(Modifikasi Gudmunsson, 1996 dalam Marti, J., & Ernst, G.G.J., 2005)
Distribusi Aktivitas Volksnisme
Convergent boundary Subduction Zone Volcanism
Mariana-type
subduction
penunjaman antara
kerak samudera –
kerak samudera.
Chilean-type
subduction
penunjaman antara
kerak samudera –
kerak benua.
Distribusi Aktivitas Volksnisme
Intraplate Volcanism hotspot or mantle plume volcan-
ism. ( W i l s o n , 1 97 3 d a l a m M a r t i , J . , & E r n s t , G . G . J . , 2 0 0 5 )
TIPE GUNUNGAPI
http://perri-n-natural-hazards.wikispaces.com
TIPE ERUPSI
Efusif Eksplosif
Erupsi dari magma basaltik aliran Magma menggandung volatil ter-larut
lava. dalam jumlah signifikan atau kontak
dengan air dekat pemuka-an
Lava keluar dari celah (vent) yang
ekspansi gas secara cepat.
terletak : 1) puncak gunungapi, 2)
bagian sisi ataupun 3) berdekatan Kekentalan tinggi.
dasar gununapi.
Geometri celah : 1) memusat dan 2)
retakan linear.
Sifat aliran lava dipengaruhi oleh
komposisi magma, kandungan volatil &
kristal, kekentalan, kemiringan lereng,
dan kecepatan erupsi.
TIPE ERUPSI
P r e dicte d c o n-
d iti o n s f o r t h e
p r oduct io n of
l ava -f ount ain in g
ve r su s St r om b o-
l ia n e rupti on s
du ri n g t h e di s-
c h a r ge of ba sa l -
t ic ma gm a.
( Pa r f i t t & W i l s o n ,
1995 dalam Marti,
J., & Ernst, G.G.J.,
2005)
Internal struc-
ture of eruption
column. Rising,
vesiculating
magma is mix-
ed with a slurr y
of water and
volcaniclastic
par ticles near
E r u p si e ks plosi f yan g be r asos ias i dengan pro ses kel uarnya the sur face and
m agm a m en de ka ti pe rmukaan a i r dan s elan j utnya m unc ul di then rapidly
a t a s pe m uka a n a ir. ejected as the
E r u p si ter ja di ak i ba t kon ta k an tara mag ma basa l ti k d engan liquid is con-
a ir pem uka an a ta upun a ir bawah pe rm ukaan fr ea tom ag -
ver ted to
matik.
steam .
Ko lom e r ups i s ara t a kan te pra te r ben t uk dar i sua t u p er is t i-
wa yang ber ke lan j utan , be r lan gs ung da lam kur un wa k t u m en it (Modifikasi dari
h i n g ga j a m . K o k e l a a r, 1 9 8 3
dalam Marti, J., &
Um umnya, ter ja d i pa da pula u g un unga pi, g un unga p i bawah Ernst, G.G.J., 2005)
l a u t a t a upun da n a u kawa h .
TIPE PELEAN
www.imperial.ac.uk
Notes: a) Newhall & Self, 1982; b) Fedetov, 1985; dan c) Tsuya, 1955.
VEI Plume height Eruptive volume * Eruption type Frequency ** Example
<100 m 1,000 m3
0 Hawaiian Continuous Kilauea
(330 ft) (35,300 cu ft)
100–1,000 m 10,000 m3 Hawaiian/
1 Fortnightly Stromboli
(300–3,300 ft) (353,000 cu ft) Stombolian
1–5 km 1,000,000 m3 Strombolian/
2 Monthly Galeras (1992)
(1–3 mi) (35,300,000 cu ft) † Vulcanian
3–15 km 10,000,000 m3 Nevado del Ruiz
3 Vulcanian 3 monthly
(2–9 mi) (353,000,000 cu ft) (1985)
10–25 km 100,000,000 m3 Vulcanian/ Eyjafjallajökull
4 18 months
(6–16 mi) (0.024 cu mi) Pelean (2010)
>25 km 1 km3 Mount St. Helens
5 Plinian 10–15 years
(16 mi) (0.24 cu mi) (1980)
>25 km 10 km3 Plinian/ Krakatoa
6 50–100 years
(16 mi) (2 cu mi) Ultra-Plinian (1883)
>25 km 100 km3 Tambora
7 Ultra-Plinian 500–1000 years
(16 mi) (20 cu mi) (1815)
>25 km 1,000 km3 Lake Toba
8 Supervolcanic 50,000+ years
(16 mi) (200 cu mi) (74 k.y.a.)
* This is the minimum eruptive volume necessary for the eruption to be considered within the category.
** Values are a rough estimate. They indicate the frequencies for volcanoes of that magnitude OR HIGHER
† There is a discontinuity between the 1st and 2nd VEI level; instead of increasing by a magnitude of 10, the value
increases by a magnitude of 100 (from 10,000 to 1,000,000).
Erupsi
Gunungapi:
Produk &
Dampak
Erupsi
(Sumber gambar :
USGS)
PRODUK ERUPSI GUNUNGAPI
Volatil
CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , SO 3 , H 2 S, HCl, dan HF. Sejumlah kecil CH 4 , NH 3 ,
N, Si, COS, Ar, dsb.
Piroklastik/Tepra
Bom gunungapi lava yang membeku atau fragmen batuan
dinding terlontar sejauh 5 km.
Lapili (d: 10 – 50 mm) skoriaan, bersifat gelasan,
terlontar dengan radius beberapa kilometer.
Abu gunungapi
Aliran lava
Lahar aliran dari hancuran/rombakan material gunungapi
(piroklastik) dan air.
DAMPAK ERUPSI GUNUNGAPI
Volatil/gas gunungapi
Aliran Piroklastik
Abu Volkanik/Tepra
Lontaran bom & blok Dampak primer
gunungapi
Aliran lava
Lahar
Lahar
Longsoran Dampak sekunder
Banjir
GUNUNGAPI DI INDONESIA
Klasifikasi Gunung Berapi Berdasarkan Frekuensi
Letusan di Indonesia
Ash fall
Direction of
Estimated centre Pyroclastic Fall
of Pyroclastic Fall
Lava Dome, Lava Dome,
1957 1984
Ring Wall
Lava Dome, “Geger Boyo”
1992-1993
Bound of
Pyroclastic Fall
Lava Dome,
1984
WSW
South
Merbabu
MAGELANG
Merbabu
(Documentation :
February 2011)
Mining
activities on
laharic
deposits.
HAZARD (SHORT TERM)
Period Hazard Potential Impacts Anticipation
• Monitoring;
• Prediction of volume & direc-
1) Damages of the tion of the flows;
land & • Controlling on rivers, sedi-
infrastructures ments & flows? and
Laharic Flow
• Protection on rivers & infra-
structures.
2) Airport
Short term
(Less than 3) Temples
3 years) • Geophicsic study for estima-
ted the position & pore con-
dition of magma chamber,
• Morphological mapping of
Collapce of the Debris slides &
the peak of Merapi Volcano
crater wall ? flows
and
• Analysis of rock stability on
the top of Merapi Volcano/
crater wall.
HAZARD (MID TERM)
Needs for
Period Hazard Action
anticipation
Zonation or spatial
planning.
HAZARD (LONG TERM)
Needs for
Period Hazard Action
anticipation
Continuous enhance-
ment of mitigation & Continuous updating of
management plan/ hazard & risk maps.
programs
Design of Sensor Installed At The River