Valentina Yurina
Program Studi Sarjana Farmasi
FKUB
Topik perkuliahan
???
Peran regulasi ekspresi gen
• Perbedaan karakter sel dengan genome yang
sama disebabkan oleh adanya pengaturan
ekspresi gen menjadi protein
– Sel saraf: protein A, B, K, L,....
– Sel otot polos: protein A, C, M, N, ......
• Perbedaan yang hanya sedikit (ratusan protein
dari 10.000-20.000 protein yang
diekspresikan) sudah memberikan karakter
sel yang berbeda
DIFFERENT GENE CATEGORIES
Genes turned “on” in all cells at all times
(e.g. transcription machinery, translation
machinery, energy conversion, etc.).
Housekeeping genes
(A) The structure of a fragment of a mouse gene regulatory protein bound to a specific
DNA site. This protein recognizes DNA using three zinc fingers of the Cys-Cys-His-His
type arranged as direct repeats. (B) The three fingers have similar amino acid
sequences and contact the DNA in similar ways. In both (A) and (B) the zinc atom in
each finger is represented by a small sphere. (Adapted from N. Pavletich and C. Pabo,
Science252:810-817, 1991. © 1991 the AAAS.) Bruce Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell
leucine zipper proteins A leucine zipper dimer bound to DNA. Two a-
helical DNA-binding domains (bottom)
dimerize through their ahelical leucine zipper
region (top) to form an inverted Y-shaped
structure. Each arm of the Y is formed by a
single a helix, one from each monomer, that
mediates binding to a specific DNA sequence
in the major groove of DNA. Each a helix binds
to one half of a symmetric DNA structure.
(Adapted from T.E. Ellenberger et al.,
Cell71:1223-1237, 1992. © Cell Press.)
Heterodimerization of leucine zipper
proteins can alter their DNA-binding
specificity. Leucine zipper
homodimers bind to symmetric DNA
sequences, as shown in the left-hand and
center drawings. These two proteins
recognize different DNA sequences, as
indicated by the red and blue regions in
the DNA. The two different monomers
can combine to form a heterodimer,
which now recognizes a hybrid DNA
sequence, composed from one red and
one blue region
Bruce Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell
REGULASI GEN PADA
PROKARIOTA
Regulasi gen pada prokariota
Pada prokariot operon mengontrol kecepatan
transkripsi
Operon: sekelompok gen yang bekerja bersama
dan mengkode protein dengan fungsi yang
berkaitan
OPERON
RNA Repressor
Produces the polymerase
repressor binding site
binding site
Struktur Operon
Operon pada prokariot terdiri dari:
Inducer
R
RR P O SG1 SG2
Figure 18.4
Regulatory Promoter
gene
Operator
Active
Protein repressor
lac operon
RNA polymerase
3
mRNA
mRNA 5
5
Allolactose Inactive
(inducer) repressor
Regulatory Promoter
gene
Operator
No
RNA
made
3
mRNA
RNA
5 polymerase
Active
Protein repressor
lac operon
RNA polymerase
3
mRNA mRNA 5
5
Protein
-Galactosidase Permease Transacetylase
Allolactose Inactive
(inducer) repressor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
97 kDa
66 kDa
45 kDa
30 kDa
RR P O SG1 SG2
Figure 18.3 trp operon
Promoter Promoter
Genes of operon
DNA
No RNA
made
mRNA
Protein Active
repressor
Tryptophan
(corepressor)
(b) Tryptophan present, repressor active, operon off
Figure 18.3a
trp operon
Promoter Promoter
Genes of operon
DNA trpR trpE trpD trpC trpB trpA
Operator
Regulatory RNA Start codon Stop codon
gene 3 polymerase
mRNA mRNA 5
5
E D C B A
Protein Inactive
repressor
Polypeptide subunits that make up
enzymes for tryptophan synthesis
DNA
mRNA
Protein Active
repressor
Tryptophan
(corepressor)
(b) Tryptophan present, repressor active, operon off
Sistem trp operon
• trp operon mengandung gen struktural: trpA, trpB, trpC,
trpD, trpE berperan dalam produksi tryptophan
• Saat tryptophan tidak ada perlu dihasilkan trpA, trpB,
trpC, trpD, trpE protein represor tidak aktif dan tidak
bisa berikatan dengan operator RNA polimerase bisa
bekerja dihasilkan trpA, trpB, trpC, trpD, trpE
• Saat tryptophan ada (berlebihan) tryptophan bertindak
sebagai co-repressor berikatan dengan represor sehingga
represor aktif, dapat berikatan denggn operator RNA
polimerase tidak bisa bekerja tidak dihasilkan trpA, trpB,
trpC, trpD, trpE untuk memproduksi tryptophan
REGULASI GEN PADA
EUKARIOTA
Mekanisme kontrol gen pada eukariota
Kontrol gen pada eukariot lebih kompleks dibandingkan pada
prokariota karena adanya pembagian kompartemen sel (nukleus).
• modifikasi histon
• remodelling kompleks nukleosome
DNA double helix
chromatin
nucleosome
Histone Modifications
• Asetilasi penambahan gugus asetil pada lisin yang
bermuatan positif pada bagian ekor histone oleh histon
acetyl transferase (HAT) perubahan muatan/netralisasi
muatan positif lisin penurunan kekuatan ikatan histon
dengan DNA pelonggaran struktur kromatin
meningkatkan inisiasi transkripsi
• Metilasi penambahan gugus metil meningkatkan
kerapatan histon
• Fosforilasi Penambahan gugus fosfat pada asam amino
serin, tirosin, threonin menambah muatan negatif
histone menurunkan kekuatan ikatan histon dengan
DNA melonggarkan kromatin meningkatkan inisiasi
transkripsi
• Ubiquinasi
Figure 18.7
Histone
tails
DNA
Amino acids double
available helix
for chemical
modification
Nucleosome
(end view)
(a) Histone tails protrude outward from a nucleosome
Ada 2 tipe:
1) Activators – protein yang berikatan pada enhancer dan
RNA polimerase yang menyebabkan peningkatan
transkripsi
Translation
Degradation of mRNA
Protein processing/degradation
Exons
DNA 1 2 3 4 5
Troponin T gene
Primary
RNA 1 2 3 4 5
transcript
RNA splicing
mRNA 1 2 3 5 or 1 2 4 5
mRNA transport control
mRNA transport: nukleus sitoplasma