Matematika Rekayasa Lingkungan

Matriks dan Determinan

Dr.Eng Kartika Sari ST. MT

6 April 2020
Pembagian

Well we don't actually divide matrices, we do it this way:

A/B = A × (1/B) = A × B-1

where B-1 means the "inverse" of B.

So we don't divide, instead we multiply by an inverse.

Transposing

To "transpose" a matrix, swap the rows and columns.

We put a "T" in the top right-hand corner to mean transpose:
 Invers matrix
What is the Inverse of a Matrix?

Kebalikan dari suatu bilangan adalah :

Kebalikan Kebalikan
1
8

Inverse Matrix juga sama dengan kebalikan dari suatu matriks tetapi ditulis dengan A-1
A
Invers Invers

A1
Mengapa tidak ditulis 1/A ? Karena kita tidak dapat membagi dengan suatu matrix!
1/ dapat ditulis dengan 8-1
8

Dan ada beberapa kemiripan:

Ketika membagi suatu bilangan dengan kebalikannya maka hasilnya 1
8 × (1/8) = 1
Perkalian suatu matriks dengan invers nya, hasilnya adalah matriks identitas
(1 untuk semua anggota matriks):
A × A-1 = I
Hal yang sama jika ditulis sebagai berikut:
(1/8) × 8 = 1
A-1 × A = I
Matriks Identitas

1 0 0 1. Berbentuk bujursangkar , jumlah baris dan kolom sama

0 1 0 
 2. Angka 1 di diagonal dan 0 di tempat lain
 0 0 1  3. Simbolnya I
4. Ukuran matriks bisa 2x2, 3x3, 4x4,…

Inverse A adalah A-1 jika:

A × A-1 = A-1 × A = I
Kadangkala tidak ada matriks inversnya
 2x2 Matrix Example :
1
how do we calculate the inverse? 4 7 1  6 7 
2 
Well, for a 2x2 matrix the inverse is:
 6


4 x 6  7 x 2  2 4 


 a b  1  6 7 
A    2 
  c d  10  4 
 0, 6 0, 7 
1  
a b   0, 2 0, 4 
1
A  
 c d  Cara memastikan inilah matrik inversnya :

1
a b  1  d b   4 7   0,6 0,7   4 x0,6  7 x( 0, 2) 4 x( 0,7)  7 x0, 4 
c d    c a   x  
  ad  bc    2 6   0, 2 0, 4   2 x 0,6  6 x ( 0, 2) 2 x ( 0,7)  6 x 0, 4 

Determinant 1 0 
  (Matriks Identitas)
 0 1  Terbukti benar
 A Real Life Example: Bus and Train
Mengapa kita memerlukan Invers A group took a trip on a bus, at $3 per child and $3.20 per
adult for a total of $118.40.
Karena tidak ada konsep pembagian pada matriks. They took the train back at $3.50 per child and $3.60 per
adult for a total of $135.20.
Tapi kita dapat menggunakan invers matriks untuk How many children, and how many adults?
mendapat hasil untuk suatu pembagian.
First, let us set up the matrices (be careful to get
the rows and columns correct!):
Say we want to find matrix X, and we know matrix A and B: Child Adult
XA = B  3 3, 5 
It would be nice to divide both sides by A (to get X=B/A), but
 x1 x 2     118, 4 135, 2 
3, 2 3, 6 
remember we can't divide.
This is just like the example above:
But what if we multiply both sides by A-1 ? XA = B
XAA-1 = BA-1
So to solve it we need the inverse of "A":
And we know that AA-1 = I, so:
XI = BA-1 1
 3 3, 5  1  3, 6 3, 5
We can remove I (for the same reason we can remove "1" from     
1x = ab for numbers): 3, 2 3, 6  3 x3, 6  3, 5 x3, 2  3, 2 3 
X = BA-1
And we have our answer (assuming we can calculate A-1)  9 8, 75 
 
8 7, 5
 Now we have the inverse we can solve using:
This is what it looks like as AX = B:
X = BA-1
 9 8,75   3 3, 5   x1  118, 4 
 x1 x2   118, 4 135, 2  
 8 7,5       
3, 2 3, 6   x2  135, 2 
 118, 4 x(9)  135, 2 x8 118, 4 x8,75  135, 2 x( 7,5)  1
 3 3, 5  1  3, 6 3, 5
 16 22      
3, 2 3, 6  3 x3, 6  3, 5 x3, 2  3, 2 3 
There were 16 children and 22 adults
Order is Important  9 8 
 
Say that we are trying to find "X" in this case:
8, 75 7, 5
AX = B
This is different to the example above! X is now after A. It is like the inverse we got before, but
With matrices the order of multiplication usually changes the Transposed (rows and columns swapped over).
answer. Do not assume that AB = BA, it is almost never true. X = A-1B
 x1   9 8  118, 4 
So how do we solve this one? Using the same method, but put    
 x2  8, 75 7,5 135, 2 
A-1 in front:  9 x118, 4  8 x135, 2 
A-1AX = A-1B  
8, 75 x118, 4  7, 5 x135, 2 
And we know that A-1A= I, so: 16 
 
IX = A-1B  22 
We can remove I: Same answer: 16 children and 22 adults.
X = A-1B So matrices are powerful things, but they do need to be set up
And we have our answer (assuming we can calculate A-1) correctly!
 Determinant of a Matrix
Calculating the Determinant
The determinant of a matrix is a special number
that can be calculated from a square matrix. First of all the matrix must be square (i.e. have the same
number of rows as columns). Here is how:
A Matrix is an array of numbers:

For a 2×2 Matrix

2 rows and 2 columns:

The determinant of that matrix is
3×6 − 8×4 = 18 − 32 = −14 The determinant is:

What is it for? |A| = ad − bc

The determinant tells us things about the matrix that are useful
in systems of linear equations, helps us find the inverse of a
matrix, is useful in calculus and more. It is easy to remember when you think of a cross:
Blue is positive (+ad),
Symbol Red is negative (−bc)
The symbol for determinant is two vertical lines either side.
Example:
|A| means the determinant of the matrix A
Example:

To work out the determinant of a 3×3 matrix:

|B|= 4×8 − 6×3
= 32−18 1. Multiply a by the determinant of the 2×2 matrix that is
= 14 not in a's row or column.
2. Likewise for b, and for c
For a 3×3 Matrix 3. Sum them up, but remember the minus in front of the b
For a 3×3 matrix (3 rows and 3 columns):
As a formula (remember the vertical bars || mean
"determinant of"):

The determinant is:

|A| = a(ei − fh) − b(di − fg) + c(dh − eg)

It may look complicated, but there is a pattern:

 Example:

As a formula:

|C|= 6×(−2×7 − 5×8) − 1×(4×7 − 5×2) + 1×(4×8 − (−2×2))

= 6×(−54) − 1×(18) + 1×(36)
= −306
Notice the +−+− pattern (+a... −b... +c... −d...). This is important
For 4×4 Matrices and Higher to remember.

The pattern continues for 4×4 matrices: Summary

• plus a times the determinant of the matrix that is not in
a's row or column,
• minus b times the determinant of the matrix that is not in
b's row or column,
• plus c times the determinant of the matrix that is not in
c's row or column,
• minus d times the determinant of the matrix that is not in
d's row or column,
1. For a 2×2 matrix the determinant is ad - bc
2. For a 3×3 matrix multiply a by the determinant of the
2×2 matrix that is not in a's row or column, likewise for
b and c, but remember that b has a negative sign!
3. The pattern continues for larger matrices: multiply a by
the determinant of the matrix that is not in a's row or
column, continue like this across the whole row, but
remember the + − + − pattern.
Tugas

Tentukan nilai x dan y untuk persamaan linear dibawah dengan menggunakan matriks

1. 2x  y  5
x  y  2

2. 2x  y  2z  3
x yz 0
x  y  3 z  12