KIMIA INTI

1
• Kimia Inti adalah ilmu yang mempelajari struktur
inti dan bagaimana struktur ini mempengaruhi
kestabilan inti serta peristiwa inti seperti
keradioaktifan alam dan transmutasi inti

2
3
4
Partikel Dasar
Muatan Waktu
Partikel Lambang Massa (g)
listrik Paruh
Proton p atau H 1,6734x10-24 +1 Stabil
Neutron n 1,6748x10-24 0 12,8 menit
Elektron e 9,1095x10-28 -1 Stabil
bergantung Stabil
Foton pada 0 0
energi

5
Inti dan Kestabilannya

• Nuklida adalah Inti isotop

• Nuklida yang tidak stabil disebut radionuklida,
dan dikatakan radioaktif
• Dalam reaksi nuklir ada sedikit perubahan massa
dan perubahan energi yang membuat inti tetap
utuh (energi ikat)

20.1 Mass and energy are conserved in all of their forms 6

Massa Inti

• The mass of a nucleus is less than the sum of the

mass of the particles that compose it (nucleons)
• As the nucleons combine to form the nucleus
(nuclear fusion), this mass defect is released as
binding energy
• The higher the binding energy, the more stable the
nuclide

20.2 The energy required to break a nucleus into separate nucleons is called the nuclear 7
binding energy
Peluruhan Radioaktif

• Kehadiran banyak p + dalam volume nuklir kecil

berarti bahwa ada tolakan
• Neutron membantu untuk melindungi proton dari
tolakan satu sama lain, tetapi gaya nuklir kuat
yang mengatasi tolakan ini
• Jika ada perbedaan dalam gaya tolak dan gaya
kuat nuklir, nukleus tidak stabil
• Inti yang tidak stabil mengalami peluruhan
radioaktif

20.3 Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by 8

unstable atomic nuclei
9
Radiasi Alpha (α )
4
2 

• Nukleus melepaskan 4He

• Partikel alfa adalah yang paling masif, dan
bergerak cepat
• ukurannya membatasi daya tembus mereka
• Kehilangan partikel alfa mengurangi jumlah atom
inti awal

20.3 Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by 10

unstable atomic nuclei
 A
Nuclear Equations z X
• Track the changes in nuclear composition
• The sum of the reactant mass numbers (A) must
equal the sum of product mass numbers
§ (238=234 + 4)
• The sum of reactant atomic numbers (Z) must
equal the sum of product mass numbers.
§ (92 = 90 + 2)
238 234 4
92 U Th He 90 2

20.3 Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by 11

unstable atomic nuclei
Learning Check

Write balanced nuclear equations describing the

following alpha decay processes
• Rf-255 undergoes alpha decay
255 4 251
104 Rf  α  No 2 102
• W-160 undergoes alpha decay
160 4 156
74 W α Hf 2 72

20.3 Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by 12

unstable atomic nuclei
Your Turn!
155Tm undergoes alpha decay. What is the mass
number of the other product?
A. 155
B. 151
C. 153
D. None of these

20.3 Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by 13

unstable atomic nuclei
Radiasi Beta (β) 0
1 
• Nukleus melepaskan elektron
• Ketika dibentuk oleh nukleus (melalui peluruhan
β), hasil β dari neutron membelah menjadi p +
dan e- dan antineutrino ( )

20.3 Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by 14

unstable atomic nuclei
Learning Check

Write balanced nuclear equations describing:

• thorium-234 releases a beta particle
234 0 234 0
90 Th β Pu ν 1 91 0

• Tl-207 undergoes beta decay to form Pb-207

207 0 207 0
83 Tl β Pb ν 1 82 0

20.3 Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by 15

unstable atomic nuclei
Your Turn!
172Tm undergoes β emission. What is the atomic
number of the resulting element?
A. 172
B. 174
C. 69
D. 70
E. None of these

20.3 Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by 16

unstable atomic nuclei
• Radiasi Gamma ( 00 )
• nukleus melepaskan foton energi tinggi.
• γ cepat, sangat energik dan sangat menembus
• kebanyakan peluruhan alfa dan beta disertai
dengan radiasi gamma untuk mengurangi
energi nuklida yang dihasilkan

20.3 Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by 17

unstable atomic nuclei
Learning Check
Write a balanced nuclear equation that describes:
• Co-60 undergoes beta decay that also releases gamma
radiation
60 0 0 60
27 Co β γ Ni
1 0 28

• Tc-99 undergoes beta decay that also releases gamma

radiation 99 0 0 99
43 Tc β γ Ru
1 0 44

20.3 Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by 18

unstable atomic nuclei
Disintegration Series

• When decay processes occur, the new products

may not be stable
• Subsequent reactions occur until the result is
stable

20.3 Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by 20

unstable atomic nuclei
Waktu Paruh (t1/2)

• Peluruhan radioaktif adalah reaksi orde pertama

yang diatur oleh konstanta laju, k.
• Waktu paruh adalah jumlah waktu yang
dibutuhkan untuk kuantitas sampel berkurang satu
setengahnya.
• Waktu paruh orde pertama adalah:
 Ao 
ln   kt
A
pada waktu setengahnya, (Ao/A) 2
ln2
Sehingga,  t1/2
k
20.3 Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by 21
unstable atomic nuclei
Learning Check
Given that the half life of Pm-156 is 5.53 y, what is the
decay rate constant in s-1 ?

ln2 ln2
 t1/2, hence k
k t1/2
ln2 y da h
   k
5.53 y 365.25da 24h 3600 s

3.97 x 10-9 s-1

20.3 Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by 22

unstable atomic nuclei
Your Turn!

I-132 is used for radioactive tracing in medical

diagnostics. It has a half-life of 2.295 h. What
percentage will remain in it have after 2 days?
A. 5.06 (10-5) %
B. 8.33 %
C. 54.7 %
D. 3.85(10-4) %

20.3 Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by 23

unstable atomic nuclei
Transmutation By Fusion

• When particles are aimed at the nucleus, they

enter with both energy and mass
• The resulting new nuclide is called a compound
nucleus (designated with a *)
• The compound nucleus decays, creating a nuclide
different from the original, a process termed
transmutation

20.5 Transmutation is the change of one isotope into another 24

Applications of Radioactive Decay

• Diagnostics using radioisotopes (tracer analysis)

• Detection of trace elements (neutron activation
analysis)
• Determination of the age of artifacts (carbon
dating)
• Detection of trace elements (neutron activation
analysis)

20.7 Radionuclides have medical and analytical applications 25

Chain Reaction
• Fission reaction
in which one of
the products
initiates further
reactions
• Requires a
critical mass of
fissionable
material
• May be regulated
using control
rods
20.8 Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion release large amounts of energy 26
Fusion
• occurs when light nuclei join to form a heavier
nucleus
• on a mass basis, fusion yields more than five times
as much energy as fission
• Thermonuclear fusion uses high temperatures to
overcome electrostatic repulsions between nuclei
• Is the source of the energy released in the
explosion of a H-bomb (The energy needed to
trigger the fusion is provided by the explosion of a
fission bomb)
• Is the source of energy in stars

20.8 Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion release large amounts of energy 27