= 7323,2323 kg/jam
Basis perhitungan : 1 jam operasi
Kemurnian produk : 30 %
Air
8
Asam Lemak
Air Flash Tank Asam Lemak
10
CPO Asam Lemak Air
CPO
6
Air
9
12 CPO
11 13
Skimmer
Gliserol Gliserol
CPO Air
Air
Air
14
Gliserol
Air Gliserol
15 Air
Evaporator
13
Air
16
Gliserol
Air Gliserol
17 Air
Evaporator
15
Steam
T = 1500C
P = 1 atm
CPO 1 2
0 Heater Air T = 800C
T = 30 C
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
Steam Kondensat
T = 900C
T in = 300C P = 1 atm
T out = 80 0C
Neraca Panas Total
Panas masuk + panas steam = panas keluar
1
Q + Qsteam = Q2
Panas masuk alur 1
Q1 Air = m.cp.dt
= (14.300,2410 kg/jam) (1 kkal/kg.0C) ( 30-25) 0C
= 71501,205 kkal/jam
Panas keluar alur 2
Q2 Air = m.cp.dt
= (14.300,2410 kg/jam) (1 kkal/kg.0C) ( 80-30) 0C
= 786513,255 kkal/jam
Panas steam
Qsteam = Q2 Air – Q1Air
= (786513,255 - 71501,205) kkal/jam
= 715012,05 kkal/jam
Steam yang digunakan adalah superheated steam pada 1 atm 150 0C, kemudian
keluar sebagai kondensat pada 90oC (1 atm).
Dari Tabel Steam Smith, 2004 diperoleh:
H (150oC) = 663,084 kkal/kg
Hv (100oC) = 639,152 kkal/kg
o
Hl (100 C) = 100,1 kkal/kg
Steam
T = 1500C
P = 1 atm
Air 3 4 Air
0 Heater T = 800C
T = 30 C
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
Steam Kondensat
T = 900C
T = 1 atm
T in = 300C
T out = 80 0C
Neraca Panas Total
Panas masuk + panas steam = panas keluar
Q3 + Qsteam = Q4
Reaksi Hidrolisa
CH2 – O – C – R CH2 – OH
Konversi 99%
CH – O – C – R(1) + 3H2O(1) CH – OH(1) + 3RCOOH(1)
CH2 – O – C – R CH2 – OH
Trigliserida Air Gliserol Asam Lemak
T in = 800C
T out = 255 0C
Neraca Panas Total
Panas masuk + panas steam + Panas Reaksi = panas keluar
2 4
Q +Q + Qsteam + ΔHR = Q6 + Q7
Q6 CPO = m.Cp.dT
= 40,8648 kg/jam x 0,5254 kkal/kg.0C x (255-25) 0C
= 4938,1842 kkal/jam
T in = 2550C
T out = 110 0C
Panas masuk
Q6 = 3257493,0639 kkal/jam
T in = 2550C
T out = 110 0C
Neraca Panas Total
Panas masuk = panas keluar
Q7 = Q9 + Q11
Panas masuk
Q7 = 2089135,1004 kkal/jam
Panas keluar
Q11 Gliserol = m.Cp.dT
= 2196,9697 kg/jam x 0,542 kkal/kg.0C x (110-25) 0C
= 101214,3941 kkal/jam
13 Gliserol
Air
T = 900C
T in = 110 0C P = 1 atm
T out = 90 0C
Neraca Panas Total
Panas masuk = panas keluar
Q11 = Q12 + Q13
Panas masuk
Q11 = 1490143,1590 kkal/jam
Panas keluar
Q13 Gliserol = m.Cp.dT
= 2196,9697 kg/jam x 0,542 kkal/kg.0C x (90-25) 0C
= 77399,2425 kkal/jam
Q13 Air = m.Cp.dT
= 16254,4570 kg/jam x 1 kkal/kg.0C x (90-25) 0C
= 1056539,7050 kkal/jam
Q13 Total = Q13 Gliserol + Q13 Air
= (77399,2425 + 1056539,7050) kkal/jam
= 1133938,9475 kkal/jam
Q12 CPO = m.Cp.dT
= 163,4591 kg/jam x 0,5254 kkal/kg.0C x (90-25) 0C
= 5582,2917 kkal/jam
Total Panas Keluar = Q12 + Q13
= 5582,2917 kkal/jam + 1133938,9475 kkal/jam
= 1139521,2393 kkal/jam
Kondensat
T = 1100C
P = 1 atm
T in = 900C
T out = 100 0C
Neraca Panas Total
Panas masuk = panas keluar
Q13 + QSteam = Q14 + Q15
Panas keluar
Q15 Gliserol = m.Cp.dT
= 2196,9697 kg/jam x 0,542 kkal/kg.0C x (100-25) 0C
= 89306,8183 kkal/jam
15
Q Air = m.Cp.dT
= 6590,9091 kg/jam x 1 kkal/kg.0C x (100-25) 0C
= 494318,1825 kkal/jam
Q15 Total = Q15 Gliserol + Q15 Air
= (89306,8183 + 494318,1825) kkal/jam
= 583625,0008 kkal/jam
14
Q Air = m.Cp.dT
= 9663,5479 kg/jam x 1 kkal/kg.0C x (100-25) 0C
= 724766,0925 kkal/jam
Total Panas Keluar = Q14 + Q15
= 724766,0925 kkal/jam + 583625,0008 kkal/jam
= 1308391,0933 kkal/jam
dQ (Qsteam) = Qkeluar – Qmasuk
= 1308391,0933 kkal/jam - 1133938,9475 kkal/jam
= 174452,1458 kkal/jam
Steam yang digunakan adalah superheated steam pada 1 atm 150 0C, kemudian
keluar sebagai kondensat pada 90oC (1 atm).
Dari Tabel Steam Smith, 2004 diperoleh:
H (150oC) = 663,084 kkal/kg
o
Hv (100 C) = 639,152 kkal/kg
Hl (100oC) = 100,1 kkal/kg
H (90oC) = 90,02 kkal/kg
q = [H(150oC) – Hv(100oC)] + [Hv(100oC) – Hl(100oC)] + [Hl(100oC) – H(90oC)]
q = [663,084 – 639,152] + [639,152 – 100,1] + [100,1 – 90,02]
q = 573,064 kkal/kg
Kondensat
T = 1000C
P = 1 atm
T in = 1000C
T out = 105 0C
Neraca Panas Total
Panas masuk = panas keluar
Q15 + QSteam = Q16 + Q17
Panas keluar
Q17 Gliserol = m.Cp.dT
= 2196,9697 kg/jam x 0,542 kkal/kg.0C x (105-25) 0C
= 95260,6062 kkal/jam
17
Q Air = m.Cp.dT
= 5126,2626 kg/jam x 1 kkal/kg.0C x (105-25) 0C
= 410101,0080 kkal/jam
Q17 Total = Q17 Gliserol + Q17 Air
= (95260,6062 + 410101,0080) kkal/jam
= 505361,6142 kkal/jam
16
Q Air = m.Cp.dT
= 1464,6465 kg/jam x 1 kkal/kg.0C x (105-25) 0C
= 117171,7200 kkal/jam
Total Panas Keluar = Q16 + Q17
= 117171,7200 kkal/jam + 505361,6142 kkal/jam
= 622533,3342 kkal/jam
dQ(Qsteam) = Qkeluar – Qmasuk
= 622533,3342 kkal/jam - 583625,0008 kkal/jam
= 38908,3334 kkal/jam
Steam yang digunakan adalah superheated steam pada 1 atm 150 0C, kemudian
keluar sebagai kondensat pada 90oC (1 atm).
Dari Tabel Steam Smith, 2004 diperoleh:
H (150oC) = 663,084 kkal/kg
o
Hv (100 C) = 639,152 kkal/kg
Hl (100oC) = 100,1 kkal/kg
H (90oC) = 90,02 kkal/kg
q = [H(150oC) – Hv(100oC)] + [Hv(100oC) – Hl(100oC)] + [Hl(100oC) – H(90oC)]
q = [663,084 – 639,152] + [639,152 – 100,1] + [100,1 – 90,02]
q = 573,064 kkal/kg
Air
Air 28 Pendingin Air
T = 300C T = 300C
T = 1200C P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
P = 1 atm
26 27
Cooler
29 Air Pendingin
Bekas
T = 600C
P = 1 atm
T in = 1200C
T out = 300C
Neraca Panas Total
Q27 - Q26 = Q29 + Q28
Panas keluar
Q27 Air = m.Cp.dT
= 5869,665 kg/jam x 1 kkal/kg.0C x (30-25) 0C
= 322831,5750 kkal/jam
dQ = Qmasuk – Qkeluar
= 498921,5250 kkal/jam - 322831,5750 kkal/jam
= 176089,95 kkal/jam
Jadi panas yang diserap air pendingin = 176089,95 kkal/jam
masa air pendingin yang dibutuhkan
Qsteam
Massa air, ms =
Cpair x t
176089,95 kkal/jam
=
1 kkal/kg. 0 C 30 0 C.
= 5869,665 kg/jam
Perhitungan:
a. Volume Tangki
Kebutuhan CPO/jam = 20428,9158 kg/jam
Kebutuhan 10 hari = 20428,9158 kg/jam x 24 jam/ hari x 10 hari
= 4902939,792 Kg
Densitas CPO (ρ) = 895 kg/m3 (Perry ,
m 4902939,792 kg
1999) Volume CPO 5478,145 m 3
kg
895 m 3
m 4754234,928 kg
Volume campuran 5377,306 m 3
kg
884,1295 m 3
Perhitungan:
a. Volume Tangki
Produk/jam = 163,4591 kg/jam
Kebutuhan 10 hari = 163,4591 kg/jam x 24 jam/ hari x 10 hari
= 39230,184 Kg
Densitas CPO (ρ) = 895 kg/m3 (Perry ,
1999)
Tekanan Hidrostatik:
PHidrostatik = × g × l
= 895 kg/m3 × 9,8 m/det2 × 3,9424 m = 0,3412 atm
Tekanan operasi (Po) = 1 atm
P = 1 atm + 0,3412 atm = 1,3412 atm
Pdesign = (1,2) × (1,3412) = 1,6095 atm = 23,6533 psi
Kondisi operasi :
Tekanan = 1 atm
Temperatur = 30 oC
Laju alir massa (F) = 20428,9158 kg/jam
Densitas CPO () = 859 kg/m3
Laju alir volumetrik,
20428,9158 kg/jam
mv =
895 kg/m 3
= 0,0063 m3/s = 0,2239 ft3/s
Desain pipa:
Ukuran nominal : 4 in
Schedule number : 40
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 4,026 in = 0,3355 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 4,5 in = 0,375 ft
Inside sectional area : 0,0884 ft2
Q 0,2239 3 /s
Kecepatan linier, v = = = 2,5328 ft/s
A 0,0884 ft 2
Bilangan Reynold:
ρ vD
NRe =
μ
(55,8744 lbm/ft 3 )(2,35328ft/s)(0,3355ft)
=
0,0134 lbm/ft.s
= 3543,3013 (Turbulen)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 (Geankoplis, 2003)
0,000046 m
Pada NRe = 3543,3013 dan /D = = 0,00044
0.1022 m
Dari Gambar 2.10-3 Geankoplis (2003) diperoleh harga f = 0,0065
Friction loss:
A v2 2,5328 2
1 Sharp edge entrance: hc = 0,55 1 2 = 0,5 5(1 0)
A1 2 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0548 ft.lbf/lbm
v2 2,5328 2
2 elbow 90o: hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,1495 ft.lbf/lbm
2. g c 2(32,174)
v2 2,5328 2
1 check valve: hf = n.Kf. = 1(2) = 0,1993 ft.lbf/lbm
2. g c 2(32,174)
L.v 2 20. 2,5328
2
1
2
2 2
P P1
v 2 v1 g z 2 z1 2
F Ws 0 (Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana: v1 = v2
P2 = 1 atm
∆P = 0 atm
tinggi pemompaan Z = 20 ft
maka : 0
32,174
20 0 0,6579 Ws 0
32,174
Ws = -20,6579 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Ws
Wp =- (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
- 121,8974
=-
0,80
= 25,8224 ft.lbf/lbm.
Daya pompa: P = m × Wp
12,5104
= lbm/s 25,8224 ft.lbf/lbm
0,453593600(550ft.lbf /s.hp)
= 0,5873 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1 hp.
Desain pipa:
Ukuran nominal : 3 in
Schedule number : 40
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 3,068 in = 0,2556 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 3,5 in = 0,2916 ft
Inside sectional area : 0,0513 ft2
Q 0,1408 ft 3 /s
Kecepatan linier, v = = = 2,7463 ft/s
A 0,0513 ft 2
Bilangan Reynold:
ρ vD
NRe =
μ
(62,1578 lbm/ft 3 )(2,7463 ft/s)(0,2556ft)
=
0,000672 lbm/ft.s
= 64946,5418 (Turbulen)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 (Geankoplis, 2003)
0,000046 m
Pada NRe = 764946,5418 dan /D = = 0,00059
0,0779 m
Friction loss:
= 0,0644 ft.lbf/lbm
v2 2,7463 2
2 elbow 90o: hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,1758 ft.lbf/lbm
2. g c 2(32,174)
v2 2,7463 2
1 check valve: hf = n.Kf. = 1(2) = 0,2344 ft.lbf/lbm
2. g c 2(32,174)
= 0,1177 ft.lbf/lbm
Total friction loss: F = 0,7936 ft.lbf/lbm
Dari persamaan Bernoulli:
1
2
2 2
P P1
v 2 v1 g z 2 z1 2
F Ws 0 (Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana: v1 = v2
P2 = 1 atm
∆P = 0 atm
tinggi pemompaan Z = 20 ft
maka : 0
32,174
20 0 0,7936 Ws 0
32,174
Ws = -20,7936 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Ws
Wp =- (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
- 20,7936
=-
0,8
= 25,992 ft.lbf/lbm.
Desain pipa:
Ukuran nominal : 4 in
Schedule number : 40
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 4,026 in = 0,3355 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 4,5 in = 0,375 ft
Inside sectional area : 0,0884 ft2
Bilangan Reynold:
ρ vD
NRe =
μ
(55,87449 lbm/ft 3 )(2,5328 ft/s)(0,3355ft)
=
0,0134 lbm/ft.s
= 3543,3013 (Turbulen)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 (Geankoplis, 2003)
0,000046 m
Pada NRe = 3543,3013 dan /D = = 0,00044
0,1022 m
Dari Gambar 2.10-3 Geankoplis (2003) diperoleh harga f = 0,0065
Friction loss:
A v2 2,5328 2
1 Sharp edge entrance: hc = 0,55 1 2 = 0,5 5(1 0)
A1 2 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0548 ft.lbf/lbm
v2 2,5328 2
2 elbow 90o: hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,1495 ft.lbf/lbm
2. g c 2(32,174)
v2 2,5328 2
1 check valve: hf = n.Kf. = 1(2) = 0,1993 ft.lbf/lbm
2. g c 2(32,174)
L.v 2 20. 2,5328 2
= 0,0996 ft.lbf/lbm
Total friction loss: F = 0,6579 ft.lbf/lbm
1
2
2 2
P P1
v 2 v1 g z 2 z1 2
F Ws 0 (Geankoplis, 2003)
maka : 0
32,174
20 110678,7 0,6579 Ws 0
32,174 55,87449
Ws = -2001,5034 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Ws
Wp =- (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
- 2001,5034
=-
0,80
= 250,8792 ft.lbf/lbm.
Daya pompa: P = m × Wp
12,51044
= lbm/s 2501,87928 4 ft.lbf/lbm
0,453593600 (550ft.lbf /s.hp)
= 56,9083 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 57 hp.
LC. 9 Pompa Heater Air (P-104)
Fungsi : Untuk memompakan Air ke Kolom Hidrolisa
Jenis : Pompa piston
Bahan konstruksi : Carbon Steel, SA-285 (Brownell,
1959)
Jumlah : 1 unit
Kondisi operasi :
Tekanan = 1 atm
Temperatur = 80 oC
Laju alir massa (F) = 14300,241 kg/jam
Laju alir volumetrik,
Desain pipa:
Ukuran nominal : 3 in
Schedule number : 40
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 3,068in = 0,2556 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 3,5 in = 0,2916 ft
Inside sectional area : 0,0513 ft2
Q 0,14088 ft 3 /s
Kecepatan linier, v = = = 2,7463 ft/s
A 0,0513 ft 2
Bilangan Reynold:
ρ vD
NRe =
μ
(62,1578 lbm/ft 3 )(2,7463ft/s)(0,2556 ft)
=
0,000672 lbm/ft.s
= 64946,542 (Turbulen)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 (Geankoplis, 2003)
0,000046 m
Pada NRe = 64946,542 dan /D = = 0,00059
0,077928 m
Friction loss:
A v2 2,74632
1 Sharp edge entrance: hc = 0,55 1 2 = 0,5 5(1 0)
A1 2 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0644 ft.lbf/lbm
A2 2. .g c 2132,174
= 0,1172 ft.lbf/lbm
Total friction loss: F = 0,7936 ft.lbf/lbm
1
2
2 2
P P1
v 2 v1 g z 2 z1 2
F Ws 0 (Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana: v1 = v2
P2 = 53,3 atm
∆P = 52,3 atm = 110678,7 lbf/ft2
tinggi pemompaan Z = 20 ft
maka : 0
32,174
20 110678,7 0,7936 Ws 0
32,174 62,15784
Ws = -1801,4013 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Ws
Wp =- (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
- 1801,4013
=-
0,80
= 2251,7516 ft.lbf/lbm.
Daya pompa: P = m × Wp
Ukuran nominal : 4 in
Schedule number : 40
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 4,026 in = 0,3355 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 4,5 in = 0,375 ft
Sehingga :
VD
NRe =
884,1295 lb / ft 3 x 2,4862 ft / s x 0,3355 ft
=
0,0034 lb / ft.s
= 13321,884 (Turbulen)
Untuk pipa commercial steel, harga = 0,000046 (Geankoplis,
1997)
Pada NRe = 13321,88 dan /D = 0,00045
Dari Gambar 2.10-3 Geankoplis (2003) diperole harga f = 0,07
Friction loss:
A2 v 2 2,4862 2
1 Sharp edge entrance: hc
= 0,55 1 = 0,5 5(1 0)
A1 2 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0528 ft.lbf/lbm
v2 2,4862 2
2 elbow 90o: hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,80) = 0,144 ft.lbf/lbm
2. g c 2(32,174)
v2 2,4862 2
1 check valve: hf = n.Kf. = 1(2) = 0,1921 ft.lbf/lbm
2. g c 2(32,174)
L.v 2 20. 2,4862 2
A2 2. .g c 2132,174
= 0,096 ft.lbf/lbm
Total friction loss: F = 0,6454 ft.lbf/lbm
Dari persamaan Bernoulli:
1
2
2 2
P P1
v 2 v1 g z 2 z1 2
F Ws 0 (Geankoplis, 2003)
maka : 0
32,174
20 0 0,6454 Ws 0
32,174
Ws = - 20,6454 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Ws
Wp =- (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
- 20,6454
=-
0,8
= 25,8067 ft.lbf/lbm.
Daya pompa: P = m × Wp
12.131
= lbm/s 25,8067 ft.lbf/lbm
0,453593600 (550ft.lbf /s.hp)
= 0,5692 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1 hp.
Desain pipa:
Ukuran nominal : 3½ in
Schedule number : 40
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 3,548 in = 0,2956 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 4 in = 0,3333 ft
Inside sectional area : 0,0687 ft2
Q 0,17813 /s
Kecepatan linier, v = = = 2,5925 ft/s
A 0,0687ft 2
Bilangan Reynold:
ρ vD
NRe =
μ
((1025,2109 x 2,5925) lbm/ft 3 )(2,866 ft/s)(0,2956ft)
=
(0,40095 x 0,00067) lbm/ft.s
= 31961,1817 (Turbulen)
Friction loss:
A2 v 2 2,5925 2
1 Sharp edge entrance: hc = 0,55 1 = 0,5 5(1 0)
A1 2 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0574ft.lbf/lbm
v2 2,5925 2
1 check valve: hf = n.Kf. = 1(2) = 0,2089 ft.lbf/lbm
2. g c 2(32,174)
o v2 2,5925 2
1 elbow 90 : hf = n.Kf. = 1(0,75) = 0,0783 ft.lbf/lbm
2. g c 2(32,174)
A2 2. .g c 2132,174
= 0,1044 ft.lbf/lbm
Total friction loss: F = 0,6187 ft.lbf/lbm
1
2
2 2
P P1
v 2 v1 g z 2 z1 2
F Ws 0 (Geankoplis,2003)
dimana: v1 = v2
P1 = P2 = 1 atm
∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan Z = 20 ft
maka : 0
32,174
20 0 0,6187 Ws 0
32,174
Ws = -20,6187 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Ws
Wp =- (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
Daya pompa: P = m × Wp
11,3995
= lbm/s 25,7733 ft.lbf/lbm
0,453593600(550ft.lbf/s.hp)
= 0,5341 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1 hp.
Desain pipa:
Ukuran nominal : 2½ in
Schedule number : 40
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 2,469 in = 0,2057 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 2,875 in = 0,2395ft
Inside sectional area : 0,03322 ft2
Q 0,0813 ft 3 /s
Kecepatan linier, v = = = 2,4476 ft/s
A 0,03322ft 2
Bilangan Reynold:
ρ vD
NRe =
μ
((790,28 x 0,06243) lbm/ft 3 )(2,4476 ft/s)(0,2057ft)
=
(0,40095 x 0,00067) lbm/ft.s
= 3179,8474 (Turbulen)
Friction loss:
A v2 2,4476 2
1 Sharp edge entrance: hc = 0,55 1 2 = 0,5 5(1 0)
A1 2 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0512 ft.lbf/lbm
v2 2,4476 2
1 check valve: hf = n.Kf. = 1(2) = 0,1862 ft.lbf/lbm
2. g c 2(32,174)
v2 2,4476 2
1 elbow 90o: hf = n.Kf. = 1(0,80) = 0,2793 ft.lbf/lbm
2. g c 2(32,174)
L.v 2 20. 2,44762
= 0,0931 ft.lbf/lbm
Total friction loss: F = 1,0442 ft.lbf/lbm
dimana: v1 = v2
P1 = P2 = 1 atm
∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan Z = 20 ft
maka : 0
32,174
20 0 1,0442 Ws 0
32,174
Ws = -21,0442 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Ws
Wp =- (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
- 21,0442
=-
0,8
= 26,3053 ft.lbf/lbm.
Daya pompa: P = m × Wp
5,3815
= lbm/s 26,3053 ft.lbf/lbm
0,453593600 (550ft.lbf /s.hp)
= 0,2573 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1/2 hp.
Desain pipa:
Ukuran nominal : 2½ in
Schedule number : 40
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 2,469 in = 0,2057 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 2,875 in = 0,2395 ft
2
Inside sectional area : 0,03322 ft
Bilangan Reynold:
ρ vD
NRe =
μ
((1073,0419x 0,06243) lbm/ft 3 )(2,0152 ft/s)(0,2057ft)
=
(0,40095 x 0,00067) lbm/ft.s
= 9269,8305 (Turbulen)
Friction loss:
A2 v 2 2,0152 2
1 Sharp edge entrance: hc
= 0,55 1 = 0,5 5(1 0)
A1 2 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0347 ft.lbf/lbm
v2 2,0152 2
1 check valve: hf = n.Kf. = 1(2) = 0,1262 ft.lbf/lbm
2. g c 2(32,174)
v2 2,0152 2
1 elbow 90o: hf = n.Kf. = 1(0,8) = 0,0473 ft.lbf/lbm
2. g c 2(32,174)
L.v 2 20. 2,0152 2
A2 2. .g c 2132,174
= 0,0631 ft.lbf/lbm
Total friction loss: F = 0,4554 ft.lbf/lbm
dimana: v1 = v2
P1 = P2 = 1 atm
∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan Z = 20 ft
maka : 0
32,174
20 0 0,4554 Ws 0
32,174
Ws = -20,4554 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Ws
Wp =- (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
- 20,4554
=-
0,8
= 25,5692 ft.lbf/lbm.
Daya pompa: P = m × Wp
4,48466
= lbm/s 25,5692 ft.lbf/lbm
0,453593600(550ft.lbf/s.hp)
= 0,2084 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor ¼ hp.
- Fluida panas
Laju alir fluida panas = 936,4897 kg/jam = 2064,6172 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (T1) = 150 °C = 302 °F
- Fluida dingin
Laju alir fluida dingin = 20428,9158 kg/jam = 45038,2852 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (t1) = 30 °C = 86 °F
Temperatur akhir (t2) = 80 °C = 176 °F
Δt 2 Δt1 - 18
LMTD = 116,7688 F
Δt 2 108
ln ln
Δt
1 126
T1 T2 108
R 1,2
t 2 t1 90
t 2 t1 90
S 0,4166
T1 t 1 302 126
t 1 t 2 86 176
tc 131 F
2 2
Dalam perancangan ini digunakan heat exchanger dengan spesifikasi:
- Diameter luar tube (OD) = 0,75 in
- Jenis tube = 18 BWG
- Pitch (PT) = 1 in square pitch
- Panjang tube (L) = 16 ft
a. Dari Tabel 8, hal. 840, Kern, 1965, heater untuk fluida panas steam dan
fluida dingin gases, diperoleh UD = 6-60, dan faktor pengotor (Rd) = 0,003.
Diambil UD = 55 Btu/jamft2F
Luas permukaan untuk perpindahan panas,
Q 2128236,6066 Btu/jam
A 378,7233 ft 2
U D Δt Btu
55 102,1727 F
o
jam ft 2 o F
Luas permukaan luar (a) = 0,1963 ft2/ft (Tabel 10, Kern)
A 378,7233 ft 2
Jumlah tube, N t 120,5818 buah
L a " 16 ft 0,1963 ft 2 /ft
b. Dari Tabel 9, hal 842, Kern, 1965, nilai yang terdekat adalah 124 tube dengan
ID shell 15,25 in.
c. Koreksi UD
A L Nt a"
16 ft 124 0,1963 ft2/ft
389,4592 ft 2
Q 2128236,6066 Btu/jam Btu
UD 53,4838
A Δt 389,4592 ft x 1o2,1727 F
2
jam ft 2 F
45038,2852
Gt 313188,7712 lbm/jam.ft 2
0,1438
(6) Taksir jH dari Gambar 24 Kern (1965), diperoleh jH = 20 pada ReT 352,6173
1
hi k c. 3
(8) jH
t ID k
2064,6172
Gs 15596,3211 lbm/jam.ft2
0,1323
1
ho k c. 3
(8’) JH
s De k
ho 0,012
95 3,3712 48,5465
s 0,0791
t w 131
48,5465
248 131
634,3408 48,5465
t w 139,3175 0F
U C U D 65,4391 53,4838
Rd 0,0034 (Pers. (6.13), Kern, 1965)
U C U D 65,4391 53,4838
Pressure drop
Fluida dingin : sisi tube
(1) Untuk Ret = 352,6173
f = 0,002 ft2/in2 (Gambar 29, Kern, 1965)
s = 1,13 (Gambar 6, Kern, 1965)
2
f Gt Ln
(2) ΔPt (Pers. (7.53), Kern, 1965)
5,22 1010 ID s φ t
4n V 2
ΔPr .
s 2g'
(4).(2)
.0,012
1,13
0,084 psi
PT = Pt + Pr
= 1,6861 psi + 0,084 psi = = 1,6861 psi
f. G 2 . D . (N 1)
(3) P s s (Pers. (7.44), Kern, 1965)
s 10
5,22.10 . D .s.
e s
- Fluida panas
Laju alir fluida panas = 1247,7023 kg/jam = 2750,7271 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (T1) = 150 °C = 302 °F
Temperatur akhir (T2) = 90 °C = 194 °F
- Fluida dingin
Laju alir fluida dingin = 14,300 kg/jam = 31526,7995 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (t1) = 30 °C = 86 °F
Δt 2 Δt1 - 18
LMTD = 116,7688 F
Δt 2 108
ln ln
Δt1 126
T1 T2 108
R 1,2
t 2 t1 90
t 2 t1 90
S 0,4166
T1 t 1 302 126
(2) Tc dan tc
T1 T2 302 94
Tc 248 F
2 2
t 1 t 2 86 176
tc 131 F
2 2
Dalam perancangan ini digunakan heat exchanger dengan spesifikasi:
- Diameter luar tube (OD) = 0,75 in
- Jenis tube = 18 BWG
jam ft 2 o F
Luas permukaan luar (a) = 0,1963 ft2/ft (Tabel 10, Kern)
A 251,5712 ft 2
Jumlah tube, N t 80,0978 buah
L a " 16 ft 0,1963 ft 2 /ft
e. Dari Tabel 9, hal 842, Kern, 1965, nilai yang terdekat adalah 82 tube dengan
ID shell 13,25 in.
f. Koreksi UD
A L Nt a"
16 ft 82 0,1963 ft2/ft
257,5456 ft 2
Q 2835488,4245 Btu/jam Btu
UD 96,7034
A Δt 257,5456 ft x 113,8496 F
2
jam ft 2 F
31526,7995
Gt 663043,5421 lbm/jam.ft 2
0,0475
(6) Taksir jH dari Gambar 24 Kern (1965), diperoleh jH = 100 pada ReT 28627,913
1
hi k c. 3
(8) jH
t ID k
hi 0,016
100 4,2844 126,1691
t 0,652
hio hi ID
t t OD
hio 0,652
126,1691 109,6831
t 0,75
2750,7271
Gs 23915,7555 lbm/jam.ft2
0,115
1
ho k c. 3
(8’) JH
s De k
ho 0,012
170 1,1082 28,5583
s 0,0791
t w 131
28,5583
248 131
109,6831 28,5583
t w 155,1702 0F
4n V 2
ΔPr .
s 2g'
(4).(4)
.0,0 45
1,13
0,72 psi
f. G 2 . D . (N 1)
(3) P s s (Pers. (7.44), Kern, 1965)
s 10
5,22.10 . D .s.
e s
- Fluida panas
Laju alir fluida panas = 5869,665 kg/jam = 12940,4639 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (T1) = 110 °C = 248 °F
Temperatur akhir (T2) = 80 °C = 176 °F
- Fluida dingin
Laju alir fluida dingin = 5869,665 kg/jam = 12940,4639 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (t1) = 30°C = 86 °F
Temperatur akhir (t2) = 60 °C = 140 °F
Δt 2 Δt1 - 18
LMTD = 98,7266 F
Δt 2 90
ln ln
Δt
1 108
T1 T2 72
R 1,333
t 2 t 1 54
t 2 t1 54
S 0,333
T1 t 1 248 86
(2) Tc dan tc
T1 T2 248 176
Tc 212 F
2 2
t 1 t 2 140 86
tc 113 F
2 2
4
(4) Kecepatan massa:
w
Gt (Pers. (7.2), Kern, 1965)
as
12940,4639
Gt 1246477,681 lbm/jam.ft 2
0,0103
0,115 2 1246477,681
Re t 246806,0147
0,5808
Taksir jH dari Gambar 24 Kern (1965), diperoleh jH = 320 pada ReT = 246806
1
k c. 3
(7) hi jH (Pers.(6.15a), Kern, 1965)
ID2 k w
0,0183
hi 320 3,1661.(1) = 161,223
0,115
12940,4639
Gs 1531489,64 lbm/jam.ft2
0,0084
(10)
Q
A
Ud (t )
698311,329
A
66,3109.(98,7266)
= 106,6668 ft2
Pipa Standart = 0,435 ft2 (Tabel 11, Kern, 1965)
Panjang pipa yang diperbolehkan
106,6668
245,211 lin ft
0,435
245,211
Hairpins = 6,1302 = 7 hairpins
40
Dipilih panjang hairpins = 36 ft
Surface supplied = (36 ft x 7 hairpins) x 0,435 ft2
= 109,62 ft2
698311,329 2 o
(11) Koreksi Ud = 64,5245 Btu/(jam)(ft )( F)
109,62 .(98,7266)
Faktor pengotor, Rd
U C U D 82,778 64,5245
Rd 0,0034 (Pers. (6.13), Kern, 1965)
U C U D 82,778 64,5245
Pressure drop
Fluida panas : inner-pipe
(1) Untuk Ret = 246806,0147
0,264
f 0,0035 (Pers. 3.47b, Kern 1965)
Re
p
0,264
f 0,0035 0,0049
246806,0147
s = 1, p = 1 (62,5) (Tabel 6, Kern, 1965)
= 62,5
(Tabel 6, Kern, 1965)
2
4f G L
ΔFf
2g p 2 D
4(0,0049) 1246477,68) 2 36
ΔFf = 2,939
2(4,18).(10 8 ).62,5 2 (0,0049)
2,939.(62,5)
(2) ΔPt 1,276 psi
144
Pt yang diperbolehkan = 10 psi
4f. G 2 . L
(2) F s
s
2 g. p 2 D
e
4.(0,0068).1531489,64 2 (36)
F = 20,255
s
2(4,18).(108 ).(62,5 2 ).(0,03475)
G
V
3600 p
(3’)
1531489,64
V 6,806
3600.(62,5)
V2
F1 3
2g 2
6,806 2
F1 3 2,158
2.(32,2)
(F F1 ).(s)
p s
144
(20,255 2,158).(62,5)
p s 9,728 psi
144
Ps yang diperbolehkan = 10 psi
m 44293,8630kg / m 3
= = 740,8944kg / m
3
Volume Total
= 59,7843 m3/jam
Volume Selama 2 jam = 59,7843 m3/jam x 2 jam
= 119,5686 m3
Faktor kelonggaran (fk) = 20 % (Brownell & Young,
1959)
Volume tangki, VT = (1 + 0,2) x 119,5686 m3
= 143,4823 m3
Dt = 4,9576 m = 195,1841 in
r = ½ x Dt = ½ x (4,9576) = 2,4788 m = 97,592 in
π 2 4
Vs πR 2 H s D D
4 3
π 3
Vs D
3
Volume tutup tangki (Ve) :
2 2 1 3
Vh = R Hd D2 D D (Brownell,1959)
3 6 4 24
Volume tangki (V) :
Vt = Vs + Vh
3 3
= D
8
29,0318 m3= 1,1775 D 3
D3 = 24,6554 m3
D = 2,9105 m
D = 114,5873 in
4
Hs = D 3,8806 m
3
c. Diameter dan tinggi tutup
Diameter tutup = diameter tangki = 2,9105 m
1
Tinggi tutup (Hd) = D 0,7276 m
4
Tinggi tangki = Hs + Hd = (3,88068 + 0,7276) m = 4,6083 m
π 2 4
Vs πR 2 H s D D
4 3
π 3
Vs D
3
Volume tutup tangki (Ve) :
2 2 1 3
Vh = R Hd D2 D D (Brownell,1959)
3 6 4 24
Volume tangki (V) :
Vt = Vs + Vh
3 3
= D
8
26,6828 m3= 1,1775 D 3
D3 = 22,6605 m3
D = 2,8298 m
D = 111,4095 in
Volume silinder,
Vs = 1,1775 D3 (Perhitungan sebelumnya)
Volume tutup tangki :
Vh = 0,1309 D3 (Perhitungan sebelumnya)
Volume tangki = Vs + 2xVh
5,3931 m3 = 1,1775 D3 + 2x0,1309 D3
5,3931 m3 = 1,4393 D3
D3 = 3,747 m3
D = 1,5532 m = 61,1502 in
Tinggi :
Tinggi tangki,
3 3
Hs = x D = x 1,5532 = 2,3298 m
2 2
Tinggi alas dan tutup,
1 1
Hh =2x( x D) =2x( x 1,5532) = 0,7766 m
4 4
Tinggi total tangki = Hs + Hh
= 2,3298 m + 0,7766 m = 3,1064 m
Tekanan hidrostatik :
P = ρgh
= 1026,3644 kg/m3 x 9,8 m/s2 x 2,3731 m
= 23870,4639 N/m2 = 3,4621 psi
Tebal Dinding :
Bahan konstruksi tangki stainless steel 316
Maksimum allowed stress, f = 12.650 psi (Brownell,1959)
Effisiensi sambungan, E = 0,85 (Brownell,1959)
Faktor korosi, C = 0,0125 in/tahun
Umur alat, n = 10 tahun
Tebal plat minimum :
PxD
t= (Cxn)
12.650 x0,85 0,6 xP
21,78971x61,1502
t= + (0,0125x10)
12.650 x0,85 0,6 x 21,7897
= 0,249 in
(dipilih tebal dinding standar 0, 25 inchi)
Tube,
Direncanakan pipa yang dipakai sebagai aliran steam adalah pipa dengan
OD = 1,65 in = 0,1375 ft
ID = 1,380 in = 0,115 ft
dQ
A=
U D xT
Dimana :
Sehingga,
2315450,7225
A = = 2572,723 ft2
50 x18
Atot 2572,723
L = = = 5914,3058 ft
Aft 0,435
Dc
Diasumsikan 0,7 , maka
Dt
Panjang 1 lilitan = π x Dc
5914,3058
Jumlah lilitan pipa = = 788,88 lilitan
7,4971
Maka jumlah lilitan pipa yang dipakai adalah sebanyak 789 lilitan.
Tinggi :
Tinggi tangki,
3 3
Hs = x D = x 1,1999 = 1,7999 m
2 2
Tinggi alas dan tutup,
1 1
Hh =2x( x D) =2x( x 1,1999) = 0,5999 m
4 4
Tinggi total tangki = Hs + Hh
= 1,7999 m + 0.5999 m = 2.3999 m
Tekanan hidrostatik :
P = ρgh
= 1060,14275 kg/m3 x 9,8 m/s2 x 72,182 m
= 19048,2051 N/m2 = 2,7627 psi
Faktor kelonggaran = 20%
Poperasi = Po + Phidrostatik
Dimana, Po = 1 atm = 14,696 psi
Poperasi = 14,696 psi + 2,7627 psi = 17,4587 psi
Pdesign = 1,2 x Poperasi = 1,2 x 17,4587 psi = 20,9504 psi
Tebal Dinding :
Bahan konstruksi tangki stainless steel 316
Maksimum allowed stress, f = 12.650 psi (Brownell,1959)
Effisiensi sambungan, E = 0,85 (Brownell,1959)
Faktor korosi, C = 0,0125 in/tahun
Umur alat, n = 10 tahun
Direncanakan pipa yang dipakai sebagai aliran steam adalah pipa dengan
OD = 1,65 in = 0,1375 ft
ID = 1,380 in = 0,115 ft
dQ
A=
U D xT
Dimana :
Sehingga,
2004951,6609
A = = 4455,4481 ft2
50 x9
Dc
Diasumsikan 0,7 , maka
Dt
Panjang 1 lilitan = π x Dc
10242,4095
Jumlah lilitan pipa = = 1366,2 lilitan
7,4971
Maka jumlah lilitan pipa yang dipakai adalah sebanyak 1366 lilitan.
Tekanan hidrostatik :
P = ρgh
= 1025,2109 kg/m3 x 9,8 m/s2 x 2,5087 m
= 25205,8644 N/m2 = 3,6704 psia
Faktor kelonggaran = 20%
Poperasi = Po + Phidrostatik
Dimana, Po = 1 atm = 14,696 psi
Poperasi = 14,696 psi + 3,6704 psia = 18,3665 psia
Pdesign = 1,2 x Poperasi = 1,2 x 18,3138 psia = 22,0397 psia
Digunakan bahan konstruksi Carbon steel, SA-285, Gr C (Tabel 18.5,
Walas,1988)
Tekanan izin, S = 13.750 psi
Ef. Sambungan, Ej = 0,85
C = 0,0003 in/tahun (Perry, 1999)
n = 10 tahun
Izin korosi, Cc = 0,0003 in/tahun x 10 tahun = 0,003 in
Tebal Cylindrical shell dekanter, (Tabel 18.4, Walas,1988)
PR
ts = Cc
SE - 0,6 P
22,0397 x65,84707
= + 0,003 in = 0,1243 in
13705 x0,85 0,6 x 22,0397
Maka dipilih tebal plat tangki = 1/4 in = 0,25 in
c. Perhitungan lubang keluaran zat cair
Tinggi zat cair, ZT = 2,5087 m
18451,4267
Tinggi zat cair berat, ZA1 = x 2,5087 = 2,4867 m
18614,8858
Dari Warren L. McCabe, 1994, hlm. 34
Z A2 2,5087(55,8728 / 64,0736)
2,4867 m =
1 (55,8728 / 64,0736)
ZA2 = 2,5059 m
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas air () = 995,68 kg/m3 (Geankoplis, 2003)
Laju alir massa (F) = 12680,9685 kg/jam
12680,9685 kg/jam
Laju alir volumetrik (Q) = 3
= 0,0035 m3/s
995,68 kg/m x 3600 s/jam
Dari Tabel 5.1 Physical Chemical Treatment of Water and Wastewater.
Ukuran bar :
lebar bar = 5 mm ; tebal bar = 20 mm ; bar clear spacing = 20 mm ; slope = 30o
1m
1m
20 mm
LD-1
Jumlah :1
Data :
tekanan = 1 atm
F
Debit air/laju alir volumetrik, Q 12,7359 m3/jam = 7,4958 ft3/mnt
ρ
Desain Perancangan :
Bak dibuat dua persegi panjang untuk desain efektif (Kawamura, 1991).
Kedalaman bak 7 ft
Lebar bak 1 ft
Q 7,4958 ft 3 /min
Kecepatan aliran v 1,07 ft/min
At 7 ft x 1 ft
h
Desain panjang ideal bak : L = K v (Kawamura, 1991)
0
= 10,23 ft
Uji desain :
panjang x lebar x tinggi
Va
Waktu retensi (t) : t = laju alir volumetrik
Q
10 x 1 x 7 ft 3
= 9,3385 menit
7,4958 ft 3 / min
(Kawamura, 1991).
Headloss (h); bak menggunakan gate valve, full open (16 in) :
h = K v2
2g
2 (9,8 m/s2)
Faktor kelonggaran : 20 %
Volume tangki, Vt = 1,2 × 1,1164 m3 = 1,3397 m3
2. Diameter dan tinggi tangki
Direncanakan :
Tinggi tangki : diameter tangki Hs : D = 1 : 1
Volume tangki (Vt)
Vt = ¼ π D2 Hs
3
Vt = π D3
8
3
1,3397 = π D 3
8
Maka, diameter tangki D = 1,195 m = 47,0488 in
tinggi tangki Ht = D = 1,195 m = 47,04889 in
3. Tebal shell tangki
1,1164 m 3
Tinggi cairan dalam tangki, h = × 1,195 m = 0,9958 m
1,3397 m 3
Tekanan hidrostatik :
P = × g × h = 1363 kg/m3 × 9,8 m/det2 × 0,9958 = 13,302 kPa
Tekanan operasi :
Poperasi = 1atm = 101,325 kPa
Ptotal = 101,325 kPa + 13,302 kPa = 114,6272 kPa
Faktor keamanan : 20 %
Pdesign = (1,2) (114,6272 kPa) = 137,5527 kPa
Efisiensi motor = 80 %
Daya motor = 0,0143 hp
Digunakan daya motor standar 1/8 hp
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Tekanan = 1 atm
Na2CO3 yang digunakan = 27 ppm
Na2CO3 yang digunakan berupa larutan 30 ( berat)
Laju massa Na2CO3 (F) = 0,3423 kg/jam
Densitas Na2CO3 30 (ρ) = 1327 kg/m3 = 82,8428 lbm/ft3(Perry dkk, 1999)
Viskositas Na2CO3 30 (μ) = 3,69 10-4 lbm/ft s = 0,549 cP (Kirk & Othmer,
1949)
Kebutuhan perancangan = 30 hari
Perhitungan ukuran tangki :
1. Volume tangki
0,3423 kg/jam 30 hari 24 jam/hari
Vlarutan = = 0,6192 m3
0,3 1327 kg/m 3
Faktor kelonggaran : 20 %
Volume tangki, Vt = 1,2 × 0,6192 m3 = 0,743 m3
2. Diameter dan tinggi tangki
Direncanakan :
Tinggi tangki : diameter tangki Hs : D = 1 : 1
Volume tangki (Vt)
Vt = ¼ π D2 Hs
3
Vt = π D3
8
3
0,743 = π D 3
8
Data :
Laju massa air (F1) = 12680,9685 kg/jam
Laju massa Al2(SO4)3 (F2) = 0,634 kg/jam
Laju massa Na2CO3 (F3) = 0,3423 kg/jam
Laju massa total, m = 12681,9449 kg/jam
Reaksi koagulasi :
Al2(SO4)3 + 3 Na2CO3 + 3 H2O 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4 + 3CO2
Hs
½D
Vs =
Hc
3πD3
V = Vs + V e =
8
30,5672 m3 = 1,178097 D3
D = 1,7315 m ; Hs = (4/3) x D = 2,3087 m
b. Diameter dan tinggi kerucut
Perbandingan tinggi kerucut dengan diameter clarifier (Hh : D) = 1: 2
Diameter tutup = diameter tangki = 1,7315 m
1,7315 m
Tinggi tutup = = 0,8657 m
2
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas air () = 995,68 kg/m3 = 62,1939 lbm/ft3 (Geankoplis, 2003)
Laju alir massa (F) = 12680,9685 kg/jam
12680,9685 kg/jam
Laju alir volumetrik (Q) = 3 = 305,6637 m3/hari
995,68 kg/m x 1 hari/24 jam
Desain Perancangan :
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Tekanan = 1 atm
H2SO4 yang digunakan berupa larutan 5 ( berat)
Laju massa H2SO4 (F) = 0,0137 kg/jam
Densitas H2SO4 5 (ρ) = 1028,86 kg/m3 = 66,2801 lbm/ft3 (Perry dkk, 1999)
Viskositas H2SO4 5 (μ) = 3,5 cP (Kirk & Othmer, 1949)
Kebutuhan perancangan = 30 hari
Faktor kelonggaran : 20 %
Volume tangki, Vt = 1,2 × 0,1928 m3 = 0,2313 m3
2. Diameter dan tinggi tangki
Direncanakan :
Tinggi tangki : diameter tangki Hs : D = 1 : 1
Efisiensi motor = 80 %
Daya motor = 0,004 hp
Digunakan daya motor standar 1/8 hp
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Tebal tangki :
PD
t nC
2SE 1,2P
(122,3036 kPa) (1,2226)
10 (0,0098 in)
2(87218,71 kPa)(0,8) 1,2(122,3036 kPa)
0,0107 x 39,37 in 0,098 in
0,14 in
Tebal standar yang digunakan = ¼ in (Brownell & Young, 1959)
Efisiensi motor = 80 %
Daya motor = 0,143 hp
Digunakan daya motor standar 1/4 hp
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 90oC
H
tinggi tutup tangki Hh = h D = 0,9608 m
D
tinggi tangki Ht = Hs + 2 Hh = 7,6866 m
Tekanan operasi :
Poperasi = 101,325 kPa
Ptotal = 101,325 kPa + 45,4486 kPa = 146,7736 kPa
Faktor keamanan : 20 %
Pdesign = (1,2) (146,7736 kPa) = 154,1123 kPa
Data :
H = jumlah panas yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan temperatur 30oC menjadi 80oC
= 2776,2 – 376,92 = 2399,28 kJ/kg = 5289,501 btu/lb
Total kebutuhan uap (W) = 2214,8383 kg/jam = 4882,8768 lbm/jam
Daya Ketel Uap
34,5 P 970,3
W
H
dimana: P = daya ketel uap (hp)
W = kebutuhan uap (lbm/jam)
H = kalor steam (Btu/lbm)
5289,501 4882,8768
P = 771,5522 hp
34,5 970,3
Jumlah Tube
Luas permukaan perpindahan panas, A = P 10 ft2/hp
= 771,5522 hp 10 ft2/hp
= 7715,522 ft2
Direncanakan menggunakan tube dengan spesifikasi:
- Panjang tube, L = 30 ft
- Diameter tube, 4 in
Data :
H = jumlah panas yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan temperatur 80oC menjadi
255oC
= 2817 – 898,182 = 1918,818 kJ/kg = 4230,265 btu/lb
Total kebutuhan uap (W) = 11477,6474 kg/jam = 25303,851 lbm/jam
Daya Ketel Uap
34,5 P 970,3
W
H
dimana: P = daya ketel uap (hp)
W = kebutuhan uap (lbm/jam)
H = kalor steam (Btu/lbm)
4230,265 25303,851
P = 3197,6359 hp
34,5 970,3
Jumlah Tube
Luas permukaan perpindahan panas, A = P 10 ft2/hp
= 3197,6359 hp 10 ft2/hp
= 31976,359 ft2
Direncanakan menggunakan tube dengan spesifikasi:
- Panjang tube, L = 30 ft
- Diameter tube, 4 in
- Luas permukaan pipa, a = 1,178 ft2/ft (Kern, 1965)
umpan ketel
Jumlah : 1 buah
Spesifikasi :
3
Diambil tinggi tangki, H = xD
2
Volume = ¼ π x D2 x H = 1,1775 x D3
4,862 = 1,1775 x D3
14,1355
D = 3 = 1,604 m = 5,263 ft
1,1775
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Tekanan = 1 atm
Ca(ClO)2 yang digunakan = 2 ppm
Laju massa Ca(ClO)2 (F) = 0,0033 kg/jam
Densitas Ca(ClO)2 70 (ρ) = 1272 kg/m3 = 79,4088 lbm/ft3(Perry dkk, 1999)
Viskositas Ca(ClO)2 70 (μ) = 0,00067 lbm/ft s = 1 cP (Kirk & Othmer, 1949)
Kebutuhan perancangan = 90 hari
Perhitungan ukuran tangki :
1. Volume tangki
0,0033 kg/jam 90 hari 24 jam/hari
Vlarutan = 3
= 0,00627 m3
1272 kg/m
Faktor kelonggaran : 20 %
Volume tangki, Vt = 1,2 × 0,00627 m3 = 0,00752 m3
Tebal tangki :
PD
t nC
2SE 1,2P
(108,708 kPa) (0,185 m)
10 (0,0098 in)
2(87218,71 kPa)(0,8) 1,2(108,708 kPa)
0,00017 x 39,37 in 0,098 in
0,1045 in
Tebal standar yang digunakan = 1/8 in (Brownell & Young, 1959)
Efisiensi motor = 80 %
Daya motor = 2,96.10-4 hp
Digunakan daya motor standar 1/8 hp
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Tekanan operasi :
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Tekanan operasi :
Poperasi = 1 atm = 101,325 kPa
Ptotal = 101,325 kPa + 101,8058 kPa = 203,1308 kPa
Faktor keamanan : 20 %
Pdesign = (1,2) (203,1308 kPa) = 243,7569 kPa
Data :
Laju alir massa (m) = 11477,65 kg/jam
N 83,14 dm 3 bar/kmol.K 548,15 K
Laju alir volumetrik (mv) =
1,01325 bar
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas air () = 995,68 kg/m3 = 62,1599 lbm/ft3 (Geankoplis, 2003)
Viskositas air () = 0,836 cP = 0,000562 lbm/ft s (Geankoplis, 2003)
Laju alir massa (F) = 12680,9685 kg/jam
12680,9685 kg/jam
Laju alir volumetrik (Q) = = 0,00353 m3/s = 0,1249 ft3/s
995,68 kg/m 3 x 3600 s/jam
Desain pompa :
Ukuran nominal : 3 in
Schedule number : 80
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 2,9 in = 0,24167 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 3,5 in = 0,29167 ft
Luas penampang dalam (A) : 0,0513 ft2
Q
Kecepatan linier, v = = 2,4352 ft/s
A
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ vD
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 ; /D = 0,00062, pada
NRe = 65121 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,006 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 2,4352 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,55 1 2 = 0,55 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,046 ft lbf/lbm
v2 2,4532 2
1 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 1(0,75) = 0,069 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 2,4532 2
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,1843 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
D 2 gc 0,24167 232,174
= 0,6407 ft lbf/lbm
2
A1 v 2 2,45322 2
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 = 1 (1 0)
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0921 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 1,0324 ft lbf/lbm
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 1,0324 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 51,0324 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 63,7905 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P
Wp Q ρ 63,79050,0035 62,1599 = 0,9 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Desain pompa :
Ukuran nominal : 3 in
Schedule number : 80
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 2,9 in = 0,24167 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 3,5 in = 0,29167 ft
Luas penampang dalam (A) : 0,0513 ft2
Q
Kecepatan linier, v = = 2,4352 ft/s
A
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ vD
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 ; /D = 0,00062, pada
NRe = 67412,3 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,006 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
= 0,046 ft lbf/lbm
v2 2,4352 2
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,1382 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 2,4352 2
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,1843 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(0,006)
30. 2,4352
2
D 2 gc 0,24167 232,174
= 0,2745 ft lbf/lbm
2
A1 v 2 2,4352 2
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 = 1 (1 0)
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0921 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 0,7354 ft lbf/lbm
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 0,7354 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 50,7354 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 63,4192 ft lbf/lbm
Wp Q ρ 63,41920,124962,1599
Daya pompa : P = 0,89 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas alum () = 1363 kg/m3 = 85,0915 lbm/ft3 (Perry dkk, 1999)
Viskositas alum (μ) = 6,72 10-4 lbm/ft s = 1 cP (Kirk & Othmer, 1949)
Laju alir massa (F) = 0,634 kg/jam
F
Debit air/laju alir volumetrik, Q 1,29.10-7 m3/s = 4,56.10-6 ft3/s
ρ
Desain pompa :
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ v D (85,0915 lbm/ft 3 )(0,0114 ft/s)(0,022417 ft )
NRe = =
0,000672 lbm/ft s
= 32,3824 (aliran laminar)
= 1,01.10-6 ft lbf/lbm
v2 0,0114 2
1 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. =1(0,75) = 1,52.10-6ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 0,0114 2
1 check valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 4,04.10-6ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(0,54)
30. 0,0114
2
D 2 gc 0,022417 232,174
= 0,00534 ft lbf/lbm
2
A1 v 2 0,0114 2
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 = 1 (1 0)
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 2,02.10-6 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 0,00535 ft lbf/lbm
Dari persamaan Bernoulli:
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 0,00535 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 50,00535 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 62,5067 ft lbf/lbm
Bilangan Reynold :
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel pada NRe = 31,8515 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f =
0,4853 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 0,006327 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 2 = 0,5 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
=3,11.10-7 ft lbf/lbm
v2 0,006327 2
1 elbow 90° hf =n.Kf. =1(0,75) = 4,67.10-7 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(32,174)
v2 0,006327 2
1 check valve hf =n.Kf. = 1(2) = 1,24-6 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(0,5493)
30. 0,006327
2
D 2 gc 0,022417 232,174
= 0,001673 ft lbf/lbm
2
A1 v 2 0,006327 2
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 =1 (1 0 )
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas air () = 995,68 kg/m3 = 62,1599 lbm/ft3 (Geankoplis, 2003)
Viskositas air () = 0,836 cP = 0,000562 lbm/ft s (Geankoplis, 2003)
Laju alir massa (F) = 12680,9685 kg/jam
12680,9685 kg/jam
Laju alir volumetrik (Q) = = 0,00353 m3/s = 0,1249 ft3/s
995,68 kg/m 3 x 3600 s/jam
Desain pompa :
Ukuran nominal : 3 in
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ vD
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 ; /D = 0,00062, pada
NRe = 65121 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,006 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 2,4352 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,55 1 2 = 0,55 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,046 ft lbf/lbm
v2 2,4352 2
3 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 3(0,75) = 0,2073 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 2,4352 2
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,1843 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 80 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(0,006)
80. 2,4352
2
D 2 gc 0,24167 232,174
= 0,7322 ft lbf/lbm
2
A1 v 2 2,4352 2
1 sharp edge exit hex
= n 1
=1 (1 0 )
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0921 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 1,2621 ft lbf/lbm
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 60 ft
0
32,174
60 0 1,2621 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 61,2621 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 76,5777 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P
Wp Q ρ 76,57770,124962,1599 = 1,081 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas air () = 995,68 kg/m3 = 62,1599 lbm/ft3 (Geankoplis, 2003)
Viskositas air () = 0,836 cP = 0,000562 lbm/ft s (Geankoplis, 2003)
Laju alir massa (F) = 12680,9685 kg/jam
12680,9685 kg/jam
Laju alir volumetrik (Q) = = 0,00353 m3/s = 0,1249 ft3/s
995,68 kg/m 3 x 3600 s/jam
Desain pompa :
Ukuran nominal : 3 in
Schedule number : 80
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 2,9 in = 0,24167 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 3,5 in = 0,29167 ft
Luas penampang dalam (A) : 0,0513 ft2
Q
Kecepatan linier, v = = 2,4352 ft/s
A
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ vD
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 ; /D = 0,00062, pada
NRe = 65121 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,006 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 2,4352 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,55 1 2 = 0,55 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,046 ft lbf/lbm
v2 2,4352 2
4 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 4(0,75) = 0,2764 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 2,4352 2
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,1843 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
D 2 gc 0,24167 232,174
= 0,0921 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 1,1674 ft lbf/lbm
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 60 ft
0
32,174
60 0 1,1674 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 61,6974 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 77,1218 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P
Wp Q ρ 77,12180,124962,1599 = 1,08 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas asam sulfat () = 1061,7 kg/m3 = 66,2815 lbm/ft3 (Perry dkk, 1999)
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ v D (66,2815 lbm/ft 3 )(0,000318 ft/s)(0,02242 ft )
NRe = =
0,012001 lbm/ft s
= 0,03939 (aliran laminar)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel pada NRe = 0,03939 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f =
406,1738 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A2 v2 0,000318 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 = 0,5 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 8,87.10-10 ft lbf/lbm
v2 0,000318 2
1 elbow 90° hf =n.Kf. =1(0,75) = 1,18.10-9 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(59,08)
30. 0,0003182
D 2 gc 0,03033232,174
= 0,00342 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 0,000318 2
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 1 = 1 (1 0)
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 1,57.10-9 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 0,00342 ft lbf/lbm
Dari persamaan Bernoulli :
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 0,00342 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 50,00342 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 62,5042 ft lbf/lbm
Wp Q ρ 62,5042 1,27.10-7 66,2815
Daya pompa : P 5,96.10 7 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ v D (94,76813 lbm/ft 3 )(0,00162 ft/s)(0,022417 ft )
NRe = =
0,00043 lbm/ft s
= 8,0463 (aliran laminar)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel pada NRe = 8,0463 diperoleh harga faktor fanning
f = 1,9884 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 0,00162 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 2 = 0,5 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 0,00162 2
1 check valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 8,25.10-8 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(0,581)
30
. 0,00162
2
D 2 gc 0,022417 232,174
= 0,000439 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 0,00162 2
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 1 = 1 (1 0)
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 4,12.10-8 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 0,000439 ft lbf/lbm
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 0,000439 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 50,00044 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 62,5005 ft lbf/lbm
Wp Q ρ 62,5005 6,52.10-7 94,76813
Daya pompa : P 7,02.10 6 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas air () = 995,68 kg/m3 = 62,1599 lbm/ft3 (Geankoplis, 2003)
Viskositas air () = 0,836 cP = 0,000562 lbm/ft s (Geankoplis, 2003)
Laju alir massa (F) = 2738,4971 kg/jam
2738,4971 kg/jam
Laju alir volumetrik (Q) = 3 = 0,000764 m3/s = 0,027 ft3/s
995,68 kg/m x 3600 s/jam
Desain pompa :
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ vD
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 ; /D = 0,001207, pada
NRe = 31096,4465 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,007 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 2,2482 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 2 = 0,5 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0392 ft lbf/lbm
v2 2,2482 2
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,1178 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 2,2482 2
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,1571 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(0,007)
30. 2,2482
2
D 2 gc 0,17225232,174
= 0,5278 ft lbf/lbm
2
A1 v 2 2,2482 2
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 =1 (1 0 )
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0785 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 0,9206 ft lbf/lbm
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 0,9206 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 50,9206 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P
Wp Q ρ
63,51370,02862,1599 = 0,19 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas air () = 995,68 kg/m3 = 62,1599 lbm/ft3 (Geankoplis, 2003)
Viskositas air () = 0,836 cP = 0,000562 lbm/ft s (Geankoplis, 2003)
Laju alir massa (F) = 2738,4971 kg/jam
2738,4971 kg/jam
Laju alir volumetrik (Q) = 3 = 0,000764 m3/s = 0,027 ft3/s
995,68 kg/m x 3600 s/jam
Desain pompa :
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ vD
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 ; /D = 0,001207, pada
NRe = 31096,4465 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,007 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 2,2482 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 2 = 0,5 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0392 ft lbf/lbm
v2 2,2482 2
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,1178 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 2,2482 2
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,1571 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(0,007)
30. 2,2482 2
D 2 gc 0,17225232,174
= 0,3393 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 2,2482 2
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 1 = 1 (1 0)
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0785 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 0,7321 ft lbf/lbm
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 0,7321 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 50,73211 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 63,4151 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P
Wp Q ρ 63,41510,02762,1599 = 0,1933 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas kaporit () = 1272 kg/m3 = 79,41405 lbm/ft3 (Perry dkk, 1999)
Viskositas kaporit (μ) = 0,000672 lbm/ft s = 1 cP (Kirk & Othmer, 1949)
Laju alir massa (F) = 0,0033 kg/jam
F 0,0033 kg / jam
Debit air/laju alir volumetrik, Q
ρ 1272 kg/m 3 3600 s / jam
= 7,25.10-10 m3/s = 2,56.10-8 ft3/s
Desain pompa :
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ v D (79,41045 lbm/ft 3 )(6,4.10 5 ft/s)(0,0224 ft )
NRe = =
0,000672 lbm/ft s
= 0,1696 (aliran laminar)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel pada NRe = 0,1696 diperoleh harga faktor fanning
f = 94,304 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A2 v2
2
6,4.10 5
1 sharp edge entrance hc
= 0,5 1
= 0,5 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 3,2.10-11 ft lbf/lbm
v2 (6,4.10 -5 ) 2
1 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 1(0,75) = 4,8.10-11ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(32,174)
v2 (6,4.10 -5 ) 2
1 check valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 1,3.10-10 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(32,174)
Pipa lurus 70 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(94,304)
70.6,4.10-5
2
D 2 gc 0,022417 232,174
= 7,5.10-5 ft lbf/lbm
= 6,4.10-11 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 7,5.10-5 ft lbf/lbm
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 7,5.10 5 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 50,000075 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 62,5001 ft lbf/lbm
Wp Q ρ 62,5001 2,6.10-8 79,41045
Daya pompa : P 2,3.10 7 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas air () = 995,68 kg/m3 = 62,1599 lbm/ft3 (Geankoplis, 2003)
Viskositas air () = 0,836 cP = 0,000562 lbm/ft s (Geankoplis, 2003)
Laju alir massa (F) = 1162,7 kg/jam
= 0,01145 ft3/s
Desain pompa :
Ukuran nominal : 1 in
Schedule number : 80
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 0,957 in = 0,0797 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 1,315 in = 0,10958 ft
Luas penampang dalam (A) : 0,006 ft2
Q
Kecepatan linier, v = = 1,909 ft/s
A
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ vD
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 ; /D = 0,00189, pada
NRe = 16846,9 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,005 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 1,9092
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 2 = 0,5 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,02832 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,9092
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,11328 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(0,005)
30. 1,909 2
D 2 gc 0,17225232,174
= 0,42615 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 1,9092
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 1 = 1 (1 0)
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,05664 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 0,70936 ft lbf/lbm
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 0,70936 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 50,70936 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 63,3867 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P
Wp Q ρ
63,38670,0114562,1599 = 0,082 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas air () = 995,68 kg/m3 = 62,1599 lbm/ft3 (Geankoplis, 2003)
Viskositas air () = 0,836 cP = 0,000562 lbm/ft s (Geankoplis, 2003)
Laju alir massa (F) = 5869,665 kg/jam
5869,665 kg/jam
Laju alir volumetrik (Q) = 3 = 0,001638 m3/s
995,68 kg/m x 3600 s/jam
= 0,0578 ft3/s
Desain pompa :
Ukuran nominal : 2 in
Schedule number : 80
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 1,939 in = 0,1616 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 2,375 in = 0,1979 ft
Luas penampang dalam (A) : 0,02 ft2
Q
Kecepatan linier, v = = 2,8913 ft/s
A
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ vD
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
Friction loss :
A v2 2,8913 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 2 = 0,5 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0649 ft lbf/lbm
v2 2,8913 2
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,1948 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 2,8913 2
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,2598 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(0,0045)
30. 2,8913 2
D 2 gc 0,17225232,174
= 0,4341 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 2,8913 2
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 1 = 1 (1 0)
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,1299 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 1,0837 ft lbf/lbm
Dari persamaan Bernoulli:
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 1,0837 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 51,0837 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 63,8546 ft lbf/lbm
Wp Q ρ 63,85460,057862,1599
Daya pompa : P = 0,4173 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas air () = 995,68 kg/m3 = 62,1599 lbm/ft3 (Geankoplis, 2003)
Viskositas air () = 0,836 cP = 0,000562 lbm/ft s (Geankoplis, 2003)
Laju alir massa (F) = 2738,4971 kg/jam
2738,4971 kg/jam
Laju alir volumetrik (Q) = 3 = 0,000764 m3/s = 0,027 ft3/s
995,68 kg/m x 3600 s/jam
Desain pompa :
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 ; /D = 0,001207, pada
NRe = 30461,8252 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,0055 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 2,2023 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 2 = 0,5 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0376 ft lbf/lbm
v2 2,2023 2
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,113 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 2,3662 2
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,1507 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(0,0055)
30. 2,20232
D 2 gc 0,17225232,174
= 0,398 ft lbf/lbm
2
A1 v 2 2,2023 2
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 = 1 (1 0)
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0753 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 0,7748 ft lbf/lbm
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
Daya pompa : P
Wp Q ρ 63,46860,026962,1599 = 0,1935 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas solar () = 890,0712 kg/m3 = 55,56679 lbm/ft3 (Perry dkk, 1999)
Viskositas solar (μ) = 0,000562 lbm/ft s = 0,836 cP (Kirk & Othmer, 1949)
Laju alir massa (F) = 136,5637 kg/jam
F 136,5637 kg / jam
Debit air/laju alir volumetrik, Q
ρ 890,0712 kg/m 3 3600 s / jam
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ v D (55,56679 lbm/ft 3 )(0,6449 ft/s)(0,0303 ft )
NRe = =
0,000739 lbm/ft s
= 4766,574 (aliran laminar)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel pada NRe = 4766,574 diperoleh harga faktor fanning
f = ,003357
Friction loss :
A v2 2,0903 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 2 = 0,5 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0339 ft lbf/lbm
v2 2,09032
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,1018 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(32,174)
v2 2,09032
1 check valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,1358 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(0,03375)
30 . 2,09032
D 2 gc 0,0303232,174
= 0,9017 ft lbf/lbm
2
A1 v 2 2,09032
1 sharp edge exit hex
= n 1
= 1 (1 0)
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0679 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 1,2412 ft lbf/lbm
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 1,2412 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 51,2412 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 64,0515 ft lbf/lbm
Wp Q ρ 64,0515 0,0836355,56679
Daya pompa : P 0,00974 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas solar () = 890,0712 kg/m3 = 55,56679 lbm/ft3 (Perry dkk, 1999)
Viskositas solar (μ) = 0,000562 lbm/ft s = 0,836 cP (Kirk & Othmer, 1949)
Laju alir massa (F) = 696.7149 kg/jam
F 696,7149 kg / jam
Debit air/laju alir volumetrik, Q
ρ 890,0712 kg/m 3 3600 s / jam
= 0,000217 m3/s = 0,0076 ft3/s
Desain pompa :
Ukuran nominal : 1 in
Schedule number : 80
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 0,957 in = 0,0797 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 1,315 in
Luas penampang dalam (A) : 0,006 ft2
Q
Kecepatan linier, v = = 1,2798 ft/s
A
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ vD
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 ; /D = 0,001892, pada
NRe = 10094,952 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,0084 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 1,2798 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 2 = 0,5 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0127 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,2798 2
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,0381 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 1,2798 2
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,0509 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(0,084)
30. 1,2798 2
D 2 gc 0,0874 232,174
= 0,3217 ft lbf/lbm
= 0,0254 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 0,449 ft lbf/lbm
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 0,449 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 50,449 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 63,126 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P
Wp Q ρ
63,1260,0081155,5623 = 0,0489 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas () = 1000,63 kg/m3 = 62,4689 lbm/ft3 (Perry dkk, 1999)
Viskositas (μ) = 0,000527 lbm/ft s = 0,784 cP (Kirk & Othmer, 1949)
-5 3 3
Laju alir volumetrik (Q) = 7,19.10 m /s = 0,002538 ft /s
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ vD
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 ; /D = 0,002912, pada
NRe = 7391,9 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,009 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A2 v2 1,2026 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 = 0,5 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0112 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,2026 2
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,0337 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 1,2026 2
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,0449 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
D 2 gc 0,115232,174
= 0,4683 ft lbf/lbm
2
A1 v 2 1,20262
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 = 1 (1 0)
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0224 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 0,5807 ft lbf/lbm
Dari persamaan Bernoulli:
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 0,5807 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 50,5807 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 63,2259 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P
Wp Q ρ
63,22590,00253862,469 = 0,01822 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30oC
Densitas () = 1000,63 kg/m3 = 62,4689 lbm/ft3 (Perry dkk, 1999)
Desain pompa :
Ukuran nominal : 1 in
Schedule number : 40
Diameter Dalam (ID) : 1,049 in = 0,0874 ft
Diameter Luar (OD) : 1,315 in
Luas penampang dalam (A) : 0,00371 ft2
Q
Kecepatan linier, v = = 1,28 ft/s
A
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ vD
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 ; /D = 0,00172, pada
NRe = 13268,33 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,008 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 1,28 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 2 = 0,5 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0127 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,28 2
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,0381 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(0,008)
30. 1,28
2
D 2 gc 0,115232,174
= 0,2796 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 1,28 2
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 1 = 1 (1 0)
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0254 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 0,4069 ft lbf/lbm
Dari persamaan Bernoulli:
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 0,4069 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 50,4069 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 50,4069 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P
Wp Q ρ
50,40690,0076862,469 = 0,0549 hp
550 550
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ vD
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga = 0,000046 ; /D = 0,0022, pada
NRe = 11286,33 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,0085 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A2 v2 1,386 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc
= 0,5 1
= 0,5 (1 0)
A1 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0143 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,386 2
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,059 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
L v 2
= 4(0,0085)
30. 1,386 2
D 2 gc 0,172232,174
= 0,4435 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 1,3862
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 1 = 1 (1 0)
A2 2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,029 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss F = 0,5928 ft lbf/lbm
1
2 gc
2 2
gc
P P
v 2 v1 z 2 z1 2 1 F Ws 0
g
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan z = 50 ft
0
32,174
50 0 0,5928 Ws 0
32,174
-Ws = 50,5928 ft lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, = 80 %
Wp = -Ws / = 63,241 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P
Wp Q ρ
63,2410,0051462,469 = 0,036 hp
550 550
r
n ΣX i Yi ΣX i ΣYi
n ΣX i 2 ΣX i 2 n ΣYi 2 ΣYi 2
(Montgomery,
1992)
≈ 0.98 ≈ 1
b
n ΣX i Yi ΣX i ΣYi
n ΣX i 2 ΣX i 2
Yi. Xi 2 Xi. Xi.Yi
a
n.Xi 2 (Xi) 2
Maka:
(14)(28307996) (27937)(14184) 53536
b = 16,8089
(14)(55748511) (27937) 2 3185
(14184)(55748511) (27937)(28307996) 103604228
a = 32528,8
(14)(55748511) (27937) 2 3185
105
Jan,2002
P-82
103 2
10-1 1 10 10 103
3
Capacity, m
Gambar LE.1 Harga Peralatan untuk Tangki Penyimpanan (Storage) dan Tangki
Pelarutan (Peters dkk, 2004)
Indeks harga tahun 2011 (Ix) adalah 1274,099. Maka estimasi harga tangki untuk
(X2) 6573,774 m3 adalah:
0, 49
6573,774 1274,099
Cx = US$ 6700 ×
1 1103
Cx = US$ $ 574.687 × (Rp8.565,-)/(US$ 1)
Cx = Rp Rp 4.922.197.884,229,-/unit
Dengan cara yang sama diperoleh perkiraan harga alat lainnya yang dapat dilihat
pada Tabel LE.3 untuk perkiraan peralatan proses dan Tabel LE.4 untuk perkiraan
peralatan utilitas. Sedangkan untuk pompa non-impor, harga diambil dari PT Duta
sarana tanggal 2 Agustus 2011.
Untuk harga alat non impor sampai di lokasi pabrik ditambahkan biaya sebagai
berikut:
- PPn = 10 (Rusjdi, 2004)
- PPh = 10 (Rusjdi, 2004)
- Transportasi lokal = 0,5
- Biaya tak terduga = 0,5
- Total = 21
adalah:
Biaya pemasangan diperkirakan 30 dari total harga peralatan (Peters dkk, 2004).
Biaya pemasangan = 0,30 Rp 44.513.496.495,-
= Rp 13.354.048.948,-
3. Kaporit
Kebutuhan = 0.0033 kg/jam
Harga = Rp 11.000,-/kg (PT. Bratachem, 2011)
Harga total = 90 hari 24 jam/hari 0,0033 kg/jam Rp 11.000,-/kg
= Rp 78.408,-
4. H2SO4
Kebutuhan = 0,0137 kg/jam
Harga = Rp 35.000,-/kg (PT. Bratachem, 2011)
Harga total = 90 hari 24 jam x 0,0137 kg Rp 35.000,-/kg
= Rp 1.035.720,-
5. NaOH
Kebutuhan = 0,100830 kg/jam
Harga = Rp 5250,-/kg (PT. Bratachem, 2011)
Harga total = 90 hari 24 jam x 0,100830 kg Rp 5250,-/kg
= Rp 1.143.412,-
6. Solar
Kebutuhan = 830,164 liter/jam
Harga solar untuk industri = Rp. 10.644,-/liter (PT.Pertamina, 2011)
Harga total = 90 hari 24 jam/hari 830,164 ltr/jam Rp.10.644,-/liter
= Rp 19.086.340.628,-
Total biaya persediaan bahan baku proses dan utilitas selama 3 bulan (90
hari) adalah Rp 338.290.816.866,-
Tabel LE.9 Aturan depresiasi sesuai UU Republik Indonesia No. 17 Tahun 2000
Depresiasi dihitung dengan metode garis lurus dengan harga akhir nol.
PL
D
n
penyusutan yang disebut depresiasi. sedangkan modal investasi tetap tidak langsung
2. Perawatan bangunan
Diperkirakan 8 dari harga bangunan (Peters dkk, 2004).
= 0,08 Rp 10.344.000.000,-
= Rp 827.520.000,-
3. Perawatan kendaraan
Diperkirakan 8 dari harga kendaraan (Peters dkk, 2004).
= 0,08 Rp 5.031.900.000
= Rp 402.552.000,-
5. Perawatan perpipaan
Diperkirakan 8 dari harga perpipaan (Peters dkk, 2004).
= 0,08 Rp 26.708.097.897,-
7. Perawatan insulasi
Diperkirakan 8 dari harga insulasi (Peters dkk, 2004).
= 0,08 Rp 4.006.14.685,-
= Rp 320.497.175,-
LE.3.2.1 Biaya Variabel Bahan Baku Proses dan Utilitas per tahun
Biaya persediaan bahan baku proses dan utilitas selama 90 hari adalah
Rp 338.290.816.866,-
Total biaya persediaan bahan baku proses dan utilitas selama 1 tahun adalah:
330
= Rp 338.290.816.866,- × = Rp 1.240.399.661.843,-
90
Biaya Variabel
1600
Biaya Produksi
1400
Total Penjualan
Biaya (Rp Miliar)
1200
1000
800
600
BEP = 23,76%
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Kapasitas Produksi (%)