods of determining
moisture, precautions must be taken to obtain reliable results from this test method. Over-dried
and/or oxidized coal results in low moisture values. To prevent overdrying, the sample should be
kept wet before this test is run, and using a dry nitrogen atmosphere can prevent oxidation of the
coal during the test. During the test itself, it is important to observe the temperature and time limits
for equilibration (as specified in the test method). Furthermore, sudden lowering of the temperature
or a sudden surge of air into the desiccator after equilibration may cause condensation of moisture
on the coal. In addition, loss of part of the coal sample when a sudden surge of air is allowed into
the evacuated desiccator voids the results of the test.
Dalam metode pengujian untuk penentuan equilibrium moisture dalam batubara (ASTM D-1412;
ISO 1018), a sample is brought into equilibrium in a partially evacuated desiccator with an
atmosphere of 96 to 97% relative humidity at 30◦C (86 ◦ F). Namun, seperti dalam semua metode
penentuan kelembaban, tindakan pencegahan harus dilakukan untuk mendapatkan hasil yang dapat
diandalkan dari metode pengujian ini. Batubara yang terlalu kering dan / atau teroksidasi
menghasilkan nilai kelembaban rendah. Untuk mencegah overdrying, sampel harus tetap basah
sebelum tes ini dijalankan, dan menggunakan dry nitrogen atmosphere dapat mencegah oksidasi
batubara selama pengujian. Selama pengujian itu sendiri, penting untuk mengamati suhu dan batas
waktu untuk keseimbangan (sebagaimana ditentukan dalam metode pengujian). Lebih jauh lagi,
penurunan suhu secara tiba-tiba atau gelombang udara yang tiba-tiba ke desikator setelah
equilibration dapat menyebabkan kondensasi uap air pada batubara. Sebagai tambahan, hilangnya
sebagian sampel batubara ketika gelombang udara tiba-tiba dibiarkan masuk ke evacuated
desiccator akan membuat hasil pengujian tidak sah.
Sample handling should be kept at a minimum during moisture determination, thereby eliminating
the potential for loss or gain of moisture during prolonged handling. Heat generated by the crushing
and grinding operations used during reduction of the gross sample may be sufficient to cause
moisture loss. Alter- natively, or in addition, the relative humidity of the sample during preparation
and the relative humidity in the testing laboratory may also change during the time that is required
for a complete analysis. Air-drying steps in the analysis and efficient sample handling help
minimize the effects of relative humidity changes.
Penanganan sampel harus dijaga seminimal mungkin selama penentuan moisture, sehingga
menghilangkan potensi kehilangan atau menambah uap air selama penanganan yang berlangsung
lama. Panas yang dihasilkan crushing and grinding selama reduksi gross sample mungkin cukup
untuk menyebabkan moisture loss. Secara alternatif, atau sebagai tambahan, kelembaban relatif
sampel selama persiapan dan kelembaban relatif di laboratorium pengujian juga dapat berubah
selama waktu yang diperlukan untuk analisis lengkap. Langkah-langkah Air-drying dalam analisis
dan penanganan sampel yang efisien membantu meminimalkan efek perubahan kelembaban
relatif.

Exposure of the coal sample to the atmosphere for extended periods of time increases the chances
of oxidation, which results in a weight gain by the coal sample that offsets part of the loss of
moisture and gives moisture results that are incorrect. In the determination of moisture by a weight-
loss method, it is necessary to attain a constant weight, which requires alternate heating and cooling
of samples. Prolonged heating or an excessive number of alternate heating and cooling cycles
should be avoided, to minimize the chances of oxidation.
Eksposur sampel batubara ke atmosfer untuk periode waktu yang lama meningkatkan peluang
teroksidasi, yang menghasilkan penambahan berat oleh sampel batubara yang mengimbangi
sebagian dari hilangnya kelembaban dan memberikan hasil kelembaban yang tidak benar. Dalam
penentuan kadar air dengan metode penurunan berat, perlu untuk mendapatkan berat konstan, yang
membutuhkan pemanasan dan pendinginan sampel secara bergantian. Pemanasan yang
berkepanjangan atau siklus pemanasan dan pendinginan bergilir yang berlebihan harus dihindari,
untuk meminimalkan kemungkinan oksidasi.
The natural bed moisture of coal is determined (ASTM D-1412; ISO 1018) by wetting the coal,
removing the excess water by filtration, and allowing moisture equilibration to occur by standing
the coal over a saturated solution of potassium sulfate in a closed vessel, thereby maintaining the
relative humidity at 96 to 97%. The vessel must be evacuated to about 30 mm Hg and the entire
sample maintained at 30 •} 0.2◦C (86•} 0.4◦F) for 48 hours for coals of higher rank than lignite;
lignite will require 72 hours to reach equilibrium. The method can also be used to estimate the
surface for extraneous moisture of wet coal; such moisture is the difference between the total
moisture of the coal and the natural bed moisture.
Moisture values are very important, due to the influence they have on other measured and
calculated values used in coal analysis and, ultimately, to the part they play in the buying and
selling of coal. The moisture values obtained from the various drying procedures are expressed as
a percentage, by weight, of the sample used in the particular test. Consequently, a correction factor
must be used to make the various moisture values additive so that total moisture values can be
obtained.

The various forms of moisture in coal are described according to the manner in which they are
measured by some prescribed standard method. These forms are (1) inherent moisture, (2) surface
or free moisture, (3) total moisture, (4) air-dry loss moisture, (5) residual moisture, (6) as-received
moisture, (7) decomposition moisture, and (8) water of hydration of mineral matter.

Inherent moisture (bed moisture, equilibrium moisture, capacity moisture) is assumed to be the
water held within the pore system and capillaries of coal and is not to be identified with residual
moisture. Surface moisture (free moisture) is, as the term implies, water held on the surface of the
coal. Total moisture is the moisture determined as the loss in weight in an air atmosphere under
rigidly controlled conditions of temperature, time, and airflow (ASTM D-3302) and is the sum of
inherent moisture and free moisture and is also the sum of the air-dry loss and residual moisture.
Air-dry loss moisture is the loss in weight resulting from the partial drying of coal, and residual
moisture is that remaining in the sample after determining the air-dry loss moisture. As-received
moisture also is equal to the total moisture, or is the sum of the inherent and free moisture present
in the coal at the time of the analysis. Decomposition moisture is produced from the thermal
decomposition of organic constituents of coal. Water of hydration of mineral matter is the water
that is incorporated into the crystal lattices of the clay and inorganic minerals in coal.

The total moisture is used for calculating other measured quantities to the as-received basis. Total
moisture is important in assessing and controlling the commercial processing of coals. It is used
to determine the amount of drying that is needed to reach a given moisture requirement and to
determine the amount of dust-proofing and freeze-proofing agents to add. In coking processes,
coals with a high moisture content require more heat for vaporization of the moisture, which leads
to longer coking cycles and decreased production. The total moisture of the coal used must be
accurately known to allow for proper charging of the coke ovens and overall control of the coking
process.

Inherent or equilibrium moisture is used for calculating moist, mineral-matter- free calorific values
for the rank classification of high-volatile bituminous coals. It is also used for estimating free or
surface moisture, since total moisture is equal to the sum of the inherent moisture and the free
moisture and is considered the inherent moisture of the coal as it occurs in the unexposed seam,
where the relative humidity is probably near 100%. However, due to physical limitations,
equilibrium moisture determinations are made at 96 to 97% relative humidity and used as inherent
moisture values.

Surface moisture is obtained by subtracting equilibrium moisture from total moisture. However,
there is no sharp dividing line between inherent moisture and surface moisture. The measurement
of inherent moisture depends on the fact that its vapor pressure is less than that of surface moisture.
Drying, pulverizing, dust-proofing, and the general handling of coal all depend on surface moisture
data since wet coal is very difficult, and in some instances almost impossible, to pulverize.

There is no simple and reliable method of determining the water of hydration of mineral matter.
The average value of 8% of the ash is used as the value for water of hydration of mineral matter
in coals in the United States. This value is acceptable, although it is an average of values that range
from 2 to 3% and up to 15 to 20%. Water of hydration values are used to correct ash to the form
of hydrated minerals in mineral matter calculations.