Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Vol.19. No.

2 Mei 2018 hal 73 - 82

Geo-Resource

Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral

i
g
lo Center for Geological Survey, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
o
e
G Journal homepage: http://jgsm.geologi.esdm.go.id
ISSN 0853 - 9634, e-ISSN 2549 - 4759

Rock-Eval Pyrolysis of the Oligocene Fine-grained Sedimentary Rocks

from the Pamaluan Formation, Gunung Bayan Area, West Kutai Basin,
East Kalimantan : Implication for Hydrocarbon Source Rock Potential
Rock-Eval Pyrolisis pada Batuan Sedimen Berbutir Halus Berumur Oligosen
dari Formasi Pamaluan, Daerah Gunung Bayan, Cekungan Kutai Barat,
Kalimantan Timur : Implikasinya untuk Potensi Sebagai Batuan Induk
Moh. Heri Hermiyanto Zajuli and Joko Wahyudiono

Centre for Geological Survey, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Jalan. Diponegoro no. 57 Bandung

email : herisayazajuli@gmail.com

Naskah diterima : 29 Februari 2018, Revisi terakhir : 12 Mei 2018, Disetujui : 12 Mei 2018, Online : 07 Juni 2018
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.geologi.19.2.73-82

Abstract - In this study, we perform organic geochemistry
analysis for evaluating source rocks in Gunung Bayan
area, West Kutai Basin. The Oligosen fine-grained
sedimentary rock of Pamaluan Formation consists of
shale, siltstone and claystone. The organic geochemistry
data includes pyrolysis data as total organic carbon
(TOC%), generating source potential (S2), production
index (PI), oxygen and hydrogen indices(OI, HI) and
(Tmax). The results show that the Oligocene source rocks
have poor into good quality with type III kerogen and have
true capability to generate gas. The source rocks candidate
is characterized by HI 5 - 115 (mg/g), TOC from 0.19 to
1.78 wt%, S1 from 0.01 to 0.09 (mg/g) and S2 from 0.05 to
1.74 (mg/g) that indicating poor to fair source rocks with
type III kerogen and capable to generate gas. The
maturity parameter of the fine-grained sedimentary rocks
tend to indicate immature to mature stage. Overall fine-
grained sedimentary rocks of the Pamaluan Formation has
a capability to produce gas with poor to fair quality.
Keyword : Oligocene, organic geochemistry, source rocks,
Kutai Basin.
Abstrak - Dalam penelitian ini, kami melakukan analisis
geokimia untuk mengevaluasi batuan induk di daerah
Gunung Bayan, Cekungan Kutai Barat. Batuan sedimen
berbutir halus yang berumur Oligosen yaitu Formasi
Pamaluan, tersusun atas batuan serpih, lanau, dan batu
lempung. Data geokimia organik yang tersedia terdiri atas
total organic carbon (TOC %), potensi batuan induk (S2),
indeks produksi (PI), indeks oksigen dan hidrogen (OI dan
HI), dan suhu maksimum (Tmax). Hasil dari analisis
tersebut menunjukkan bahwa batuan induk berumur
Oligosen mempunyai kualitas mulai dari buruk hingga
baik dengan tipe kerogen III yang mengindikasikan
sebagai penghasil gas. Kandidat batuan induk dicirikan
dengan HI antara 5-115 (mg/g), TOC mulai dari 0.19
hingga 1.78 wt%, S1 dari 0.01 hingga 0.09 (mg/g), dan S2
mulai 0.05 hingga 1.74 (mg/g) yang mengindikasikan
kualitas batuan induk buruk hingga baik dengan tipe
kerogen III yang berkemampuan menghasilkan gas. Hasil
dari analisis kematangan batuan induk menunjukkan
tahap belum matang – matang. Secara keseluruhan,
batuan berbutir halus Formasi Pamaluan mempunyai
kemampuan menghasilkan gas dengan kualitas buruk –
baik.
Kata Kunci : Oligosen, geokimia organik, batuan induk,
Cekungan Kutai

© Pusat Survei Geologi, Badan Geologi. This is an open access article

under the CC-BY-NC-SA license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral - Terakreditasi KEMENRISTEKDIKTI No. 21/E/KPT/2018
Berlaku sejak Volume 17 Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 sampai Volume 21 Nomor 4 Tahun 2020
 Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Vol.19. No.2 Mei 2018 hal 73 - 82

74

INTRODUCTION regional tectonic activities influenced the formation of

Kutai Basin.
Background
Like most basins in western Indonesia, Kutai Basin began
This research is located in the Gunung Bayan area, West to emerge in Middle Eocene. According to Van der Weerd
Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan (Figure 1). This study & Armin (1992), Kutai Basin formed as an extensional
discusses about organic geochemistry for evaluating basin which appeared in the Middle Eocene. This is
source rocks of fine-grained sedimentary rocks. Organic slightly different from the Bachtiar (2004) opinion which
geochemistry is used as fundamental approach to state that the Kutai Basin is an aulacogen derived from
understand the properties of source rocks and to failures in the expansion phase of the continent (rifting) at
determine the productive and non-productive zones as Middle Eocene. Subduction accretion formation occured
well as oil migration and development of oil fields. The during Jurassic and Cretaceous. The west and northwest
term source rock refers to an organic-rich fine-grained Borneo basement is an accretion prism containing
sedimentary rock which can produce hydrocarbons due metasediment, metavolcanic rocks, and material of
to thermal maturation. Source rock is one of the main magmatic and amphibole.
elements of a hydrocarbon system. The objective of this
research is to assess hydrocarbon source potential of The Kutai Basin is the largest (165,000 km) and deepest
fine-grained sedimentary rocks of Pamaluan Formation (12.000 to 14.000 meters) Tertiary sedimentary basin in
in Gunung Bayan areas. The Pamaluan Formation has Indonesia. This basin is bounded by Mangkaliat High to
thick flakes that are suitable for shale hydrocarbon. the north, hinges of Adang-Flexure (Adang-paternoster
Furthermore, the formation was deposited in Oligocene fault) to the south, Kuching High - part of Borneo Central
that maturity has a sufficient level of maturity. Range to the west, and Makassar Strait to the east
(Darman and Sidi, 2000).
GEOLOGICAL SETTING The Kutai Basin consists of Paleocene alluvial
Kutai Basin is located at the southeast of Sundaland and sediments of the Haloq Kiham Formation, close to the
influenced by three world major active tectonic plates: western boundary (Figure 2). Subsidence occurred in
the Eurasian, Indo-Australian, and Pacific. This various late Paleocene – Oligocene due to basement rifting and

(
111° E 114° E 117° E 120° E 123° E
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Group
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micro-
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Research areas Makassar ▲
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Source : Modified from Pertamina BPPKA, (1999)

Figure 1. Research area on Gunung Bayan, West Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan.
 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis of Oligocene Fine-grained Sedimentary Rocks from Pamaluan Formation ( M.H.H. Zajuli & J. Wahyudiono)
Source : Satyana et al., (1999).
Figure 2. Stratigraphic coloumn of the Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan
deposition of Mangkupa Shale in the edge until open
marine environment. Coarse siliciclastic sand in clay
sequence indicate an interruption by lifting in this area.
The basin subsidence continued by sagging phase that
produced clay and carbonate deposit of Kedango Atan
Formation (Satyana and Biantoro, 1995).
Tectonic uplift occurred during subsidence in Late
Oligocene associated with Sembulu volcanic sediment
in eastern part of the basin. The next phase inversion
began with the lifting during Early Miocene. Series of
alluvial deposition and a very comprehensive deltaic
Pamaluan, Pulubalang, Balikpapan, and Kampung Baru
Formation prograded to the east on early Miocene to
Pleistocene. The deposition of the delta has continued
eastwards to the Kutai Basin offshore until this day
(Satyana and Biantoro, 1995).
West Kutai Sub-Basin comprised the Oligo-Miocene
Purukcahu Formation which consist of claystone with
thin sandstones and coal inserts intercalations. This
formation is interfingering with Keramuan Formation
75
composed by local interbedded calcareous mudstone,
quartz sandstones and tuffaceous siltstone, and
intercalated by fossilized limestone. In the northern part
of Kutai Basin, the Wahau Formation consists of
interbedded of mudstone, sandstone, and silty
sandstones. The Lembak Formation comprised
interbedded of marl and limestone that deposited in the
eastern part of Cape Mangkaliat. The Mau Formation
consists of siltstone, claystone and sandstone deposited in
the southern part of Kutai Basin. In the southern bank of
Kutai Basin, there was deposited of the Oligo-Miocene
Pamaluan Formation which consist of sandstones with
mudstone, shale, siltstone, coal and limestone. Interclast
distribution of this formation is very widespread along the
southern to the northern edge of Kutai Basin.
The Bebulu Formation consists of limestone reefs
deposited in the Early Miocene. The Bebulu Formation
interfingers with the top Pamaluan and Maau Formations.
The Pulaubalang Formation was deposited with
sufficient distribution area ranging from the south edge of
central part of the Kutai Basin in the Middle Miocene.
 Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Vol.19. No.2 Mei 2018 hal 73 - 82

76

The formation is composed by quartz sandstones and
greywacke, claystone with interbedding of limestone,
tuff, and coal. The Maluwi Formation consists of
limestone, marl, and sandstone with intercalation on the
bottom; claystone and sandstone, with intercalation of
marl, carbonaceous shales and limestones deposited in
the upper part in the north border of Tarakan Basin during
Middle Miocene.
The Pulaubalang Formation is composed by interbedding
of quartz sandstone, mudstone and shale, with inserts
marl, limestone and coal. It was conformably deposited
with the Balikpapan Formation. The Menumbar
Formation consists of calcareous mudstone with
limestone at the bottom and massive sandstone at the top
containing glauconite and cross-bedding structure
deposited in the northern part during the Late Miocene.
The volcanic activity in the Miocene resulted the
Meragoh Formation volcanic rocks consisting of lava,
tuff, volcanic breccia, and agglomerates where the
composition is structured basalt until andesite. The
volcanic rock source is estimated derived from the
Meragoh Mountain and distributed on the western edge
of Kutai Basin.
The Kampung Baru Formations was deposited in
Pliocene, on the southern edge of Kutai Basin. The
Kampung Baru Formation is non-
conformably deposited above the 115° 56' 0" E
focuses on the stratigraphic analysis of the Pamaluan
Formation by measuring section (MS) method using
geological compass and global positioning system
(GPS). Each location (Figure 3) was selected
considered the most representative section, which was
supported by rock samples collecting for laboratory
analysis such as total organic carbon (TOC) and rock-
eval pyrolysis. Rock-eval pyrolysis and total organic
carbon (TOC) were performed at Lemigas Laboratories
by following the standard procedures.
RESULT
Stratigraphic
The Pamaluan Formation in Gunung Bayan area is
composed by sandstone, shale, claystone, coal, and
siltstone (Figure 4 and 5). Sedimentary rock in the
research area is interpreted as a lower part of the
Pamaluan Formation.
Source Richness
The results of TOC analysis on thirty samples of fine-
grained sedimentary rocks from Pemaluan Formation
indicate that the shale, siltstone, and claystone have
TOC range 0.38% - 1.78 %, 0.19% - 0.77%, and 0.57%
- 0.82%, respectively (Table 1).
115° 58' 0" E 116° 0' 0" E 116° 2' 0" E

Balikpapan Formation which consist of

sandy mudstone, quartz sandstone, siltstone * 15MH07
0° 30' 0" S

0° 30' 0" S
with intercalation of coal, marl, limestone 15MF01
0 0.5 1 2 3 4
and lignite. Interbedding of coal and lignite
Kilometers
have a thickness of less than 3 m. At the same 15MF04
time in the northern edge of Kutai Basin,
there was unconformable deposition of the
0° 32' 0" S

0° 32' 0" S

Golok Formations above the Menumbar

Formation. Furthermore, the Machete
Formation consists of an insert marl clay,
marly limestone, molluscs and coal material 15MF02
of yellowish gray to brown colour.
0° 34' 0" S

0° 34' 0" S

15MF08
Deposition event in the Kutai Basin ended
by the volcanic activity in Pliocene
resulting in the Mentulang volcanic rock
units which consist of andesite, basalt, lava,
lava breccia, tuff, agglomerate, breccia lava
0° 36' 0" S

0° 36' 0" S

with andesite to basalt composition.

METHODS
Specific field geological investigation and 115° 56' 0" E 115° 58' 0" E 116° 0' 0" E 116° 2' 0" E

laboratory analysis were carried out to

achieve the aims of the study. The study Figure 3. Locality of sampling for laboratory analysis in Gunung Bayan area.
 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis of Oligocene Fine-grained Sedimentary Rocks from Pamaluan Formation ( M.H.H. Zajuli & J. Wahyudiono)

77

15 MH 07 15 MH 07

LITHOLOGY
LITHOLOGY

FORMATION
FORMATION

SCALE (m)
SCALE (m)

AGE
AGE

NOTES OTHERS NOTES OTHERS

MUD SAND GRAVEL MUD SAND GRAVEL

pebb
cobb
pebb

gran
cobb

bout
gran

bout

clay
clay

vc
silt

m
vc

vf
silt

m
vf

c
c

f
f

Sandstone, grain size is fine to

- Coal, black, banded, strike dip BB
BX N 2410 E /44.0
- medium, hard, medium sorted, open ,
subangular to sub 20 -
rounded grains bedding structure, BV
1 - comprising silica -
mineral, quartz, felsdpar, silica Shale, grey, bedding, carbon streak, BA
- cementation, thickness BU
of 1,8 meters 21 -
Ferri Oxide.
2 -
-
BT
-
22 -
- Shale, brownish black,hard, clay
3
grain size,bedding, flake structure,
- Shale, grey, clay grain size,
- total of thickness 4 meters, carbon bedding, carbon streak, lamination AZ
streak. 23 - in the middle part.
BS
-
4 -
Sandstone ligth grey,very fine
- grain size consist of quartz, feldspar
24 -
- BR
5
-
- AY
25 -
Siltstone, grey, clay grain size, AX
-
-
6
-
26 -
- Sandstone, reddish grey, grain size
is fine to medium, hard, medium -
7 sorted, open , subangular to sub Sandstone reddish ligth grey, fine
- rounded, intercalated by siltstone grain size, laminaton consist of AW
27 - quartz, feldspar
and ferri oxide layer, comprising
- silica mineral, quartz, felsdpar,silica
cementation, thickness of 1,8 m. -
8
-
28 -
-
-
BQ
9 -
29 -
Sandstone dark grey,fine grain Shale, grey, clay grain size, AV
- BP carbon streak
Coal black,dull banded,in the lower BO -
consist of coally shale. BN
10 - BM Coaly shale, blackish brown, papery AU
Sandstone very fine grain size BL 30 -
- consist of volcanic material Shale, grey, clay grain size, AT
BK - carbon streak
-
11 31 - Coaly shale, blackish brown, papery AS
- Coal brigth banded, black, layered
BJ - AR
contains resin, hard, thickness of
o o
- 1.25 m. strike/dip N 247 E/ 42
12 32 -
Shale, ligth grey,hard, clay grain
- size,bedding, flake structure, Shale, grey, clay grain size, AQ
total of thickness 5.5 meters, carbon
- carbon streak filling.
- streak. BI
13
-
-
14 BH
-
-
15 BG
-
Sandstone reddish grey,very fine BF
- grain size consist of oxide

16 BE
-
-
B D2
Claystone, grey, clay grain size,
17 - bedding, carbon streak, lamination
in the middle part.
- Samples for laboratory analysis
B D1
18 -
Coally shale, blackish grey. BC

19
Figure 4. Stratigraphic section of the upper part Pamaluan Formation In Gunung Bayan area.
 Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Vol.19. No.2 Mei 2018 hal 73 - 82

78

15 MH 07 15 MH 07
LITHOLOGY

LITHOLOGY
FORMATION

FORMATION
SCALE (m)

SCALE (m)
AGE

AGE
NOTES OTHERS NOTES OTHERS
MUD SAND GRAVEL MUD SAND GRAVEL

pebb

pebb
cobb

cobb
gran

gran
bout

bout
clay

clay
vc

vc
silt

silt
m

m
vf

vf
c

c
f

f
45 - Sandstone reddish ligth grey,
medium grain size, consist of - Shale, grey, clay to siltstone grain AB
- quartz, feldspar size,carbon streak .
63 -
46 - AA
-
-
64 - Z
47 - Sandstone reddish ligth grey,
AP
coarse grain size, laminaton
consist of quartz, feldspar
-
- Y
65 -
48 -
x
-
-
66 - W
49 -
-
- V
67 -
50 -
Shale, grey, clay to siltstone grain
- size,carbon streak . U
-
Sandstone reddish ligth grey, AO
68 -
51 - coarse grain size, laminaton T
consist of quartz, feldspar -
-
69 - S
52 -
- R
-
70 -
53 - Q
-
-
71 - P
54 -
- Shale, grey, clay to siltstone grain O
- size,carbon streak .
72 -
55 - Sandstone reddish ligth grey,
N
AN
coarse grain size, laminaton -
- consist of quartz, feldspar M
73 - Ferri oxide.
56 - Sandstone very fine grain size,
- carbon streak, quartz, feldspar.
ferri oxide
- AM Shale, grey, clay to siltstone grain L
AL
74 - size,carbon streak .
57 -
Alternating of sandstone and shale AK -
sandstone grey, medium grain size, l K
- shale grey carbon streak
AJ 75 - Coal, black, banded, consist of resin
58 - AI
- J
- AH Sally coal, black, papery
76 -
59 - Sandstone ligth grey, medium to
coarse grain size, cross laminaton Shale, grey, clay to siltstone grain
consist of quartz, feldspar - size, lamination carbon streak . I
-
77 -
60 - AG
H
Sandstone ligth grey, fine to medium -
- grain size, cross laminaton consist
AF
G
of quartz, feldspar, carbon streak 78 - Shale, grey, clay to siltstone grain
- size,lamination, carbon streak .
61 AE
Alternating of shale and sandstone - E
- ligth grey, fine grain size, consist
of quartz, feldspar, carbon streak AD
79 - Coal, black, brigth banded, consist
62 - AC of resin
D
-
sally coal C
Coal, black, brigth banded, consist
80 - of resin, B
Samples for laboratory analysis
- sally coal A

Figure 5. Stratigraphic section of the lower part of Pamaluan Formation in Gunung Bayan area
 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis of Oligocene Fine-grained Sedimentary Rocks from Pamaluan Formation ( M.H.H. Zajuli & J. Wahyudiono)

79

Table 1. Geochemical data the from fine-grained sedimentary rocks of Pamaluan Formation
TOC S1 S2 S3 PY Tmax
No. Sample ID Sample Type General Lithology Description PI PC HI OI
(%) mg/g (o C)
1 15MH7E OC Shale, lt grey,soft, oxidated, Non Calc 0.72 0.04 0.34 0.19 0.38 436 0.11 0.03 47 26
2 15MH7G OC Shale, lt grey,hard, oxidated, Non Calc 0.78 0.02 0.27 0.17 0.29 434 0.07 0.02 35 22
3 15MH7H OC Shale, lt grey,hard, oxidated, Non Calc 1.09 0.04 0.46 3.31 0.50 439 0.08 0.04 42 303
4 15MH7O OC Shale, lt grey,hard, oxidated, Non Calc 0.85 0.05 0.46 1.05 0.51 440 0.10 0.04 54 124
5 15MH7R OC Shale, lt grey,hard, oxidated, Non Calc 0.93 0.01 0.05 0.06 542 0.17 0.00 5
6 15MH7X OC Shale, lt grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 1.05 0.07 0.62 0.55 0.69 437 0.10 0.06 59 52
7 15MH7AB OC Shale, brownish grey, soft, Non Calc 0.64 0.05 0.42 1.41 0.47 435 0.11 0.04 66 220
8 15MH7AU OC Shale, lt grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 1.78 0.05 1.74 0.24 1.79 434 0.03 0.15 98 13
9 15MH7AZ OC Shale, lt grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 0.84 0.02 0.41 0.89 0.43 436 0.05 0.04 49 106
10 15MH07 AQ OC Shale, lt grey, soft, Non Calc 0.40 0.02 0.17 0.14 0.19 438 0.11 0.02 42 35
11 15MH7BD2 OC Claystone, lt grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 0.66 0.02 0.35 0.62 0.37 438 0.05 0.03 53 94
12 15MH7BH OC Claystone, lt grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 0.57 0.03 0.28 1.85 0.31 436 0.10 0.03 49 323
13 15MH7BW OC Shale, lt grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 0.72 0.09 0.84 0.21 0.93 429 0.10 0.08 116 29
14 15MF2B OC Shale, dk grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 0.75 0.07 0.53 0.54 0.60 445 0.12 0.05 71 72
15 15MF2J OC Shale, dk grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 0.52 0.03 0.26 0.18 0.29 446 0.10 0.02 50 35
16 15MF2T OC Shale, lt grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 0.93 0.07 0.58 0.55 0.65 445 0.11 0.05 62 59
17 15MF2W OC Shale, lt grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 1.15 0.08 0.57 0.15 0.65 434 0.12 0.05 49 13
18 15MF2Y OC Shale, lt grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 1.17 0.09 0.55 0.18 0.64 436 0.14 0.05 47 15
19 15MF2AB OC Shale, dk grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 0.62 0.05 0.38 0.23 0.43 441 0.12 0.04 61 37
20 15MF2AS OC Siltstone, lt grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 0.77 0.06 0.37 0.09 0.43 441 0.14 0.04 48 12
21 15MH02 OC Shale, lt grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 1.03 0.02 0.37 0.26 0.39 437 0.05 0.03 36 25
23 15MF08 OC Shale, brownish grey, soft, oxidated, Calc 0.62 0.02 0.34 0.57 0.36 441 0.06 0.03 55 93
24 15MH06 OC Shale, lt grey, soft, oxidated, weathered, Non Calc 1.55 0.05 0.80 0.79 0.85 424 0.06 0.07 51 51
25 15MH04 OC Shale, lt grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 1.06 0.08 0.93 0.39 1.01 437 0.08 0.08 88 37
26 15MH01 OC Shale, dk grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 1.25 0.02 0.63 0.26 0.65 435 0.03 0.05 50 21
27 15MF01 OC Claystone, lt grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 0.82 0.07 0.41 0.13 0.48 446 0.15 0.04 50 16
28 15MF04 OC Shale, lt grey, soft, oxidated, Non Calc 0.72 0.08 0.27 0.08 0.35 458 0.23 0.03 37 11
Remarks : HI : Hydrogen Index = (S2/TOC) x 100 PC : Pyrolysable Carbon
S 1 : Amount of free hydrocarbon PY : Amount of Total Hydrocarbons = (S1 + S2) OC : Outcrops
o
S 2 : Amount of Hydrocarbon released from kerogen PI : Production Index = (S1/ S1 + S2) Tmax : Maximum Temperature ( C) at the top of S peak

S 3 : Organic Carbondioxide TOC : Total Organic Carbon OI : Oxygen Index = (S 3 /TOC) x 100

Based on the TOC analysis result, fine-grained Type of Kerogen

sedimentary rocks tend to indicate a poor to good The initial genetic type of organic matter of a particular
quality source rock. source rock is essential for predicting oil or gas
production potential. Waples (1985) used the hydrogen
Maturity index values (HI) to differentiate types of organic matter.
Thermal maturity can be indicated by Tmax from Hydrogen index value <150 mg/g indicate a potential
pyrolysis data. Maximum temperature (Tmax) of the source for generating gas (mainly Type III kerogen).
shale, siltstone, and claystone shows varying values 424 Source rock with hydrogen index values between 150
- 542C, 441C, and 436 - 446C, respectively. The shale and 300 mg/g defined more as a Type III kerogen (gas
tends to indicate as an immature until mature stage, generation) instead the type II kerogen (oil generation).
while one sample indicates over mature (15 MH 07R). Source rock with hydrogen index value >300 mg/g
The siltstone and claystone tend to indicate early mature contains a substantial amount of Type II organic matter
until mature stage. and thus is considered to have a good potential for
generation of oil and minor gas. Kerogen with hydrogen
The hydrogen index (HI) for shale, siltstone, and index value >600 mg/g usually consist Type I or Type II
claystone shows result 5-115, 48, 49-53, respectively. kerogen; it has excellent potential to generate oil.
Based on the HI / Tmax plot (Figure 6), the maturity level
suggested as immature until mature categories with Based on TOC versus S2 plot, kerogen in the present
minor over mature (Figure 6). study is suggested as Type III (Figure 7). The diagram
also reflects that all of the samples tend to indicate as a
According to Figure 6, the shale, siltstone, and kerogen Types III. Therefore the studied fine-grained
claystone tend to indicate gas prone source rock sedimentary rocks from Pamaluan Formation have the
especially condensate to wet gas zone. opportunity to produce gas.
 Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Vol.19. No.2 Mei 2018 hal 73 - 82

80

1000 0,55% Ro
also a non-marine especially the lacustrine facies which
Shale
Claystone
occurred more frequently (Zhang et al., 2008 in Ju et al.,
DOW
900 HIGHLY WIN Siltstone 2014).
OIL
OIL PRONE

800
According to Widayat (2013), the availability of carbon
matter is strongly influenced by water fluctuations. Water
700
level fluctuations can induce the water conditions
Hydrogen Index (mg oil/g TOC)

become oxic, anoxic, or sub-oxic. Anoxic condition is a

600
condition which organic materials are formed more
OIL PRONE abundant rather than the oxic condition. For example
500 only one – third shale gas resources in North America
E
generated from marine environment shale, while the
R
U
400 M
AT other two-third derived from transition and terrestrial
IM
O
W environments, including lacustrine (Zhang et al., 2012).
D
300
MIXED W
IN On the other hand, according to El Nady et al, (2015) the
IL E
OIL AND GAS O
ZO
N plot of S1 versus TOC can be used to differrentiate the
AS
200
ET
G non indigenous (allochthonous) with indigenous
-W
PRIMARILY SA
TE hydrocarbons (autochthonous). In conclusion, the
1,00% Ro EN NE
100 GAS PRONE
O
N
D
S
ZO studied fine grained sedimentary rocks tend to indicate
C
1,40%Ro GA
DR
Y the autochthonous (indigenous hydrocarbons) (Figure 8).
0
330 380 430 480 530 580
Tmax ( C)
o Hydrocarbon Potential

Figure 6. Hydrogen Index (HI) versus Tmax diagram shows The generation potential of a source rock is identified
kerogen type of sedimentary rock from the Pamaluan using the results of pyrolysis analysis. The generation
Formation.

40
Shale
Kerogen Type I Kerogen Type II Kerogen Type II/ III Claystone
35 (Oil prone/Lacustrine) (Oil prone/marine) (Oil/gas prone/marine) Siltstone
Generation potential (S2 mg/g)

30

25
Kerogen Type III
(Gas prone)
20

15

10 lean organic

5
Dry gas generation

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Total organic carbon (TOC, wt.%)

Figure 7. TOC vs S2 diagram shows the kerogen type and possibility to produce oil or gas.

Origin of Organic Matter potential (GP) is the sum values of S1 and S2. According
The kerogen type of the shale, siltstone, and claystone to Hunt (1996), source rocks with GP <2, 2 to 5, 5 to 10
samples shows that the organic material is composed by and >10 are considered to have a poor, fair, good, and, very
a terrestrial environment that lack in fatty or waxy good generation potential, respectively. The relationship
component (Waples, 1985). The depositional between (S1+S2) and TOC can be found in Figure 9.
environment of Kutai Basin is generally terrestrial to As seen in Figure 10, the plot of TOC (wt%) versus HI
transitional (deltaic). An organic matter richness on mg/g reflects that the shale tends to be potentially as a
shale is not only derived from marine environment, but gas producer or less oil producer.
 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis of Oligocene Fine-grained Sedimentary Rocks from Pamaluan Formation ( M.H.H. Zajuli & J. Wahyudiono)

81

100 Pamaluan Formation : 10000 Pamaluan Formation :

Shale Shale
Claystone Claystone
il
dO
Siltstone Siltstone
o
y go
r
Ve il

Hydrogen Index (mg oil/g TOC)

10
o dO
Go
1000
il
ir O
S1 (mg/g)

Allochthonous Fa e
urc
il so
1 ro
so
Ga

100
Autochthonous Gas source

Non Source
0.1

0.01 10
0.1 1 10 100
0.1 1 10 100
TOC (wt%)
TOC (wt%)
Source : modified from El Nady.et.al., (2015). Source : modified from El Nady.et.al., (2015)

Figure 8. Origin of organic matter in fine-grained sedimentary Figure 10. Plot of TOC versus HI that showing the producing
rocks formation. type of fine grained sedimentary rocks of Pamaluan
Formation.
1000 Pamaluan Formation :
Shale
Claystone
TOC and rock–eval pyrolysis data, such as S1 and S2.
Siltstone

Based on the organic matter richness and depositional

S1 + S2 (mg/g) /Potential Yield (PY)

Excellent
100 environmental of the fine-grained sedimentary rocks of
the Pamaluan Formation, there is a relationship between
depositional environment with an organic matter
Very Good
10
richness in the research areas. Deltaic system of fine
Good grained sedimentary rocks is defined as a transitional
Fair
environment that correlate to the kerogen Type III in the
research area.
1

0.1
0.1
Source : modified from El Nady.et.al., (2015).
Figure 9. Plot of TOC versus PY that showing the potential of
fine-grained sedimentary rocks of Pamaluan
Formation.
Subsequently, the siltstone and claystone concluded as a
gas producer. Therefore, the fine-grained sedimentary
rocks of Pamaluan Formation tend to indicate as gas
source rocks and one sample as fair oil source rocks.
Poor
The plot of S1 versus TOC shows that the sedimentary
rocks of Pamaluan Formation can be determined as an
indigenous hydrocarbons (autochthonous). Source rock
1 10 100 potential rocks from the Pamaluan Formation have a
TOC (wt%)
poor to fair quality, so that the majority produced gas
from Oligocene source rocks sample assumed not
migrated from another source rock.
Figure 9 shows a positive correlation between Potential
Yield (PY) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). The
higher TOC content results the higher value of PY (S1 +
S2). Water level change during depositional event have
influenced the fine grained sedimentary rocks of
Pamaluan Formation quality for hydrocarbon resources
in Gunung Bayan Areas.

DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
The organic carbon richness of the rock samples (TOC
Based on the maturity level, source rocks in the
%), is important in evaluating sediments as a source for
Pamaluan Formation have potential for generating gas
petroleum generation. Tissot and Welte (1984), Peters
with a poor to fair quality. Moreover, all samples are
and Cassa (1994), and Peters (1988) presented a scale for
assumed to have potential as source rocks for
the assessment of source rocks potential, based on the %
 Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Vol.19. No.2 Mei 2018 hal 73 - 82

82

hydrocarbon especially the shale. In general, the prone. This condition is also presumed to indicate as a
kerogen type is dominated by Type III. low gas potential.
The majority of rocks in the Pamaluan Formation are
located at gas prone zone specifically poor to fair level. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The fine-grained sedimentary rocks of Pamaluan The authors express their gratitude to PT Gunung Bayan
Formation, analyzed from the shale, siltstone, and who have allowed author to attain the data and stay on
claystone, appear to be more gas prone rather than oil coal site.

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