Bab

3
Sumber: Fundamentals of Physics, 2001
Pada saat atlet angkat besi mengangkat beban, sebetulnya ia sedang
melakukan kerja pada beban yang disimpan sebagai energi potensial.

Usaha, Energi, dan Daya

Hasil yang harus Anda capai:

menganalisis gejala alam dan keteraturan dalam cakupan mekanika benda titik.

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:

• menganalisis hubungan antara usaha, perubahan energi dan hukum

kekekalan energi mekanik;
• menerapkan hukum kekekalan energi mekanik untuk menganalisis gerak
dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

>5A79
B1>71C
492DCD8;1>
=1>DB91
41<1=
=5<1;D;1>
1;C9E9C1B>H1 A. Gaya Dapat

B581A9 81A9

1>H1;
1;C9E9C1B 1;C9E9C1B
@A9=5A
=1>DB91
H1>7
=5=2DCD8
;1>
5>5A79
B5@5AC9
=5=1B1;
=5>3D39
@1;191>
41>
B521719
BD=25A
Melakukan Usaha
@5>5A1>71>
@141
=1<1=
81A9

,5<19>
1;C9E9C1B
@A9=5A
21>H1;
1;C9E9C1B B. Energi dan Usaha
<19>>H1
H1>7
=5=2DCD8;1>
5>5A79
49
1>C1A1>H1
?<18A171

*141
71=21A
49
1C1B
B5?A1>7
1C<5C
B541>7
=5>71>7;1C
2521>
H1>7
B1>71C
25A1C

C<5C
C. Gaya Konservatif dan
C5AB52DC
81ADB
41@1C
=5>7D;DA
1@1;18
91
=1=@D
1C1D
C941;
=5>71>7;1C Hukum Kekekalan
2521>
C5AB52DC

,5<1=1
@A?B5B
<1C981>
1C<5C
C5AB52DC
81ADB
=5>789CD>7 Energi Mekanik
25A1@1
21>H1;
;1<?A9
H1>7
81ADB
91
;?>BD=B9
BD@1H1
41<1=
@5A<?=211>
91
41@1C
=5>71>7;1C
2521>
H1>7
499>79>;1>
D. Daya
1<1=
212
9>9
1;1>
492181B
C5>C1>7
DB181
5>5A79
41H1
41>
8D2D>71>
1>C1A1
;5C971>H1

%?>B5@
9B9;1
C5>C1>7
DB181
5>5A79
41>
41H1
9>9
21>H1;
B5;1<9
1@<9;1B9>H1
41<1=
;5894D@1>
B581A9 81A9

67
 Tes Kompetensi Awal
(%(.6/
/(/2(.$,$3+
-104(2
"4$*$
0(3)+
'$0
$:$
-(3,$-$0.$*
41$.41$.
%(3+-65
'$.$/
%6-6
.$5+*$0

$5<1B;1>
45>71>
2181B1
>41
B5>49A9
@5>75AC91>
DB181 
,52DC;1>
3?>C?8 3?>C?8
@5>5A1@1>
"D;D=
41>
5>5A79
%5;5;1<1>
>5A79
H1>7
141
49
B5;9C1A
>41


@1;18
@141
B52D18
2?<1
H1>7
1;1>
49C5>41>7 
@1
@5A25411>
41H1
41>
5>5A79
C5A41@1C
5>5A79
@?C5>B91<

A. Gaya Dapat Melakukan Usaha

71A
>41
<5298
=5=181=9
@5>75AC91>
DB181
41<1=
;5894D@1>
B581A9 81A9
@5<1:1A9
=1C5A9
25A9;DC
9>9

1. Pengertian Usaha
*141
B11C
49
;5<1B
>41
25ADB181
25<1:1A
=1;B9=1<
D>CD;
=5=@5A?<58
>9<19
C9>779

%5C9;1
25<1:1A
>41
=5>77D>1;1>
C5>171
41>
@9;9A1>

1<1=
;5894D@1>
B581A9 81A9
DB181
494569>9B9;1>
B521719
@5;5A:11>
H1>7
49<1;D;1>
D>CD;
=5=@5A?<58
CD:D1>
H1>7
499>79>;1>

'5>DADC
>41
1@1;18
@5>75AC91>
DB181
41<1=
69B9;1
B1=1
45>71>
@5>75AC91>
DB181
41<1=
F
;5894D@1>
B581A9 81A9
C5AB52DC
.B181
41<1=
69B9;1
B5<1<D
25A8D2D>71>
45>71>
CA1>B65A
5>5A79
41>
71H1

,9=1;<18
3?>C?8
25A9;DC

,52D18
=?29<
s
=?7?;
494?A?>7
?<58
-?71A
45>71>
71H1

B589>771
=?29<
25A@9>418
C5=@1C
B5:1D8
4
41A9
@?B9B9
1F1<>H1

%5C9;1
-?71A
=5>4?A?>7
=?29<
C5AB52DC
Gambar 3.1 B589>771
=?29<
25A75A1;
-?71A
=5<1;D;1>
DB181
H19CD
=5>CA1>B65A
5>5A79
Togar melakukan usaha(W) dengan =5<1<D9
71H1
4?A?>7
@141
=?29<
B589>771
=?29<
25A75A1;
41>
25A@9>418
mentransfer energi melalui gaya
dorong F sehingga mobil berpindah B5:1D8
4

5B1A
DB181

H1>7
49<1;D;1>
-?71A
D>CD;
=5>4?A?>7
=?29<
sejauh s. ?<58
71H1
B1=1
45>71>
81B9<
;1<9
71H1

45>71>
@5A@9>4181>
4





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arah perpindahan

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71H1
(
4 
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=
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71H1

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4
=5AD@1;1>
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'5>DADC
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81ADB
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 B;1<1A

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s
1 25B1A
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141<18
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F 


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=5>:149
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B1<9>7
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=5>781B9<;1>
F cos  DB181
H19CD
B525B1A

,
3?B

5A9;DC
9>9
2525A1@1
;51411>
9BC9=5F1
2 H1>7
4981B9<;1>
(34$/$$0

; 

Gambar 3.2 1


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(a) Usaha oleh gaya F yang
membentuk sudut  terhadap
.>CD;


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1A18
71H1
B51A18
45>71>
1A18
@5A@9>4181>
B589>771
perpindahan benda s. 49@5A?<58
(b) Penguraian vektor F menjadi 


,
3?B
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komponen-komponennya.



, K

68 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI

2


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3


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4
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B541>7
25A49A9
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=5>775>4?>7
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71H1
25A1C
B525B1A
0
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5B1A
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25B1A
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25A1C
C1B
8
B589>771
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41<1=
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1A9 Gambar 3.3
(34$/$$0

; 
4941@1C;1>
218F1 Fadli sedang menggendong tas.


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C941;
25A75B5A
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71H1
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C941; F

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=5>775B5A
49>49>7

5>71>
45=9;91>
DB181
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$
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Gambar 3.4
(0-)(
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'-+
Seorang anak sedang bersandar
pada dinding.
Contoh 3.1
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71H1
C5C1@
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25;5A:1
@141
B52D18
25>41
H1>7
25A=1BB1

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41>
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Usaha, Energi, dan Daya 69

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James Prescott Joule  


,
(1824–1907) 5B1A
71H1

=1B98
25<D=
49;5C18D9

)<58
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25>41
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=1;1
25B1A
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1
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BD=2D-1
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$

$149
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141<18

$

Sumber: Jendela Iptek, 1997

James Prescott Joule lahir di Salford,

Inggris. Ia adalah fisikawan kenamaan
Inggris yang berperan dalam Contoh 3.3
perumusan Hukum Kekekalan Energi.
Pada 1840, Joule mendeklarasikan '1BB1
B5?A1>7
@5>75>41A1
=?C?A
41>
B5@541
=?C?A>H1
141<18

;7

,5@541
=?C?A
sebuah hukum, yang dikenal sebagai 9>9
=5<D>3DA
45>71>
;5<1:D1>

=B

%5=D491>
=?C?A
49A5=
89>771
25A85>C9
B5C5<18
Hukum Joule, yaitu tentang panas 
45C9;

-5>CD;1>
DB181
H1>7
49<1;D;1>
B5<1=1
@5>75A5=1>
25A<1>7BD>7

yang diproduksi dalam konduktor

listrik. Untuk menghormati jasa- $8$%
jasanya, nama Joule digunakan 9;5C18D9
sebagai satuan energi dan usaha. '


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70 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI

2. Menentukan Usaha dari Grafik Gaya Terhadap F

Perpindahan
*141
DA191>
B525<D=>H1
71H1

H1>7
497D>1;1>
25A>9<19
;?>BC1>
D>CD; F=s F(t)

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25>41
25A@9>418
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B1=1
45>71>
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49
21F18 Gambar 3.5

;DAE1
C
Pada besar F konstan, W = luas
daerah di bawah kurva F(t).
.>CD;
DB181
H1>7
4981B9<;1>
71H1

H1>7
25B1A>H1
25AD218 D218
1;1>
4941@1C;1>
B52D18
7A169;
B5@5AC9
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$/%$3



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25A141
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BD=2D ,
41>
71A9B
BD=2D 
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s
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B1=@19 Gambar 3.6
=5>45;1C9
>?<
1C1D
<9=

)<58
;1A5>1
9CD
B531A1
=1C5=1C9B
(34$/$$0 Grafik gaya (F) terhadap
,  perpindahan (s) dengan gaya (F)

;
=5>:149 tidak konstan atau berubah-
,
ubah.
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s1
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25B1A
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@5A@9>4181>
, s1 s2 s
Gambar 3.7
Contoh 3.4 Usaha merupakan luas daerah
arsir di antara s1 dan s2 pada
,5@?C?>7
21<?;
;1HD
H1>7
=1BB1>H1

;7 F (N) kurva antara gaya F dan
C5A<5C1;
49
1C1B
2941>7
41C1A

%5=D491> 40
B C perpindahan s.
21<?;
;1HD
C5AB52DC
=5>71<1=9
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@141
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71H1
@141
21<?; –40
F
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=

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74 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI

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keduanya?
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Usaha, Energi, dan Daya 75

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Contoh 3.8
5A1@1;18
5>5A79
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49=9<9;9
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19A
H1>7
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Sumber: Fisika untuk Sains dan Teknik, 1998
;5C9>7791>

=
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19A


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Perhatikan gambar di atas. Jika C5AB52DC

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seorang ahli gizi menyatakan
bahwa pada pizza isi daging dan
$8$%
keju tersebut mengandung energi 9A
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b. Energi Potensial Elastis Pegas

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80 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI

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Soal UMPTN Tahun 1989
  


       


 

   Pembahasan:
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Berarti, EpB = 2 EpA
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Energi Mekanik maka

EpB – EpA = EkA – EkB
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Sumber: Dokumentasi Penerbit H1>7
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82 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI

Contoh 3.14
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Usaha, Energi, dan Daya 83

 
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84 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI

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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda dapat
memahami konsep usaha, energi, dan daya. Anda juga
tentu dapat mengetahui hubungan antara usaha, energi,
dan daya. Nah, dari materi-materi bab ini, bagian
manakah yang Anda anggap sulit? Coba diskusikan
dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
Dengan mempelajari konsep usaha, Anda dapat
menentukan usaha dengan menentukan lintasan yang
lebih efisien untuk dilakukan. Hal tersebut adalah salah
satu manfaat mempelajari bab ini. Coba Anda sebutkan
manfaat lain setelah mempelajari bab ini.

Usaha, Energi, dan Daya 87

 Tes Kompetensi Bab 3
A. Pilihlah salah satu jawaban yang paling tepat dan kerjakanlah pada buku latihan.

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90 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI