Praktikum 1 Milik Laras

PRAKTIKUM FITOFARMAKA
TUGAS 1
Pembuatan Ekstrak Rimpang Kaempferia galanga
Dengan Maserasi Kinetika
Disusun Untuk Memenuhi Tugas Praktikum Fitofarmaka
KELOMPOK : 5
KELAS: B
LARAS HADYANING TIAS

201610410311058
DOSENPEMBIMBING:
Siti Rofida, M.Farm., Apt.
Drs. Herra zstudiawan, M.Si., Apt.
Amaliyah Dina Anggraeni, M.Farm., Apt.
PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI

FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2019
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Latar belakang

Kencur merupakan tanaman tropis yang banyak tumbuh di berbagai daerah di
Indonesia sebagai tanaman yang dibudidayakan. Biasanya tanaman ini dari umbinya
digunakan sebagai ramuan obat tradisional sebagai pengaktif. Dalam kehidupan seharihari
kencur digunakan sebagai bumbu yang disertakan dalam berbagai masakan sehingga
sekarang ini kencur sudah banyak dibudidayakan sebagai hasil pertanian yang
diperdagangkan dalam jumlah yang besar (Hamida,2007).
Pemanfaatan hasil isolasi bahan alam menjadi bahan dasar untuk mensintesa senyawa
lain yang lebih bermanfaat adalah salah satu peningkatan bahan alam menjadi produk yang
lebih potensial. Selanjutnya produk alam yang dapat digunakan menjadi bahan dasar sintesa
adalah produk alam yang banyak tersedia dan mengandung gugus fungsi yang dapat
ditransformasi menjadi gugus fungsi yang lain. Etil p-metoksisinamat adalah salah satu
produk alam yang terdapat pada rimpang kencur (Kaempferia galanga L) dalam jumlah yang
relatif besar. Isolasi dan pemurnian etil p-metoksisinamat dapat dilakukan dengan mudah,
selain itu etil p-metoksisinamat mempunyai gugus fungsi yang reaktif sehingga sangat
mudah ditransformasikan menjadi gugus fungsi yang lain. Etil p-metoksisinamat adalah ester
alam dimana gugus esternya dapat diamidasi menjadi senyawa amida yang lebih bermanfaat
sehingga etil pmetoksisinamat memungkinkan sebagai bahan dasar sintesa amida turunan
sinamat (Taufikurohmah,2008).
Kandungan kimia kencur sudah menurut Afriastini,1990 diantaranya ialah etil sinamat,
etil p-metoksisinamat, kamfen, borneol dan paraffin (Afriastini,1990). Diantara kandungan
kimia ini etil p-metoksisinamat merupakan komponen utama yang dengan mudah dapat
diisolasi dan dimurnikan. Perkolasi serbuk kencur kering dalam etanol teknis sebagai pelarut
bedasarkan hasil peneliti sebelumnya dapat menghasilkan 1,1 % Etil p-metoksisinamat dari
berat kencur segar (Barus,2009) Studi tentang tanaman obat dimulai dari tahap pra-
ekstraksi dan ekstraksi, yang merupakantahap penting dalam memproses senyawa aktif
dalam tumbuhan (Azwanida, 2015). Ekstraksi merupakan pemisahan bagian aktif dari
tanaman dari komponen yang tidak aktif, menggunakan pelarut yang selektif sesuai
standar prosedur ekstraksi. (Handa,2008).
Metode ekstraksi konvensional seperti maserasi atau soxhlet sering digunakan dalan
penelitian skala kecil. Selain itu , ada pula metode ekstraksi yang lebih modern seperti
Microwave – Assisted Extraction ( MAE ), Ultrasound – Assisted Extraction ( UEA ) dan
Supercritical Fluid Extraction ( SFE ) ( Azwanida, 2015 ). Pada praktikum ini dilakukan
ekstraksi rimpang Kaempferia galanga dengan menggunakan metode ekstraksi Maserasi.
Ekstaksi maserasi adalah proses pengekstrakan simplisia dengan menggunakan pelarut
dengan beberapa kali pengocokan atau pengadukan pada temperatur ruangan ( Depkes RI,
2000 ). Alasan pemilihan metode ekstraksi maserasi karena banyak memiliki keuntungan
dibandingkan dengan metode ekstraksi lainnya. Keuntungan utama metode ekstraksi
maserasi adalah prosedur dan peralatan yang digunakan lebih sederhana, metode ekstraksi
maserasi tidak dilakukan pemanasan sehingga bahan alam tidak terurai. Ekstraksi dingin
memungkinkan banyak senyawa yang terekstraksi , meskipun beberapa senyawa memiliki
kelarutan yang terbatas
Dari latar belakang di atas, maka dari itu diperlukan dilakukan praktikum Pembuatan
Ekstrak Rimpang Kaemfperia galanga . Praktikum ini di harapkan mampu meningkatkan
pemahaman praktikan terhadap penggunaan dan manfaat bahan ekstrak kencur serta metode
yang tepat untuk pembuatannya.
1.2. Tujuan
Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas maka, tujuan dari praktikum ini antara lain :
1. Mahasiswa mampu membuat Ekstrak Rimpang Kaemfperia galanga
2. Mahasiswa mampu mengoperasikan alat untuk Ekstraksi Rimpang Kaemfperia
galangal dengan metode Maserasi, Maserasi Kinetika, Maserasi Ultrasonika.
3. Mahasiswa mampu mengetahui perbedaan metode Ekstraksi Rimpang Kaemfperia
galangal
BAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1. Kencur (Kaempferia galanga)

A. Klasifikasi Kaempferia galanga L (kencur)
Taksonomi Kingdom : Plantae
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta
Superdivisi : Spermatophyta
Divisi : Magnoliophyta
Subdivisi : Angiospermae
Kelas : Liliopsida
Bangsa : Zingiberales
Suku : Zingiberaceae Gambar. Kaempferia galanga L
Marga : Kaempferia L.
Jenis : Kaempferia galanga L. (USDA, 2010)
− Pemerian : Bau khas aromatik; rasa pedas, hangat, agak pahit, akhirnya menimbulkan
rasa tebal.
− Makroskopik kepingan : Pipih; bentuk hampir bundar sampai jorong atau tidak
beraturan; tebal keping 1 mm sampai 4 mm; panjang 1 cm sampai sampai 5 cm, lebar
0,5 cm sampai 3 cm; bgian tepi berombak dan berkeriput, warna coklat sampai coklat
kemerahan, bagian tengah berwarna putih sampai putih kecoklatan.
− Korteks : sempit, lebar lebih kurang 2 mm; warna putih; berkas pembuluh tersebar
tampak sebagai bintik-bintik berwarna kelabu atau keunguan. Silinder pusat: Lebar,
banyak tersebar berkas pembuluh seperti pada korteks.
− Bekas patahan : rata, berdebu, berwarna putih.
− Mikroskopik Periderm : terdiri dari 5 sampai 7 lapis sel, sel berbentuk segi panjang
berdinding tipis. Jaringan parenkim korteks: terdapat di bawah periderm, sel parenkim
isodiametrik, berdinding tipis, berisi butir-butir pati, sel idioblas minyak berbentuk
hampir bulat dan bergaris tengah 50 µm sampai 100 µm, dalam idioblas minyak terdapat
minyak yang tidak berwarna sampai berwarna putih semu kekuningan.
− Butir pati: umumnya tunggal, besar, bentuk bulat, bulat telur atau bulat telur tidak
beraturan dengan salah satu ujungnya mempunyai putting, lamela dan hilus tidak jelas;
panjang butir pati 6 µm sampai 25 µm, umumnya 23 µm.
− Berkas pembuluh: Tersebar dalam korteks dan silinder pusat; pembuluh kayu terdiri dari
pembuluh spiral, pembuluh tangga dan pembuluh jala, tidak berlignin.
− Endodermis: mempunyai dinding radial yang agak menebal, tidak berisi butir pati.
Silinder pusat: Lebar, parenkimatik, berisi butir pati dan idioblas minyak seperti pada
korteks, berkas pembuluh dibawah endodermis tersusun teratur dalam suatu lingkaran
yang berdekatan satu sama lainnya.
− Serbuk: Warna putih, putih kecoklatan sampai coklat. Fragmen pengenal adalah butir
pati yang hampir bulat dengan puting tau sisi bersudu; idioblas minyak; oleoresin
berbentuk gumpalan atau tetesan kecil yang dengan yodium LP warnanya menjadi
coklat kekuningan; fragmen periderm; pembuluh kayu. (Materia Medika Hal 55)
Rimpang kencur berkhasiat sebagai obat batuk, obat lambung, obat mual, obat
bengkak dan obat bisul. (Depkes RI, 2001). Kandungan senyawaKencur banyak digunakan
sebagai bahan baku obat tradisional (jamu), fitofarmaka, industry kosmetika, penyedap
makanan dan minuman, rempah, serta bahan campuran saus rokok pada industry rokok
kretek, bahkan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bioinsektisida. Secara empiric kencur digunakan
sebagai penambah nafsu makan, ekspektoran, obat batuk, disentri, tonikum, infeksi bakteri,
masuk angin, sakit perut. (Assaat, 2011) Rimpang kencur mengandung minyak atsiri sekitar
2-4% yang terdiri dari 3,7,7-trimetil-bisiklo-[4,1,0]-hept-3-ena, etil sinamat, etil para metoksi
sinamat (EPMS), para metoksi stirena, n-penta dekana, borneal, dan kamfen (Suyatno et al.,
2011).
B. Kandungan Kimia Kaempferia galanga L.
Rimpang kencur paling banyak mengandung alkaloid dan minyak atsiri, yang terdiri
atas sineol, asam sinamat, etil ester, kamphene, paraeumarin dan asam anisat (Gendrowati,
2013).
Uji fitokimia Hasil
Alkaloid ++++
Minyak atsiri +++
Saponin +++
Tanin ++++
Flavonoid ++++
Fenolik +++
Steroid/Triterpenoid -
Glikosida ++++
Tabel Kandungan Kimia Kaempferia galanga L. (Gholib, 2011)
Flavonoid menyebabkan perubahan komponen organik dan transport nutrisi yang
akhirnya akan mengakibatkan timbulnya efek toksik terhadap jamur (Agrawal, 2011).
Senyawa alkaloid sebagai antibakteri mampu menghambat sintesis dinding sel bakteri, jika
dinding sel bakteri tidak terbentuk dengan sempurna maka sel bakteri akan lisis dan hancur.
Ekstrak etanol rimpang kencur juga mengandung saponin dan steroid. Saponin juga
merupakan senyawa aktif yang mempunyai aktivitas antifungi. Mekanisme kerja saponin
sebagai antijamur adalah menurunkan tegangan permukaan sehingga mengakibatkan naiknya
permeabilitas atau kebocoran sel dan mengakibatkan senyawa intraseluler akan keluar.
Senyawa ini berdifusi melalui membran luar dan dinding sel yang rentan, lalu mengikat
membran 9 sitoplasma dan mengganggu dan mengurangi kestabilan itu. Hal ini
menyebabkan sitoplasma bocor keluar dari sel yang mengakibatkan kematian sel (Nuria dkk,
2009). Senyawa steroid dapat mengakibatkan kebocoran pada lisosom bakteri. Interaksi
steroid dan membran fosfolipid bakteri akan menyebabkan menurunnya integritas membrane
dan terjadi perubahan morfologi membran bakteri (Hayati et al., 2017). Rimpang kering dari
Kaempferia galanga L. mengandung 2,5 sampai 4% minyak esensial yang banyak digunakan
dalam penyedap makanan, wewangian, dan obat-obatan. Penelitian barubaru ini
menunjukkan potensi antijamur, antibakteri, antibiofilm, antioksidan dan aktivitas antitumor
dari minyak esensial yaitu minyak atsiri yang diisolasi dari rimpang Kaempferia galanga L
(Kumar, 2014). Kandungan kimia aktif dari minyak atsiri yang diperoleh dari analisis gas
kromatografi dan spektrofotometri massa adalah sebagai berikut:
Hasil Analisis Komponen Kimia Minyak Atsiri Rimpang Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.)
secara GC-MS
Ethyl cinnamate dan ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate dan merupakan golongan ester yang
memiliki peran sebagai nematisida, antikanker, antituberkulosis, anti-inflamasi, antifungal
and larvisida (Kumar, 2014).
Gambar. Rantai Kimia Ethyl Cinnamate
Gambar. Rantai Kimia Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate

2.2. Ekstrak
Ekstrak simplisia banyak mengandung senyawa aktif yang dapat larut dan senyawa
yang tidak dapat larut, seperti serat, karbohidrat, protein, dan lain-lain. Untuk memisahkan
senyawa aktif tersebut maka perlu dilakukan proses ekstraksi. Ekstraksi merupakan kegiatan
atau proses pemisahan bahan dari campurannya dengan menggunakan pelarut (Agoes G.,
2007). Ekstrak adalah sediaan kering, kental atau cair dibuat dengan penyari simplisia
menurut cara yang cocok, di luar pengaruh cahaya matahari langsung. Ekstrak kering harus
mudah digerus menjadi serbuk (BPOM RI, 2010).
Ekstraksi bahan alam, terutama yang akan digunakan untuk obat, dapat dilakukan
dengan cara perebusan, penyeduhan, maserasi, perkolasi atau cara lain yang sesuai dengan
sifat bahan alam yang diekstraksi. Dalam suatu pemisahan yang ideal oleh ekstraksi pelarut,
seluruh zat yang diinginkan akan berakhir dalam suatu pelarut sedangkan zat-zat yang tidak
diinginkan berada pada pelarut yang lain. Ekstraksi ganda merupakan salah satu teknik
pemisahan yang lebih akurat dibandingkan ekstraksi tunggal Ekstraksi pelarut adalah metode
yang efektif untuk mengekstrak kurkuminoid (Jayaprakasha et al, 2005). Di antara banyak
pelarut organik, pelarut etanol adalah salah satu pelarut yang cocok untuk memisahkan
kurkuminoid yang optimal (Photitirat et al, 2004).
Pemilihan pelarut merupakan faktor yang menentukan dalam ekstraksi. Pelarut yang
digunakan dalam ekstraksi harus dapat menarik komponen aktif dari campuran. Hal-hal
penting yang harus diperhatikan dalam memilih pelarut adalah selektivitas, sifat pelarut,
kemampuan untuk mengekstraksi, tidak bersifat racun, mudah diuapkan dan harganya relatif
murah (Gamse, 2002). Perendaman suatu bahan dalam pelarut dapat meningkatkan
permeabilitas dinding sel dalam tiga tahapan, yaitu masuknya pelarut kedalam dinding sel
tanaman atau pembengkakan sel, kemudian senyawa yang terdapat dalam dinding sel akan
terlepas dan masuk ke dalam pelarut, diikuti oleh difusi senyawa yang terekstraksi oleh
pelarut keluar dari dinding sel.
Metode Ekstraksi Metode pembuatan ekstrak yang umum digunakan antara lain
maserasi, perkolasi, dan soxlhetasi. Metode penyarian yang akan digunakan tergantung dari
wujud dan kandungan bahan yang akan disari. Selain itu, pemilihan metode penyarian
disesuaikan dengan kepentingan untuk memperoleh kandungan kimia yang diinginkan
(Harborne J.B., 1996).
2.3. Metode Ekstraksi

Ekstraksi adalah suatu proses penarikan senyawa dari tumbuh-tumbuhan, hewan dan
lain-lain dengan menggunakan pelarut tertentu. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan berbagai metode
yang sesuai dengan sifat dan tujuan ekstraksi. Proses ekstraksi digunakan sampel dalam
keadaan segar atau yang telah dikeringkan, tergantung pada sifat tumbuhan dan senyawa
yang akan diisolasi (Wilda, 2013).Adapun metode ekstraksi dengan menggunakan pelarut,
yaitu :
2.3.1. Cara Dingin
a. Maserasi
Maserasi adalah perendaman bahan alam yang dikeringkan (simplisia) dalam suatu
pelarut. Metode ini dapat menghasilkan ekstrak dalam jumlah banyak, serta terhindar dari
perubahan kimiasenyawa-senyawa tertentu karena pemanasan (Pratiwi, 2009).
Maserasi merupakan proses penyarian yang paling sederhana dan banyak digunakan.
Maserasi dilakukan dengan cara merendam serbuk simplisia dalam cairan penyari. Maserasi
adalah sediaan cair yang dibuat dengan cara mengekstraksi bahan nabati yang direndam
menggunakan pelarut bukan air (pelarut non polar) selama periode waktu tertentu sesuai
dengan aturan dalam buku referensi kefarmasian. Maserasi ini disertai dengan pengadukan
pada temperatur ruang (kamar). Metode ini memiliki keuntungan yaitu cara pengerjaannya
yang lebih mudah, alat-alat yangdigunakan sederhana, dan cocok untuk bahan yang tidak
tahan pemanasan (Depkes RI, 1986).
Menurut farmakope herbal indonesia : Masukkan 1 bagian serbuk kering simplisia
kedalam maserator, tambahkan 10 bagian pelarut (etanol 70%). Rendam selama 6 jam sambil
sekali-sekali diaduk, kemudian diamkan selama 18 jam. Pisahkan maserat dengan cara
pengendapan, sentrifugasi, dekantasi, atau filtrasi. Ulangi proses penyarian
sekurangkurangnya dua kali dengan jenis dan jumlah pelarut yang sama (Depkes RI,
2008).Suling atau uapkan maserat pada tekanan rendah pada suhu tidak lebih dari 50 0 C
hingga konsistensi yang dikehendaki (BPOM RI, 2010).
b. Perkolasi
Perkolasi adalah ekstraksi dengan pelarut yang selalu baru dan sempurna yang
umumnya dilakukan pada temperatur ruangan. Prinsip perkolasi adalah dengan
menempatkan serbuk simplisia pada suatu bejana silinder, yang bagian bawahnya diberi
sekat berpori. Proses terdiri dari tahap pengembangan bahan, tahap perkolasi sebenarnya
(penetesan/penampungan ekstrak) terus-menerus sampai diperoleh ekstrak (perkolat) yang
jumlahnya 1-5 kali bahan (Istiqomah, 2013).
Perkolasi merupakan proses penyarian serbuk simplisia dengan pelarut yang cocok
dengan melewatkan secara perlahan-lahan melewati kolom. Serbuk simplisia dimasukkan
kedalam perkolator, dengan cara mengalirkan cairan melalui kolom dari atas ke bawah
melalui celah untuk keluar ditarik oleh gaya berat seberat cairan dalam molom. Pembaharuan
bahan pelarut secara terus-menerus sehingga memungkinkan berlangsungnya maserasi
bertingkat. Kekurangan dari metode ini adalah tidak boleh digunakan pada ekstrak yang
mengandung bahan yang bisa mengembang atau pati/amylum (Ansel, 1989). Kecuali
dinyatakan lain, lakukan sebagai berikut: Basahi 10 bagian simplisia atau campuran simplisia
dengan derajat halus yang cocok dengan 2,5 bagian sampai 5 bagian penyari, masukkan ke
dalam bejana tertutup sekurang-kurangnya selama 3 jam. Pindahkan massa sedikit demi
sedikit kedalam perkolator sambil tiap kali ditekan hati-hati, tuangi dengan cairan penyari
secukupnya sampai cairan mulai menetes dan diatas simplisia masih terdapat selapis cairan
penyari, tutup perkolator, biarkan selama 24 jam. Biarkan cairan menetes dengan kecepatan
1 ml per menit, tambahkan berulang-ulang cairan penyarisecukupnya sehingga selalu
terdapat selapis cairan diatas simplisia, hingga diperoleh 80 bagian perkolat.peras massa,
campurkan cairan perasan kedalam perkolat, tambahkan cairan penyari secukupnya sehingga
diperoleh 100 bagian. Pindahkan kedalam sebuah bejana, tutup, biarkan selama 2 hari
ditempat sejuk, terlindung dari cahaya. Enap tuangkan atau saring. Perkolat disuling atau
diuapkan dengan tekanan rendah pada suhu tidak lebih dari 50 0 C hingga konsistensi yang
dikehendaki. Pada pembuatan ekstrak cair, 0,8 bagian perkolat pertama dipisahkan, perkolat
selanjutnya diuapkan hingga 0,2 bagian, campur dengan perkolat pertama. Pembuatan
ekstrak cair dengan penyari etanol, dapat juga dilakukan dengan cara reperkolasi tanpa
menggunakan panas (BPOM RI, 2010).
2.3.2. Cara Panas
a. Refluks
Refluks adalah ekstraksi dengan pelarut temperatur titik didihnya, selama waktu
tertentu dan jumlah pelarut yang terbatas yang relatif konstan dengan adanya pendingin
balik. Umumnya dilakukan pengulangan proses pada residu pertama sampai 3-5 kali
sehingga dapat termasuk proses ekstraksi sempurna (Rahmawati, 2015).
b. Sokletasi
Sokletasi adalah ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut yang selalu baru yang umumnya
dengan alat khusus sehingga terjadi ekstraksi kontinyu dengan jumlah pelarut yang relatif
konstan dengan adanya pendinginan balik (Meilisa, 2009).
Bahan yang akan diekstraksi diletakkan dalam sebuah kantung ekstraksi (kertas atau
karbon) dibagian dalam alat ekstraksi dari gelas yang bekerja kontinyu (percolator). Wadah
gelas yang mengandung kantung diletakkan antara labu penyulingan dengan pendingin aliran
balik dan dihubungkan dengan labu melalui pipa. Labu tersebut berisi bahan pelarut yang
menguap dan mencapai ke dalam pendingin aliran balik melalui pipet, berkondensasi
didalamnya, menetes ke atas bahan yang diekstraksi. Larutan berkumpul didalam wadah
gelas dan setelah mencapai tinggi maksimalnya, secara otomatis dipindahkan kedalam labu.
Dengan demikian zat yang terekstraksi terakumulasi melalui penguapan bahan pelatur murni
berikutnya (Voight, 1984).Macam-macam ekstrak Pembagian ekstrak menurut
konsistensinya :
1. Ekstrak kering (Ekxtracta sicca) adalah ekstrak yang telah mengalami proses penguapan
dan tidak mengandung pelarut lagi serta mempunyai konsistensi yang padat (kering).
Farmakope menghendaki agar ekstrak kering mudah digerus menjadi serbuk dan pada
umumnya higroskopis, maka harus disimpan dalam botolengn tutup kapur tohor (CaO).
Ekstrak kering dibagi menjadi dua macam : Ekstrak kering yang dibuat dengan etanol,
karena bahan tidak larut sepenuhnya dengan air, contoh : Extractum Calumba Extractum
Chinae Extractum Colocyathidis (biji dibuang terlebih dahulu) Extractum Granati
Extractum Rhei Extractum Strychni (hilangkan lemak pada biji dengan campuran eter-
minyak tanah) Ekstrak kering yang dibuat dengan air, contoh: Extractum aloes
Extractum Opii Extractum Ratanhie Extractum Dhamni frangulae (Van Duin, 1947)
2. Ekstrak kental (Ekstracta spissa) adalah ekstrak dengan kadar air 20-25%, namun hanya
pada ekstrak Liquiritiae diizinkan kadar air mencapai 35% (Van Duin, 1947). Ekstrak
kental juga mengalamai proses penguapan namun konsistensi tetap kental pada suhu
kamar, contoh : Extractum Belladone Extractum Hycoscyami
Ekstrak cair (Ekxtracta liquid) adalah sediaan cair simplisia nabati yang
mengandung etanol sebagai pelarut atau sebagai pengawet. Jika tidak dinyatakan lain pada
masing-masing monografi, tiap ml ekstrak mengandung bahan aktif 1g simplisia yang
memenuhi syarat. Ekstrak cair yang cenderung membentuk endapan dapat didiamkan dan
disaring atau bagian yang bening dituangkan, beningan yang diperoleh memenuhi
persyaratan farmakope (Farmakope Indonesia IV).
c. Digesti
Digesti adalah maserasi kinetik (dengan pengadukan kontinyu) pada temperatur
yang lebih tinggi dari temperatur ruangan, yaitu secara umum dilakukan temperatur 40-
50°C (Rahmawati, 2015).
d. Infusa
Infusa ekstraksi dengan pelarut air pada temperatur penangas air bejana infuse
tercelup dalam penangas air mendidih, temperatur terukur 96-98°C selama waktu tertentu
(Istiqomah, 2013).
e. Dekokta
Dekokta adalah proses infusa pada waktu yang lebih lama (suhu lebih dari 30°C) dan
temperatur sampai titik didih (Istiqomah, 2013).
2.3.3. Tinjauan Pelarut
Pada proses ekstraksi, pelarut atau campuran pelarut disebut menstruum atau
endapan atau ampas yang tidak mengandung zat aktif lagi, diistilahkan sebagai
marc(Ansel, 1989). Pelarut organik berdasarkan konstanta dielektrikum dapat
dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu pelarut polar dan pelarut non-polar. Konstanta dielektrikum
dinyatakan sebagai gaya tolak menolak antara dua pertikel yang bermuatan listrik dalam
suatu molekul. Semakin tinggi konstanta dielektrikumnya maka pelarut bersifat semakin
polar (Sudarmadji et al, 1989). Konstanta dielektrikum dari beberapa pelarutdapat dilihat
pada Tabel 1.
Tabel 1. Konstanta dielektrikum pelarut organik
Pelarut Besarnya konstanta

N-heksan 2,0
Etil asetat 6,0
Kloroform 4,8
Asam asetat 6,2
Benzen 2,3
Etanol 24,3
Metanol 33,1
Air 80,4
Sumber : Sudarmadji et al. (1989)
Tahapan yang harus diperhatikan dalam mengekstraksi jaringan tumbuhan adalah

penyiapan bahan sebelum ekstraksi, pemilihan pelarut dan kondisi proses ektraksi,
proses pengambilan pelarut pengawasan mutu, dan pengujian yang dikenal pula sebagai
tahapan penyelesaian. Penggunaan pelarut bertitik didih tinggi menyebabkan adanya
kemungkinan kerusakan komponen-komponen senyawa penyusun pada saat pemanasan.
Pelarut yang digunakan harus bersifat inert terhadap bahan baku, mudah didapat, dan
harganya murah (Sabel dan Waren 1973).
Dalam pemilihan pelarut harus memenuhi beberapa kriteria, antara lain murah dan
mudah diperoleh, stabil secara fisika dan kimia, bereaksi netral tidak mudah menguap,
dan tidak mudah terbakar, selektif. Selektif yaitu hanya menarik zat berkhasiat yang
dikehendaki, tidak mempengaruhi zat berkhasiat, dan diperbolehkan oleh peraturan
(Ketaren 1986).
Pelarut yang diplih pada penelitian ini adalah etanol. Etanol disebut juga etil alkohol
atau alkohol saja, adalah sejenis cairan yang mudah menguap, mudah terbakar, tak
berwarna dan merupakan alkohol yang paling sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-
hari. Etanol termasuk ke dalam alkohol rantai tunggal, dengan rumus kimia C 2H5OH dan
rumus empiris C2H6O. Senyawa ini merupakan isomer konstitusional dari dimetil eter.
Etanol sering disingkat menjadi EtOH, dengan "Et" merupakan singkatan dari gugus etil
(C2H5) (Lei dkk., 2002).
Etanol memiliki massa jenis 0.7893 g/mL. Titik didih etanol pada tekanan atmosfer
adalah 78.32 °C. Indeks bias dan viskositas pada temperatur 20°C adalah 1.36143 dan
1.17 cP (Kirk and Othmer, 1965).
Diamkan selama semalam. Homogenkan dan simpan dalm wadah serta beri label identitas
Sifat-sifat fisika etanol utamanya dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan gugus hidroksil dan
pendeknya rantai karbon etanol. Gugus hidroksil dapat berpartisipasi ke dalam ikatan
hidrogen, sehingga membuatnya cair dan lebih sulit menguap daripada senyawa organik
lainnya dengan massa molekul yang sama (Lei dkk, 2002). Etanol termasuk dalam
alkohol primer, yang berarti bahwa karbon yang berikatan dengan gugus hidroksil paling
tidak memiliki dua hidrogen atom yang terikat dengannya juga. Reaksi kimia yang
dijalankan oleh etanol kebanyakan berkutat pada gugus hidroksilnya (Lei dkk., 2002).
BAB III
PROSEDUR KERJA
3.1. Kerangka operasional

Metode Maserasi Kinetika
3.2. Skema Kerja
Ditambahkan 1000 ml etanol 96%

aduk sampai serbuk terbasahi
Hasil maserasi di
Ditimbang 400 g serbuk rimpang kencur,
saring, tampung filtrat
dimasukan dalam bejana maserasi
Residu ditambahkan 600 ml etanol

96%, tutup mulut bejana dan
lakukan selama 2 jam
Hasil maserasi di
saring, tampung
filtrat
dilakukan kembali maserasi dengan

1200 ml etanol 96% pada residu selama
2 jam pada kecepatan yang sama
Hasil maserasi di saring,

tampung filtrat Kumpulkan dilakukan kembali maserasi dengan
semua filtrat menjadi satu 1200 ml etanol 96% pada residu
selama 2 jam pada kecepatan yang
sama
Kaliberasi labu pada rotavapor Filtrat dipekatkan dengan rotavapor hingga

(berisi ekstrak), berikan tanda volume tersisa 400 ml (tanda kaliberasi).
pada volume 400 ml Kemudian hasilnya dipindahkan ke dalam loyang
dan diratakan
Ditambahkan cab-o-sil sebanyak 5% dari

ekstrak 20 g dengan ditaburkan sedikit demi
Homogenkan dan simpan pada sedikit secara merata. Kemudian diamkan
wadah tertutup (botol selai). selama semalam (sampai kering)
Berikan label identitas pada wadah

3.3. Prosedur Operasional
1. Ditimbang 400g serbuk rimpang kencur, dimasukkan dalam bejana maserasi.
2. Ditambahkan 1000ml etanol 96%, aduk sampai serbuk terbasahi
3. Hasil no. 2 ditambhakan 600ml etanol 96%, aduk sampai homogen, tutup bagian
mulut bejana dengan alumunium, lakukan pengadukan pada kecepatan tertentu
( semua serbuk simplisia teraduk ) selama 2 jam ( catat kecepatan yang digunakan )
4. Hasil maserasi pada no. 2 disaring. Tampung fltrat dan lakukan kembali maserasi
kinetika dengan 1200ml etanol 96% pada residu selama 2 jam pada kecepatan yang
sama ( perlakuan no. 3 )
5. Hasil maserasi pada no. 3 disarng. Tampung filtrat dan lakukan kembali maserasi
6. Disaring kembali maserasi no.4. Kumpulkan semua filtrat menjadi satu.
7. Keliberasi labu pada rotavapor ( berisi ekstrak ), berikan tanda pada volume 400ml.
8. Filtrat yang terkumpul dilakukan pemekatan dengan rotavapor yaitu penguapan
dengan penutunan tekanan hingga volume tersisa ±400ml ( tanda kaliberasi ) dan
pindahkan hasilnya kedalam loyang. Ratakan ekstrak pada loyang.
9. Ditambahkan cab-o-sil sebanyak 5% dari ekstrak ( 20g ) dengan ditaburkan sedikit
demi sedikit secara merata. Kemudian diamkan selama semalam ( sampai kering ).
10. Homogenkan dan simpan pada wadah tertutup ( botol selai ).
11. Berikan label identitas pada wadah.
BAB IV
HASIL PRAKTIKUM
4.1. Hasil Perhitungan

4.2.
4.3. Dokumentasi Hasil Penelitian
BAB V
PEMBAHASAN
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BAB VI
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1. Kesimpulan
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5.2. Saran
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
BAB III
PROSEDUR KERJA

3.5. Skema Kerja

Hasil maserasi di

Hasil maserasi di
saring, tampung
filtrat


sama

dan diratakan


BAB IV
HASIL PRAKTIKUM

4.5.
BAB V
PEMBAHASAN
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BAB VI
5.3. Kesimpulan
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5.4. Saran
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
BAB III
PROSEDUR KERJA

3.8. Skema Kerja

Hasil maserasi di

Hasil maserasi di
saring, tampung
filtrat


sama

dan diratakan


BAB IV
HASIL PRAKTIKUM

4.8.
BAB V
PEMBAHASAN
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BAB VI
5.5. Kesimpulan
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5.6. Saran
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
BAB III
PROSEDUR KERJA

3.11. Skema Kerja

Hasil maserasi di

Hasil maserasi di
saring, tampung
filtrat


sama

dan diratakan


BAB IV
HASIL PRAKTIKUM

4.11.
BAB V
PEMBAHASAN
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BAB VI
5.7. Kesimpulan
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5.8. Saran
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
BAB III
PROSEDUR KERJA

3.14. Skema Kerja

Hasil maserasi di

Hasil maserasi di
saring, tampung
filtrat


sama

dan diratakan


BAB IV
HASIL PRAKTIKUM

4.14.
BAB V
PEMBAHASAN
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BAB VI
5.9. Kesimpulan
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5.10. Saran
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
BAB III
PROSEDUR KERJA

3.17. Skema Kerja

Hasil maserasi di Ditimbang 400 g serbuk rimpang kencur,

saring, tampung filtrat dimasukan dalam bejana maserasi

Hasil maserasi di
saring,tampung filtrat


sama

dan diratakan


BAB IV
HASIL PRAKTIKUM

4.17.
BAB V
PEMBAHASAN
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BAB VI
5.11. Kesimpulan
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5.12. Saran
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Adrian, peyne, 2000. Analisa Ekstraktif Tumbuhan Sebagai Sumber Bahan Obat”. Pusat
Penelitian. Universitas Negeri Andalas.
Afriastini.J.J. 1990. Bertanam Kencur. Wakarta Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta
Agoes, G. (2007). Teknologi Bahan Alam. Bandung : Penerbit ITB Press
Anonim, 2012, Profil Data Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2011, Kementerian Kesehatan
Republik Indonesia.
Anonim, 2012, World Health Statistic 2012: Cause-specific mortality and morbidity, WHO
Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Ansel,H.C., (1989). Pengatar Bentuk sediaan Farmasi. Edisi 4. UI Press. Jakarta. Halaman
96,147.
Ansel, H. C., 2008, Pengantar Bentuk Sediaan Farmasi, ed IV, Alih bahasa Ibrahim, F.
Jakarta : UI Press.
Barus, Rosbina, 2009, Amidasi Etil p-Metoksi Sinamat yang Diisolasi dari Kencur
(Kaempferia galanga Linn.), Tesis, Kimia Pasca Sarjana, USU, Medan.
Badan POM RI, 2010, Acuan Sediaan Herbal, Volume V, Edisi I, 112-117, Badan Pengawas
Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta
Depkes RI, 1995, Farmakope Indonesia Edisi IV, Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan Obat dan
Makanan : Jakarta
.Departemen Kesehatan RI. 1981. Pemanfaatan Tanaman Obat Edisi-2. Jakarta: Depkes RI
Depkes RI, 1989, Materia Medika Jilid V, Departemen Kesehatan RI : Jakarta
Ditjen POM, Depkes RI , 2000, Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat,
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, 9-11,16.
Harborne, J.B., 1996, Metode Fitokimia Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis Tumbuhan
terbitan kedua, Institut Teknologi Bandung : Bandung
Nurhayati, T. 2008. Uji efek sediaan serbuk instan rimpang Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.)
sebagai tonikum terhadap mencit jantan galur Swiss Webster. Skripsi Fakultas Farmasi UMS,
Surakarta.
Sharma, P., 2011. ‘Cinnamic Acid Derivatives: A New Chapter of Various Pharmacological
Activities’. J Chem Pharm Res. 3(2): 403-23.
Syukur, C., dan Hernani, 2001, Budidaya Tanaman Obat Komersial, Penebar Swadaya,
Jakarta, 65.
Svehla, G, 1985, VOGEL I : Buku Teks Analisis Kualitatif Makro dan Semimikro, Kalman
Media Pustaka : Jakarta
Titik Taufikurohmah. (2008). Pemilihan Pelarut dan Optimasi Suhu Pada Isolasi Senyawa
Etil Para Metoksi Sinamat (EPMS) dari Rimpang Kencur Sebagai Bahan Tabir Surya Pada
Industri Kosmetik. Artikel Penelitian.
Tewtrakul, S., S. Yuenyongwad, S. Kummee and L. Atsawajaruwan. 2005. Chemical

component and biological activities of volatile oil of Kaempferia galanga Linn.
Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 27 : 503-507
Tobo F, 2001, Buku Pegangan Laboratorium Fitokimia 1, Universitas Hasanudin : Makassar
Voigt, 1984, Buku Pelajaran Teknologi Farmasi diterjemahkan oleh Soewandhi, S.N.,
Universitas Gajah Mada : Yogyakarta
Van Duin, C.F., 1947, Buku Penuntun Ilmu Resep Dalam Praktek dan Teori diterjemahkan
oleh Satiadarma, K., Pecenongan 58 : Jakarta

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PRAKTIKUM FITOFARMAKA

LARAS HADYANING TIAS

PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI

1.1. Latar belakang

2.1. Kencur (Kaempferia galanga)

Gambar. Rantai Kimia Ethyl Cinnamate

Gambar. Rantai Kimia Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate

2.3. Metode Ekstraksi

Pelarut Besarnya konstanta

Tahapan yang harus diperhatikan dalam mengekstraksi jaringan tumbuhan adalah

3.1. Kerangka operasional

Ditambahkan 1000 ml etanol 96%

Residu ditambahkan 600 ml etanol

dilakukan kembali maserasi dengan

Hasil maserasi di saring,

Kaliberasi labu pada rotavapor Filtrat dipekatkan dengan rotavapor hingga

Ditambahkan cab-o-sil sebanyak 5% dari

Berikan label identitas pada wadah

4.1. Hasil Perhitungan

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

3.4. Kerangka operasional

Ditambahkan 1000 ml etanol 96%

Residu ditambahkan 600 ml etanol

dilakukan kembali maserasi dengan

Hasil maserasi di saring,

Kaliberasi labu pada rotavapor Filtrat dipekatkan dengan rotavapor hingga

Ditambahkan cab-o-sil sebanyak 5% dari

Berikan label identitas pada wadah

4.4. Hasil Perhitungan

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

3.7. Kerangka operasional

Ditambahkan 1000 ml etanol 96%

Residu ditambahkan 600 ml etanol

dilakukan kembali maserasi dengan

Hasil maserasi di saring,

Kaliberasi labu pada rotavapor Filtrat dipekatkan dengan rotavapor hingga

Ditambahkan cab-o-sil sebanyak 5% dari

Berikan label identitas pada wadah

4.7. Hasil Perhitungan

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

3.10. Kerangka operasional

Ditambahkan 1000 ml etanol 96%

Residu ditambahkan 600 ml etanol

dilakukan kembali maserasi dengan

Hasil maserasi di saring,

Kaliberasi labu pada rotavapor Filtrat dipekatkan dengan rotavapor hingga

Ditambahkan cab-o-sil sebanyak 5% dari

Berikan label identitas pada wadah

4.10. Hasil Perhitungan

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

3.13. Kerangka operasional

Ditambahkan 1000 ml etanol 96%

Residu ditambahkan 600 ml etanol

dilakukan kembali maserasi dengan

Hasil maserasi di saring,

Kaliberasi labu pada rotavapor Filtrat dipekatkan dengan rotavapor hingga

Ditambahkan cab-o-sil sebanyak 5% dari

Berikan label identitas pada wadah

4.13. Hasil Perhitungan

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

3.16. Kerangka operasional

Metode Maserasi Kinetika

Ditambahkan 1000 ml etanol 96%