“Code Compliance”
Flexibility Analysis
Contoh Piping code :
Menjaga tegangan pada pipa & fitting Æ dalam range yang diijinkan “Code”
FAX
FAX
σL =
Am
σL = longitudinal stress
d0 = diameter luar
Am = luas penampang pipa
di = diameter dalam
= π(do2 – di2)/4
dm = diameter rata-rata
= π dm t
P = design pressure
Pd i2 Pd i2 Pd 0
Ai = luas penampang dalam PA
σL = i = 2 = ≈
= π di2/4 Am (d 0 − d i2 ) 4d mt 4t
Longitudinal stress (con’t)
3). Bending moment due to Gravity load
M B R0 M B
MB = momen bendingjjj
σ LB max = =
c = jarak p.o.i ke sumbu netral I Z
I = momen inersia
penampang
= π(do4 – di4)/64
Z = section modulus
Fax Pd o M b
SL = + +
Am 4t Z
Circumferential stress (hoop stress)
- Penyederhanaan Æ Thin walled cylinder
Pd o
SH = (d i × L) P = Force
2t
Radial stress
- Tegangan yang bekerja dalam arah radial pipa
- Besarnya bervariasi dari permukaan dalam ke permukaan luar
- Radian stress realtif kecil Æ diabaikan
⎛ 2 ri 2 ro2 ⎞
P⎜⎜ ri − 2 ⎟⎟
SR = ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
r
(ro − ri )
SR = − P
“Jika dua atau lebih dari tiga tegangan normal di atas bekerja pd suatu titik, maka muncul
Tegangan Geser”
Tegangan ini max di N.A pipa dan nol pd permukaan luar Æ ignored
MT
τ=
MT
2Z
MT = momen torsi
Z = section modulus
Max pd permukaan luar = bending moment & besarnya signifikan
Rangkuman tegangan pipa
Tegangan Kombinasi
τ max
τ
S2 S1
Normal stress
SH SL
(S L + S H ) (S L − S H )
2 2
S2
Teori dasar kegagalan
Dari Teori kegagalan tresca:
SA
τ max ≥
2
Sb + 4St ≤ S A
2 2
Sb = SL (teg. Longitudinal) hanya karena moment lendut Mb
Sb =
(ii M i ) + (io M o )
2 2
Primary Loads
– Sustained (SUS) : selalu menyertai selama pipa beroperasi
• Weight = berat pipa, valve, insulasi, fluida, ice, snow, dsb.
• Pressure = tekanan operasi
– Occasional (OCC) : “kadang-kadang” terjadi dalam operasi
• Earthquake
• Wind
• Fluid Transient (Water Hammer, Slug Flow & Relief Valve Discharge)
Primary stress
Adalah Principal stress (bending stress, hoop stress,shear) yang disebabkan beban luar (berat pipa,
berat valve, beban angin, seismic, dsb.)
Sifat: non-self limiting = selama beban ada/bekerja stress tidak akan hilang
Secondary stress
Adalah Principal stress (bending stress, hoop stress,shear) yang disebabkan oleh thermal load
(expansion / contraction)
Sifat: self-limiting = stress bertambah Æ terjadinya “local yielding” Æ reducing the stresses
Jika hal ini terjadi berulang Æ plant starts up ..shuts down..starts up..shuts down… Æ fatigue!
2.1 Tujuan Flexibility Analysis
SE =
(ii M i )2 + (io M o )2 + 4( M T ) 2 ≤ SA
Z
S A = f (1.25S c + 0.25S h )
= f (1.25[ S c + S h ] − S L ) Untuk Sh > SL
“Basic Allowable Stress”
Terdapat hubungan:
2 1
Sh = S y or Sh = SU
3 3
CS = carbon steel
SS = Stainless steel
2.1 Tujuan Flexibility Analysis
• General Piping
– Piping around columns, vessels and heat exchangers
– High temperature and high pressure piping
– Piping requiring steam purge
Iteration process
Analyze
FEM
Metoda kekakuan: displacement & rotasi (?) Æ gaya &
moment
- F/M bekerja pada sumbu netral pipa dan pipa dlm keadaan tidak berdeformasi
- Cross section pipa tidak ter-ovalisasi akibat bending moment (kecuali ‘bend’ element)
[F]={K}[U]
F = Load (data)
K = stiffness matrix
U = displacement (dicari)
AREA
undeformed P1
σ σ P2
L-U1
AREA
deformed
P1
σ σ P2
U1 L-U1+U2
Strain-displacement
L − L0 U 2 − U1 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤⎛ U1 ⎞
ε= = = ⎢− , ⎥⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ε = [B] {U}
L0 L ⎣ L L ⎦⎝U 2 ⎠
⎡ 1 1⎤
[B] =
⎢⎣− L , L ⎥⎦ = element strain-displacement matrix
Strain-Stress
σ = εE atau σ = [ B ]{U }E
E = element elasticity matrix
Load-Stress
P1 + Aσ = 0 atau P2 − Aσ = 0
⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎡ 1 − 1⎤⎛ U1 ⎞ EA
( P ) = AE[ B ]{U } ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ P2 ⎠ ⎣− 1 1 ⎦⎝U 2 ⎠ L
Let’s start using CAESAR II …
1 Main menu:
New File
2 Job name:
3 Unit files:
4 Create Unit
files:
5 Convert input to new units
6 Configuration menu …
7 Special execution parameter
TRY: Simple Modeling
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
Y
160 140
80
Z X 150 90
130
200
0
10 120
00
00 100
70
0 70 50 00
10
10
00
60
1500
50
10 40
00
30
110
30
20 0
30 70
00
Pipa 10” sch. 140
Pipe material: A106 gr. B operating temp: 150 deg C
00
10 Corrosion allowance: 3mm operating pressure: 80 bar
Flange rating: 900# Fluid density: 0.000085 kg/cu.cm (gas)
Berat flange: 500 N
Berat ball valve: 4000N
1 Click input spreadsheet …
2 Input piping dimension & fluid properties, mulai from node 10 to node 20 …
3 Double click ‘bend’ …
Near point
10 20 22
10 21
Far point
20
30 30
4 Choose pipe material and input fluid density …
5 Continue From node 20 To 30 …
Y
160 140
80
Z X 150 90
130
200
0
10 120
00
00 100
70
0 70 50 00
10
10
00
60
1500
50
10 40
00
30
110
30
20 0
30 70
00
00
10
Pipa 10” sch. 40 operating temp: 150 deg C
Berat flange: 500 N operating pressure: 80 bar
Berat ball valve: 4000N Fluid density: 10 kg/cu.cm
Pipe material: A106 gr. B class/rating: 900#
Corrosion allowance: 3mm
Arah –Z = -1000
6 Continue From node 30 s/d 60 …
Y
160 140
80
Z X 150 90
130
200
0
10 120
00
00 100
70
0 70 50 00
10
10
00
60
1500
50
10 40
00
30
110
30
20 0
30 70
00
00
10
Pipa 10” sch. 40 operating temp: 150 deg C
Berat flange: 500 N operating pressure: 80 bar
Berat ball valve: 4000N Fluid density: 10 kg/cu.cm
Pipe material: A106 gr. B class/rating: 900#
Corrosion allowance: 3mm
From 30 To 40
flange
From 40 To 50
Ball valve
From 50 To 60
flange
Berat valve & flange dari database CAESAR:
7 Continue From node 60 To 70 …
Y
160 140
80
Z X 150 90
130
200
0
10 120
00
00 100
70
0 70 50 00
10
10
00
60
1500
50
10 40
00
30
110
30
20 0
30 70
00
00
10
Pipa 10” sch. 40 operating temp: 150 deg C
Berat flange: 500 N operating pressure: 80 bar
Berat ball valve: 4000N Fluid density: 10 kg/cu.cm
Pipe material: A106 gr. B class/rating: 900#
Corrosion allowance: 3mm
Tee di node 70, double click ‘SIFs & Tees’ …
Y
160 140
80
Z X 150 90
130
200
0
10 120
00
00 100
70
0 70 50 00
10
10
00
60
1500
50
10 40
00
30
110
30
20 0
30 70
00
00
10
Pipa 10” sch. 40 operating temp: 150 deg C
Berat flange: 500 N operating pressure: 80 bar
Berat ball valve: 4000N Fluid density: 10 kg/cu.cm
Pipe material: A106 gr. B class/rating: 900#
Corrosion allowance: 3mm
9 Membuat cabang ke-2, dari node 70 s/d 160
Y
160 140
80
Z X 150 90
130
200
0
10 120
00
00 100
70
0 70 50 00
10
10
00
60
1500
50
10 40
00
30
110
30
20 0
30 70
00
00
10
Pipa 10” sch. 40 operating temp: 150 deg C
Berat flange: 500 N operating pressure: 80 bar
Berat ball valve: 4000N Fluid density: 10 kg/cu.cm
Pipe material: A106 gr. B class/rating: 900#
Corrosion allowance: 3mm
Start from
node 70 to
120
75 200
0
10 120
00
70
70 100 00
0
10
00
10 50
00
60 00
1500
50 25
10 40
110
30
15 00 65
25
20
00
20 0
70
00
10 Pipa 10” sch. 40 operating temp: 150 deg C
Berat flange: 500 N operating pressure: 80 bar
Berat ball valve: 4000N Fluid density: 0.000085 kg/cu.cm
Pipe material: A106 gr. B class/rating: 900#
Corrosion allowance: 3mm
Break the line to create support …
Restraint at node 15, 65, 75 Æ resting only Æ +Y
Friction factor: 0.3
Restraint at node 10, 110, 160 Æconnected to tank nozzle Æ anchor (ANC)
• CAESAR II tidak akan melakukan analisis jika data input telah diubah dan
belum selesai di lakukan pengecekan error.