LIFE CYCLE

ANALYSIS
DALAM KAJIAN
LINGKUNGAN

HAFIIZH PRASETIA

MATA KULIAH MANAJEMEN

TEKNIK LINGKUNGAN
 TUJUAN
• Mampu menguraikan definisi LCA
• Mampu menguraikan capaian akhir dan
tujuan LCA
• Mampu menguraikan empat tahapan
utama dalam LCA
• Mampu menguraikan life cycle
inventory
• Mampu menguraikan life cycle energy
analysis
• Mampu menguraikan LCA berbasis
ekologi, social dan ekonomi
• Mampu menguraikan metodologi LCA
• Mampu menguraikan aplikasi dan
keterbatasan LCA
 MATERI DISKUSI
Kel Bahasan
AKU • Definisi LCA
• Capaian akhir dan tujuan
LCA
CINTA • Empat tahapan utama dalam
LCA
• Metodologi LCA
MANAJEMEN • Life cycle inventory
• Life cycle energy analysis
TEKNIK • LCA berbasis ekologi, social
dan ekonomi

LINGKUNGAN • Aplikasi dan keterbatasan

LCA
 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ANALYSIS
Analisis Siklus Hidup.
ANALISIS DAUR HIDUP

LCA merupakan suatu metode analisis lingkungan dan

dampak lingkungan yang berhubungan dengan suatu
produk, proses, atau jasa; dengan jalan melakukan
inventori input enerji dan material, serta limbahnya yang
dibuang ke lingkungan; analisis dampak lingkungan dari
input dan limbah, serta interpretasi hasil-hasilnya untuk
digunakan dalam pengambilan keputusan.

Ketersediaan perangkat lunak (software) mempermudah

pelaksanaan LCA yang membutuhkan basis data yang
besar.

Life Cycle Asessment merupakan satu pendekatan “Cradle to

Grave” dimulai dari pengambilan bahan mentah dari lingkungan
untuk membuat produk dan berakhir pada pembuangan limbah
ke lingkungan.

Esensi dari Life Cycle Assessment adalah evaluasi dampak

teknologi, ekonomi dan lingkungan, yang relevan dengan bahan
mentah (material), proses dan/atau produk, sepanjang siklus
hidup mulai dari pembuatannya hingga menjadi limbah.
 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT

A life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle

analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-grave analysis) is a
technique to assess environmental impacts associated with
all the stages of a product's life from-cradle-to-grave (i.e.,
from raw material extraction through materials processing,
manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance,
and disposal or recycling).

LCAs can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental

concerns by:

1. Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs

and environmental releases;
2. Evaluating the potential impacts associated with identified
inputs and releases;
3. Interpreting the results to help make a more informed
decision.

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013

 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
GOALS AND PURPOSE
The goal of LCA is to compare the full range of environmental effects
assignable to products and services in order to improve processes,
support policy and provide a sound basis for informed decisions.
The term life cycle refers to the notion that a fair, holistic assessment
requires the assessment of raw-material production, manufacture,
distribution, use and disposal including all intervening transportation steps
necessary or caused by the product's existence.

There are two main types of LCA.

Attributional LCAs seek to establish the burdens associated with the
production and use of a product, or with a specific service or process, at a
point in time (typically the recent past).
Consequential LCAs seek to identify the environmental consequences of
a decision or a proposed change in a system under study (oriented to the
future), which means that market and economic implications of a decision
may have to be taken into account.

Social LCA is a different approach to life cycle thinking intended to assess

social implications or potential impacts. Social LCA should be considered
as an approach that is complementary to environmental LCA.
The procedures of life cycle assessment (LCA) are part of the ISO 14000
environmental management standards: in ISO 14040:2006 and
14044:2006. (ISO 14044 replaced earlier versions of ISO 14041 to ISO
14043.)

1. Thomas,J.A.G., ed: Energy Analysis, ipc science and technology press &
Westview Press, 1977, ISBN 0-902852-60-4 or ISBN 0-89158-813-2

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013

 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Empat tahapan Utama
According to the ISO 14040[4] and 14044[5] standards, a Life Cycle
Assessment is carried out in four distinct phases as illustrated in the figure
shown to the right. The phases are often interdependent in that the results
of one phase will inform how other phases are completed.

DEFINISI TUJUAN
& LINGKUP

ANALISIS
INTERPRETASI
INVENTORY

PENDUGAAN
DAMPAK

4. ISO 14040 (2006): Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and
framework, International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), Geneve
5. ISO 14044 (2006): Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and
guidelines, International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), Geneve

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013

 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Goal and scope
An LCA starts with an explicit statement of the goal and scope of
the study, which sets out the context of the study and explains
how and to whom the results are to be communicated. This is a
key step and the ISO standards require that the goal and scope of
an LCA be clearly defined and consistent with the intended
application. The goal and scope document therefore includes
technical details that guide subsequent work:

1. The functional unit, which defines what precisely is being

studied and quantifies the service delivered by the product
system, providing a reference to which the inputs and outputs
can be related. Further, the functional unit is an important
basis that enables alternative goods, or services, to be
compared and analyzed.[6]
2. The system boundaries;
3. Any assumptions and limitations;
4. The allocation methods used to partition the environmental
load of a process when several products or functions share
the same process; and
5. The impact categories chosen.

6. Rebitzer, G. et al. (2004). Life cycle assessment Part 1: Framework, goal and scope
definition, inventory analysis,and applications. Environment International. 30(2004), 701-720.

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013

 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Life cycle inventory
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) analysis involves creating an inventory of flows
from and to nature for a product system. Inventory flows include inputs of
water, energy, and raw materials, and releases to air, land, and water. To
develop the inventory, a flow model of the technical system is constructed
using data on inputs and outputs.

The flow model is typically illustrated with a flow chart that includes the
activities that are going to be assessed in the relevant supply chain and
gives a clear picture of the technical system boundaries. The input and
output data needed for the construction of the model are collected for all
activities within the system boundary, including from the supply chain
(referred to as inputs from the techno-sphere).

The data must be related to the functional unit defined in the goal and
scope definition. Data can be presented in tables and some
interpretations can be made already at this stage. The results of the
inventory is an LCI which provides information about all inputs and
outputs in the form of elementary flow to and from the environment from
all the unit processes involved in the study.

7. Steinbach, V. and Wellmer, F. (May 2010). “Review: Consumption and Use of Non-Renewable
Mineral and Energy Raw Materials from an Economic Geology Point of View.” Sustainability.
2(5), pgs. 1408-1430. Retrieved from <http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1408

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013

 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Life cycle inventory
Inventory flows can number in the hundreds depending on the system
boundary. For product LCAs at either the generic (i.e., representative
industry averages) or brand-specific level, that data is typically collected
through survey questionnaires. At an industry level, care has to be taken
to ensure that questionnaires are completed by a representative sample
of producers, leaning toward neither the best nor the worst, and fully
representing any regional differences due to energy use, material
sourcing or other factors. The questionnaires cover the full range of inputs
and outputs, typically aiming to account for 99% of the mass of a product,
99% of the energy used in its production and any environmentally
sensitive flows, even if they fall within the 1% level of inputs.
One area where data access is likely to be difficult is flows from the
techno-sphere. The technosphere is more simply defined as the man-
made world. Considered by geologists as secondary resources, these
resources are in theory 100% recyclable; however, in a practical sense
the primary goal is salvage. [7]
For an LCI, these technosphere products (supply chain products) are
those that have been produced by man and unfortunately those
completing a questionnaire about a process which uses man-made
product as a means to an end will be able to specify how much of a given
input they use. Typically, they will not have access to data concerning
inputs and outputs for previous production processes of the product. The
entity undertaking the LCA must then turn to secondary sources if it does
not already have that data from its own previous studies. National
databases or data sets that come with LCA-practitioner tools, or that can
be readily accessed, are the usual sources for that information. Care must
then be taken to ensure that the secondary data source properly reflects
regional or national conditions.
7. Steinbach, V. and Wellmer, F. (May 2010). “Review: Consumption and Use of Non-Renewable
Mineral and Energy Raw Materials from an Economic Geology Point of View.” Sustainability.
2(5), pgs. 1408-1430. Retrieved from <http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1408
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013
 LCIA =
LIFE-CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Inventory analysis is followed by impact assessment. This phase of LCA is
aimed at evaluating the significance of potential environmental impacts
based on the LCI flow results. Classical life cycle impact assessment
(LCIA) consists of the following mandatory elements:
selection of impact categories, category indicators, and characterization
models;
the classification stage, where the inventory parameters are sorted and
assigned to specific impact categories; and
impact measurement, where the categorized LCI flows are characterized,
using one of many possible LCIA methodologies, into common
equivalence units that are then summed to provide an overall impact
category total.
In many LCAs, characterization concludes the LCIA analysis; this is also
the last compulsory stage according to ISO 14044:2006. However, in
addition to the above mandatory LCIA steps, other optional LCIA elements
– normalization, grouping, and weighting – may be conducted depending
on the goal and scope of the LCA study. In normalization, the results of
the impact categories from the study are usually compared with the total
impacts in the region of interest, the U.S. for example. Grouping consists
of sorting and possibly ranking the impact categories. During weighting,
the different environmental impacts are weighted relative to each other so
that they can then be summed to get a single number for the total
environmental impact.
ISO 14044:2006 generally advises against weighting, stating that
“weighting, shall not be used in LCA studies intended to be used in
comparative assertions intended to be disclosed to the public”. This
advice is often ignored, resulting in comparisons that can reflect a high
degree of subjectivity as a result of weighting.

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 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Interpretation
Life Cycle Interpretation is a systematic technique to identify, quantify,
check, and evaluate information from the results of the life cycle inventory
and/or the life cycle impact assessment. The results from the inventory
analysis and impact assessment are summarized during the interpretation
phase.
The outcome of the interpretation phase is a set of conclusions and
recommendations for the study. According to ISO 14040:2006, the
interpretation should include:
1. Identification of significant issues based on the results of the LCI and
LCIA phases of an LCA;
2. Evaluation of the study considering completeness, sensitivity and
consistency checks; and
3. Conclusions, limitations and recommendations.

A key purpose of performing life cycle interpretation is to determine the

level of confidence in the final results and communicate them in a fair,
complete, and accurate manner. Interpreting the results of an LCA is not
as simple as "3 is better than 2, therefore Alternative A is the best choice"!

Interpreting the results of an LCA starts with understanding the accuracy

of the results, and ensuring they meet the goal of the study. This is
accomplished by identifying the data elements that contribute significantly
to each impact category, evaluating the sensitivity of these significant data
elements, assessing the completeness and consistency of the study, and
drawing conclusions and recommendations based on a clear
understanding of how the LCA was conducted and the results were
developed.

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 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Data analysis
A life cycle analysis is only as valid as its data; therefore, it is crucial that
data used for the completion of a life cycle analysis are accurate and
current. When comparing different life cycle analyses with one another, it
is crucial that equivalent data are available for both products or processes
in question. If one product has a much higher availability of data, it cannot
be justly compared to another product which has less detailed data.[14]
There are two basic types of LCA data – unit process data and
environmental input-output data (EIO), where the latter is based on
national economic input-output data.[15] Unit process data are derived
from direct surveys of companies or plants producing the product of
interest, carried out at a unit process level defined by the system
boundaries for the study.

Data validity is an ongoing concern for life cycle analyses. Due to

globalization and the rapid pace of research and development, new
materials and manufacturing methods are continually being introduced to
the market. This makes it both very important and very difficult to use up-
to-date information when performing an LCA. If an LCA’s conclusions are
to be valid, the data must be recent; however, the data-gathering process
takes time. If a product and its related processes have not undergone
significant revisions since the last LCA data was collected, data validity is
not a problem. However, consumer electronics such as cell phones can
be redesigned as often as every 9 to 12 months,[16] creating a need for
ongoing data collection.

14. Scientific Applications International Corporation (May). "Life cycle assessment: principles and
practice". p. 88.
15. "How Does GREET Work?". Argonne National Laboratory. 2010-09-03. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
16. Choney, Suzanne (24 February 2009). "Planned obsolescence: cell phone models". MSNBC.
Retrieved 28 October 2011.

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013

 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Data analysis
The life cycle considered usually consists of a number of stages including: materials
extraction, processing and manufacturing, product use, and product disposal. If the
most environmentally harmful of these stages can be determined, then impact on the
environment can be efficiently reduced by focusing on making changes for that
particular phase.

For example, the most energy-intensive life phase of an airplane or car is during use
due to fuel consumption. One of the most effective ways to increase fuel efficiency is
to decrease vehicle weight, and thus, car and airplane manufacturers can decrease
environmental impact in a significant way by replacing aluminum with lighter
materials such as carbon fiber reinforced fibers. The reduction during the use phase
should be more than enough to balance additional raw material or manufacturing
cost.

14. Scientific Applications International Corporation (May). "Life cycle assessment: principles and
practice". p. 88.
15. "How Does GREET Work?". Argonne National Laboratory. 2010-09-03. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
16. Choney, Suzanne (24 February 2009). "Planned obsolescence: cell phone models". MSNBC.
Retrieved 28 October 2011.

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013

 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Economic input–output life cycle assessment
Economic input–output LCA (EIOLCA) involves use of aggregate sector-
level data on how much environmental impact can be attributed to each
sector of the economy and how much each sector purchases from other
sectors.[24]

Such analysis can account for long chains (for example, building an
automobile requires energy, but producing energy requires vehicles, and
building those vehicles requires energy, etc.), which somewhat alleviates
the scoping problem of process LCA; however, EIOLCA relies on sector-
level averages that may or may not be representative of the specific
subset of the sector relevant to a particular product and therefore is not
suitable for evaluating the environmental impacts of products. Additionally
the translation of economic quantities into environmental impacts is not
validated.[25]

24. Hendrickson, C. T., Lave, L. B., and Matthews, H. S. (2005). Environmental Life Cycle
Assessment of Goods and Services: An Input–Output Approach, Resources for the Future
Press ISBN 1-933115-24-6.
25. Limitations of the EIO-LCA Method and Models

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 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Ecologically based LCA
While a conventional LCA uses many of the same approaches and
strategies as an Eco-LCA, the latter considers a much broader range of
ecological impacts. It was designed to provide a guide to wise
management of human activities by understanding the direct and indirect
impacts on ecological resources and surrounding ecosystems.

Eco-LCA is developed by Ohio State University Center for resilience, a

methodology that quantitatively takes into account regulating and
supporting services during the life cycle of economic goods and products.
In this approach services are categorized in four main groups: supporting,
regulating provisioning and cultural services.[11]

11. S. Singh, B. R. Bakshi (2009). "Eco-LCA: A Tool for Quantifying the Role of
Ecological Resources in LCA". International Symposium on Sustainable
Systems and Technology: 1–6. doi:10.1109/ISSST.2009.5156770. ISBN 978-1-
4244-4324-6.

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 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
LCEA = Life cycle energy analysis
Life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) is an approach in which all energy
inputs to a product are accounted for, not only direct energy inputs during
manufacture, but also all energy inputs needed to produce components,
materials and services needed for the manufacturing process.
An earlier term for the approach was energy analysis.
With LCEA, the total life cycle energy input is established.
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Life Cycle Energy Assessment (LCEA) of Building Construction

Life Cycle Energy Assessment (LCEA) of building construction covers a range of the
issues relevant to sustainable building development. LCEA includes the entire life cycle
of the product, process or activity, encompassing extracting and processing materials;
manufacturing, transportation and distribution; use, reuse, maintenance; recycling and
final disposal. Promoting LCEA of buildings would arouse attention to environmentally
friendly building designs, including energy efficient building design and selection of
materials and construction methods that would incur lower impacts on the global, local
and indoor environments, which will also help minimise construction and demolition
waste.

Diunduh dari: http://www.energyland.emsd.gov.hk/en/building/assessment/index.html ……. 7/1/2013

 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT

Energy production
It is recognized that much energy is lost in the production of energy
commodities themselves, such as nuclear energy, photovoltaic electricity
or high-quality petroleum products. Net energy content is the energy
content of the product minus energy input used during extraction and
conversion, directly or indirectly. A controversial early result of LCEA
claimed that manufacturing solar cells requires more energy than can be
recovered in using the solar cell.

The result was refuted.[26] Another new concept that flows from life cycle
assessments is Energy Cannibalism. Energy Cannibalism refers to an
effect where rapid growth of an entire energy-intensive industry creates a
need for energy that uses (or cannibalizes) the energy of existing power
plants. Thus during rapid growth the industry as a whole produces no
energy because new energy is used to fuel the embodied energy of future
power plants. Work has been undertaken in the UK to determine the life
cycle energy (alongside full LCA) impacts of a number of renewable
technologies.[27][28]

26. David MacKay Sustainable Energy 24 February 2010 p. 41

27. McManus, M (2010). "Life cycle impacts of waste wood biomass heating systems: A case
study of three UK based systems". Energy 35 (10): 4064–4070.
doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.06.014.
28. Allen, S.R., G.P. Hammond, H. Harajli, C.I. Jones, M.C. McManus and A.B. Winnett (2008).
Integrated appraisal of micro-generators: methods and applications. 161. pp. 73–86.
doi:10.1680/ener.2008.1+61.2.73

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 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
ENERGY RECOVERY
If materials are incinerated during the disposal process, the energy
released during burning can be harnessed and used for electricity
production. This provides a low-impact energy source, especially when
compared with coal and natural gas[29] While incineration produces more
greenhouse gas emissions than landfilling, the waste plants are well-fitted
with filters to minimize this negative impact.

A recent study comparing energy consumption and greenhouse gas

emissions from landfilling (without energy recovery) against incineration
(with energy recovery) found incineration to be superior in all cases
except for when landfill gas is recovered for electricity production.[30]

29. Damgaard, A, et. al. Life-cycle-assessment of the historical development of air pollution
control and energy recovery in waste incineration. Waste Management 30 (2010) 1244–1250.
30 Liamsanguan, C., Gheewala, S.H., LCA: A decision support tool for environmental
assessment of MSW management systems. Jour. of Environ. Mgmt. 87 (2009) 132–138.

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 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Critiques
Life cycle assessment is a powerful tool for analyzing commensurable
aspects of quantifiable systems. Not every factor, however, can be
reduced to a number and inserted into a model. Rigid system boundaries
make accounting for changes in the system difficult. This is sometimes
referred to as the boundary critique to systems thinking.
The accuracy and availability of data can also contribute to inaccuracy.
For instance, data from generic processes may be based on averages,
unrepresentative sampling, or outdated results.[34]
Additionally, social implications of products are generally lacking in LCAs.
Comparative life-cycle analysis is often used to determine a better
process or product to use. However, because of aspects like differing
system boundaries, different statistical information, different product uses,
etc., these studies can easily be swayed in favor of one product or
process over another in one study and the opposite in another study
based on varying parameters and different available data.[35]
There are guidelines to help reduce such conflicts in results but the
method still provides a lot of room for the researcher to decide what is
important, how the product is typically manufactured, and how it is
typically used.

34. Malin, Nadav, Life-cycle assessment for buildings: Seeking the Holy Grail. Building Green,
2010.
35. Linda Gaines and Frank Stodolsky Life-Cycle Analysis: Uses and Pitfalls. Argonne National
Laboratory. Transportation Technology R&D Center
36. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement Special Report No: 04-03. Ncasi.org.
Retrieved on 2011-12-14.
37. FPInnovations 2010 A Synthesis of Research on Wood Products and Greenhouse Gas Impacts
2nd Edition page 40. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-12-14.
38. Bland, W.L. and Bell, M.M. (2007). "A holon approach to agroecology". International Journal of
Agricultural Sustainability 5 (4): 280–294.

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 LCA = LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Critiques
An in-depth review of 13 LCA studies of wood and paper products[36]
found[37] a lack of consistency in the methods and assumptions used to
track carbon during the product life cycle. A wide variety of methods and
assumptions were used, leading to different and potentially contrary
conclusions – particularly with regard to carbon sequestration and
methane generation in landfills and with carbon accounting during forest
growth and product use.
The Agroecology tool "agroecosystem analysis" offers a framework to
incorporate incommensurable aspects of the life cycle of a product (such
as social impacts, and soil and water implications).[38]

This tool is specifically useful in the analysis of a product made from

agricultural materials such as corn ethanol or soybean biodiesel because
it can account for an ecology of contexts interacting and changing through
time. This analysis tool should not be used instead of life-cycle analysis,
but rather, in conjunction with life-cycle analysis to produce a well-rounded
assessment.

34. Malin, Nadav, Life-cycle assessment for buildings: Seeking the Holy Grail. Building Green,
2010.
35. Linda Gaines and Frank Stodolsky Life-Cycle Analysis: Uses and Pitfalls. Argonne National
Laboratory. Transportation Technology R&D Center
36. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement Special Report No: 04-03. Ncasi.org.
Retrieved on 2011-12-14.
37. FPInnovations 2010 A Synthesis of Research on Wood Products and Greenhouse Gas Impacts
2nd Edition page 40. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-12-14.
38. Bland, W.L. and Bell, M.M. (2007). "A holon approach to agroecology". International Journal of
Agricultural Sustainability 5 (4): 280–294.

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment……. 5/1/2013

 METODOLOGI LCA
1. Goal and Scope definition
2. Inventory Analysis
3. Impact Assessment
4. Interpretation

Life cycle assessment framework

Goal
and scope
definition

Direct applications:
- Product development
and improvement

- Strategic planning
Inventory
analysis Interpretation - Public policy making

- Marketing

- Other

Impact
assessment

The official LCA framework according to the International Standards: ISO

14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006
 METODOLOGI LCA
Questions:
• What is the intended application of the
LCA?
• How much effort do you want to invest?
• Who are interested parties?
• What methodology will you use?
❖ Why is a goal and scope definition
important?
– guidance in data collection phase
– communication base for data providers
– reference for data quality management.
– afterwards, to explain how choices have been
made during the various LCA phases.
 METODOLOGI LCA
• Definition of functional unit, initial system
boundaries and procedural aspects
➢ Functional unit: comparison of products on the
basis of equivalent function, for example:
comparison of 2 packaging systems for 1000
litres of milk by (a) 1000 disposable cartons or
(b) 100 reusable bottles; instead of
comparison of 1 carton and 1 bottle.
➢ Functional unit is basis for comparison

“Compare
environmental
impacts of
?
packaging of 1000
= litres milk in carton
packages or glass
bottles”
 METODOLOGI LCA
Definition of functional unit, initial system
boundaries and procedural aspects

1. System boundaries: definition of processes that

are included in the investigation, e.g. material
extraction, processing and transport; energy
production; disposal processes. Production of
capital goods (equipment used for production
and transportation) are often excluded from the
system. System boundaries are further defined
during the inventory process.

2. Procedural aspects: organizational

arrangements such as a critical review to
guarantee consistency, scientific validity,
transparency of the final report and how various
stakeholders will be involved in the process (LCA
is a participatory process)
 METODOLOGI LCA:
INVENTORY
1. Also referred to as Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
phase
2. Compiling and quantifying of inputs and
outputs
3. Collecting of data, determination of total
emissions and resource use
4. Detailed defining of product system and
economy-environment boundary. Only data
collection for processes that are controlled by
human beings (economic processes).
Examples: coal mining, electricity production,
controlled dumping of solid waste etc.
5. Visualizing connected processes in product
system
6. Scaling of available technical data (e.g. from
data libraries) to functional unit
7. Aggregating the inputs and outputs in
Inventory Table
 METODOLOGI LCA:
Inventory

Example of Product system and Inventory

Table
LCI table with
environmental
interventions

Crude 40000
oil from kg
electricity incineration earth
CO2 to 3500
steel production distribution use dump air
SO2 to 20 kg
air
plasti reus
c e NOx to 100 kg
air
recycling Cd to 5g
water
PAH to 8 kg
water

Etc. …….
 METODOLOGI LCA:
Inventory
Difficulties:
• Data availability and quality
➢ Data rarely available, usually special data
gathering studies needed
➢ Measurement procedures rarely standardized

• Geographic variations
➢ quality of raw materials/energy sources
➢ production methods
➢ relevant environmental impacts

• Technology
➢ Which type of electricity production?
➢ Salt Electrolysis with Mercury or Membrane
process?
➢ Oldest, average or modern Waste Incineration
Plant?
 METODOLOGI LCA:
Inventory

Difficulties:
• Allocation of environmental interventions in case of
multiple output processes;
➢ Many processes are ‘multifunctional’ (e.g. co-
production, combined waste treatment.) and
interventions can be allocated to more outputs:

Recycli
ng
Electricity
production
Chlorine
Plastic Plastic
product bag
Salt
ion use
electrolysis
Paint Old plastic
Caustic Soda
product
ion

• Recycling and reuse

• Allocation determined by number of reuse times
and fraction of materials that can be recycled at a
certain quality
 METODOLOGI LCA:
Pendugaan Dampak
• Also referred to as Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
• Linkage (long) list of LCI results to environmental
impacts, like climate change, acidification, eco-toxic
impacts etc.

LCI result

Depletion
Raw materials
Land use
CO2 Land use
VOS
P Climate change
SO2
NOx
CFC Acidification
Cd
PAH
DDT Eutrophication

Ecotoxicity

Humantoxicity
 METODOLOGI LCA:
Pendugaan Dampak
• Steps: Characterization, Classification and
Normalization:
➢ Determine which LCI results contribute to which impact
category, e.g. CO2 and CH4 to climate change
➢ Multiply environmental interventions (resources,
emissions etc.) from LCI with a characterisation factor to
get indicator results
➢ Normalize to understand the relative magnitude of the
indicator results and to get dimensionless score (useful
for comparison)

Cat. Indicator result (kg CO2 equivalent)

 METODOLOGI LCA:
Pendugaan Dampak
Category indicators are quantifiable
representations of impact categories (ISO) and are defined
according standards, such as CML-IA, Eco indicator 99,
Impact 2002+ etc.)

Intervention Effect Damage

CO2 Greenhouse
effect
P Eutrophication
SO2 Damage to
NO Eco-
x Acidification
systems

DD Pesticides
T Indicator
Dus
Winter smog
t

VOC Summer smog

Damage to
Cd Heavy metals human
health
PAH
CFC Carconogenics

Ozone layer
depl.
 METODOLOGI LCA:
Pendugaan Dampak
• A ‘high’ contribution to a certain impact category (a
high normalized score) does not automatically mean
an ‘important’ contribution → weighing of results is
needed
• Weighing is a valuation of results and thus a
normative process, depending on preferences of
researcher; which environmental impact is most
important?
• Procedure of LCIA according to ISO:
- Classification and characterisation are an
obligatory step.
- Normalisation is an optional step.
- Weighing is only permitted for internal decision
making, and not for comparison of products to the
public.
 METODOLOGI LCA:
Interpretasi
• “Phase of life cycle assessment in which
the findings of either the inventory
analysis or the impact assessment, or
both, are combined consistent with the
defined goal and scope in order to reach
conclusions and recommendations” (ISO)

• To interpret an LCA, you must check the

goal and scope:
➢ Are the the general assumptions
reasonable?
➢ Is the functional unit well chosen?
➢ Are ISO standards applied?
➢ Has a peer review been conducted?
 METODOLOGI LCA:
Interpretasi

• Conduct a sensitivity analysis: analyze

the impact of important choices or
assumptions
➢ What if other allocations are applied.
➢ What if other boundaries are applied.
➢ What if other impact assessment
method is used.

• By recalculating the LCA with other

assumptions, we can verify how the
conclusions connect with the
assumptions.
 APLIKASI LCA

This shows the classical waste treatment hierarchy. LCA can

be used to validate it, or to add some nuances for particular
materials or products.

Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.

UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
 APLIKASI LCA

. This is an LCA application for total consumption patterns: which activities

contribute to most to environmental problems? To the right, we see
activities that contribute largely per euro of product. The width indicates
how much a household spends on that activity. Thus the area indicates
the total impact of that activity. Car driving is the activity with the highest
impact. This study has been done for the Integrated Product Policy of the
EU.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.
UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
 APLIKASI LCA

LCA as a process
– LCA as a vehicle of discussion for
various stakeholders
• producer
• supply chain
• competitors
• purchasers
• government
• NGOs

Finally, LCA as a process of learning and getting

to understand the problems and one another.

Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.

UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
 KETERBATASAN LCA
LCA in practice obstructed by:
– data requirements
– methodological inconsistencies
– technical characteristics

LCA sounds nice.

But now, we move to some of the problems
in doing LCA.

Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.

UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
 KETERBATASAN LCA
• Data requirements
– only general, no specific data
– obsolete data
– only data from industrialized
countries
– different data formats
– databases not connected
• Role for ISO 14048 and
UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative
• Role for input-output analysis
(and hybrids of IOA and LCA)

LCA is very data intensive. General

purpose databases are emerging, but there
is still much to do.

Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis.

UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
TERIMAKASIH