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SEJARAH FITOTERAPI DAN OBAT

TRADISIONAL

ISTILAH – ISTILAH

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Etnobotani
Ethnobotany(selanjutnya akan ditulis etnobotani) untuk menekankan bahwa ilmu ini
mengkaji sebuah hal yang terkait dengan dua objek, “ethno” dan “botany”, yang
menunjukkan secara jelas bahwa ilmu ini adalah ilmu terkait etnik (suku bangsa) dan botani
(tumbuhan).

Terminologi etnobotani sendiri muncul dan diperkenalkan oleh ahli tumbuhan

Amerika Utara, John Harshberger tahun 1895 untuk menjelaskan disiplin ilmu
yang menaruh perhatian khusus pada masalah-masalah terkait tetumbuhan yang
digunakan oleh orang-orang primitif

Etnobotani dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu alat untuk mendokumentasikan

pengetahuan masyarakat tradisioal, masyarakat awam yang telah menggunakan
berbagai macam jasa tumbuhan untuk menunjang kehidupannya. Pendukung
kehidupan untuk kepentingan makanan, pengobatan, bahan bangunan, upacara
adat, budaya, bahan pewarna dan lainnya.

Pengetahuan masyarakat tentang pemanfaatan tanaman obat secara tradisioanal

biasa disebut sebagai Etnobotani.

ETNOMEDISIN
Etnomedisin adalah presepsi dan konsepsi etnis/masyarakat lokal dalam memahami
Kesehatan
Merupakan bagian dari antropologi kesehatan

HERBAL MEDICINE
the art or practice of using herbs and herbal preparations to maintain health and to
prevent, alleviate, or cure disease

FITOTERAPI
= scientific herbal medicine

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A comprehensive term, " TRADITIONAL MEDICINE" (TM)

refers both to traditional medicine systems, such as traditional Chinese medicine,
Indian ayurveda medicine, Unani medicine, and to various forms of indigenous
medicine. In countries where the dominant health care system is based on
modem "Western" medicine or where traditional medicine has not been
incorporated into the national health care system, traditional medicine is often
termed "complementary", "alternative" or "non-conventional" medicine (CAM).

Dalam Undang-undang No 23 Tahun 1992 tentang Kesehatan disebutkan

bahwa OBAT TRADISIONAL adalah bahan atau ramuan bahan
yang berupa bahan tumbuhan, bahan hewan, bahan mineral, sediaan. sarian
(galenic) atau campuran bahan tersebut yang sccara turun temurun telah
digunakan untuk pengobatan berdasarkan pengalaman.

ELEMENTS OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

PRACTICES :
CULTURE

CATEGORIES

TREDITIONAL
PHILOSOPHY MEDICINE HYSTORY
PRACTICES
involves the use of herbal
medicines, animal parts and
minerals
PERSONAL
ATTITUDES
MEDICATION

NON MEDICATION
involves various techniques,
primarily without the use of
medication, example :
acupuncture, tai ji, yoga, etc

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SEJARAH

PENGOBATAN BARAT
Kahun
Gynaecological
Papyrus: 1800 BCE:,
: dapat
PENDETA melakukan
, the Edwin Smith MANTERA/DOA bbrp
Papyrus1600 BCE RITUAL MAGIS TABIB
DUKUN prosedur
RAMUAN pembedahan
the Ebers Papyrus: ringan
1550 BCE.

PAPYRUS LAINNYA
Aesclepian beliefs, based on religion. Asclepius :
Grecian God of Medicine

YUNANI, ROMAWI, MESIR

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Hippocrates (ca. 470–471 BCE )was the first to reject

divine causality in medicine and to develop a new
approach to diseases based on scientific observation of the
human body. Hippocrates work was in opposition with the
mainstream Aesclepian beliefs, based on religion. This
marked the first split between science-based and religion-
based medicine, and Hippocrates is nowadays considered
as the Father of Medicine

De Materia Medica (Dioscorides, 78 AD,

Yunani ) list of 600 plants

EASTERN TREATMENT
For more than 2000 years, the
use of Chinese herbal medicine
has been practiced as a means
to heal the body from
symptoms and disease.
The underlying philosophy of Chinese medical theory is
known as the Yin–yang theory, it was developed over
5000 years ago. Yin is known to be the dark, passive,
and deep aspects of medicine, while Yang takes on the
active, strong, and light characteristics. According to
the Chinese medical theory, all conditions and diseases
are the composition of imbalances of both yin and yang.
When this imbalance occurs, if the person is exhibiting
symptoms of too much yin, the patient would be given
yang tonics. Furthermore, disease in the yin–yang
theory can be classified as being related to a fever or chill,
interior or surface, and strong or weak.

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During the 18th century, the Qi, Blood, and Water theory was
developed in Japan. A person’s Qi or Ki (“Chee”) is known as the
life force that runs throughout the body, which has also being
described as the body’s energy or vitality. Qi is synonymous with
yang. Bodily fluids and blood would be considered to be yin in
Chinese medicine. When there is a balance between the Ki and
these fluids, the body should not experience any illness. It is when
there is imbalance between the three that illness arises. These
herbal formulas of Qi are usually treated depending on the theory
mentioned above.

Ayurvedic medicine (“Ayurveda” for short) is one of the

world's oldest holistic (“whole-body”) healing systems.
It was developed more than 3,000 years ago in India.

It’s based on the belief that health and wellness depend

on a delicate balance between the mind, body, and
spirit. Its main goal is to promote good health, not
fight disease.

Those who practice Ayurveda believe

every person is made of five basic
elements found in the universe: space,
air, fire, water, and earth.

These combine in the human body to

form three life forces or energies, called
doshas. They control how your body
works. They are Vata dosha (space and
air); Pitta dosha (fire and water); and
Kapha dosha (water and earth).

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Unani medicine, also called Unani

tibb, Arabian medicine, or Islamic
medicine, a traditional system of
healing and health maintenance
observed in South Asia. The origins of
Unani medicine are found in the
doctrines of the ancient Greek
physicians Hippocrates and Galen. As
a field, it was later developed and
refined through systematic experiment
by the Arabs, most prominently by
Muslim scholar-physician Avicenna.
During the Caliphate (the political-
religious Muslim state that began in
632 ce), the bulk of Greek knowledge
was translated into Arabic, part of that
knowledge being the principles of
medicine. With additional
contributions of medical wisdom from
other parts of the Middle East and
South Asia, Unani medicine came to
be known also as Arabian, or Islamic,
medicine.

Abad 19-an : Penemuan zat berkhasiat dalam tumbuhan

obat

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 Herbal medicine works mainly because they contain some chemical

ingredients that interact favorably with the human body or immune systems
to combat disease.
 It was only through the advancements of modern scientific method and the
disciplines of chemistry and biology did people began to understand what
make herbal remedies work.
 As modern sciences developed, scientists began to study the chemical
compositions of traditional herbal medicines.
 This study, together with modern knowledge of human biology, led to the
development of modern pharmaceuticals.

Chemical Biological
plants
compound activities

The 19th century industrial revolution led to

several advances, playing a role in the rise of
modern medicine. Indeed, the improvement of
life conditions, hygiene and sterilization helped
in better understanding of pathological causes.
During the 20th century, laboratory research
became an integral component of medical
practice at hospitals and universities.

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OBAT TRADISIONAL SEBAGAI

WARISAN BUDAYA BANGSA

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The evidence of use of traditional medicines in Indonesia from

centuries ago are represented in the relief of Prambanan and
Borobudur temple, written in lontar leaf, and the inheritance and
cultivation in Kingdom Palaces to this date.
For Javanese and Madurese communities, traditional medicines have
been widely known as “jamu” (herbal medicines) either in sliced
forms or servable powder. Rural communities have long time ago
consumed temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) to maintain their
physical fitness.
Written information on herbal medicines kept in Surakarta Palace
Library are “Serat Kawruh” and “Serat Centhini”. Serat Kawruh
presents systematic information on herbal medicines, which contain
1,734 preparations made of natural elements and which use method
is furnished by spells.

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SITUATION AS REGARDS THE USE OF

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

Traditional medicine is widely and increasingly being used in both

developing and developed countries

Up to 80% of the popUlation in Africa and 65% in India depend

on traditional medicine to help meet their health care needs.

Elsewhere, in Asia and in Latin America, historical circumstances

and cultural beliefs mean that populations continue to use
traditional medicine.

In many developed countries,that has used complementary and

alternative medicine at least once is 48% in Australia, 70% in
Canada, 70% in USA, 40%in Belgium and 49% in France.

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THE GLOBAL AND NATIONAL MARKET SALES FOR

HERBAL MEDICINES

 According to the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) report

published in 2000 the global medicines market in 2000 was estimated at US$ 60
000 million.
 In Japan, the herbal medicines market was worth US$looo million in 1991,
US$2OOO million in 1994, US$2200 million in 1996 and US$2400 million in 2000
 In the United Kingdom, this market was worth US$92 million in 1994, US$134
million in 1998, US$159 million in 2000 and it was expected to reach US$184
million in 2002
 For the USA, the figures are US$I600 million in 1994, US$3ooo million in 1997,
US$4400 million in 1999 and US$5400 million in 2000.

 Acupuncture originated in China and has grown in popularity worldwide.

 Acupuncture is practised not only by acupuncturists, but also by medical doctors and
other health care providers.
 According to the report of the World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies,
there are 50 000 acupuncturists (including doctors and acupuncturists) in Asian
countries and 15 000 (including doctors and acupuncturists) in European countries.
 In Belgium, for example, 74% of acupuncture treatment is provided by doctors.
 In Germany, 77% of pain clinics provide acupuncture treatment.
 In the United Kingdom, 46% of general practitioners either recommend patients for
acupuncture treatment or treat their patients with acupuncture.
 In the United States, there are 12000 licensed acupuncturists. Thirty-eight States
recognize acupuncture practice legally, and six States are setting up policies on
acupuncture practice. This image cannot currently be display ed.

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KOTRANAS

ANALISIS SITUASI DAN KECENDERUNGAN

kekuatan
Urutan keragaman hayati terkaya kedua di dunia setelah Brazilia. (30.000
spesies dari 40.000 spesies tumbuhan di dunia)

Jika ditambahkan keragaman biota laut, Indonesia di urutan pertama

9600 tumbuhan berkhasiat obat, 200 jenis telah digunakan dalam industri

400 etnis dengan pengetahuan etnomedisin

Memiliki penduduk lebih dari 220 juta jiwa

Terdapat industri obat tradisional dan berbagai lemabga riset

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KELEMAHAN

kurangnya ketersediaan standar dan metode sebagai instrumen untuk melakukan

evaluasi mutu.

Sumber daya alam tumbuhan obat belum dikelola secara optimal

pembudidayaan hanya usaha sambilan, dimana bahan baku obat tradisional

berasal dari pengumpulan tumbuhan liar dan tanaman pekarangan (tidak ada
jaminan harga dan iklim usaha tidak kondusif)

Eksploitasi tumbuhan tanpa dibarengi pembudidayaan menyebabkan bbrp spesies

menjadi langka

Pembiayaan penelitian bidang Obat tradisional masih sedikit

Kurangnya pemanfaatan penelitian ilmiah dalam pengembangan produk OT

Mutu simplisia rendah

Industri penyedia bahan baku sedikit

Tidak ada kerjasama sinergi (pemerintah, petani, industri, peneliti,

pendidik, provider kesehatan) dalam mengembangkan obat tradisional

Obat tradisional belum masuk kurikulum dunia kedokteran

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PELUANG
Peningkatan penjualan OT di dalam maupun
luar negeri

Tradisi masyarakat Indonesia

mengkonsumsi jamu

Banyaknya penelitian ilmiah yang

membuktikan efek OT dengan ES yang kecil

Penerimaaan dunia kedokteran terhadap

OT semakin terbuka

ANCAMAN DAN TANTANGAN

1. Biopiracy vs konservasi
Biopiracy oleh pihak asing terus berlangsung sementara
banyak jenis tumbuhan obat yang terancam kepunahan
belum sempat diteliti

2. Regulasi
Perlu ada regulasi yang mengatur pertukaran dan
pemanfaatan sumber daya alam obat tradisional dan
kearifan local melalui pembagian keuntungan yang ideal.

3. Rasio biaya - manfaat

Berpotensi menyembuhkan harganya kadang kala lebih

mahal dibandingkan dengan obat konvensional.

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STRATEGI
1. Mendorong pemanfaatan sumber daya alam Indonesia
secara berkelanjutan untuk digunakan sebagai obat
tradisional demi peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan dan
ekonomi

budidaya

Standar
HKI bahan
baku

regulasi Penelitian

2. Menjamin obat tradisional yang aman, bermutu tinggi dan

bermanfaat serta melindungi masyarakat dari penggunaan obat
tradisional yang tidak tepat.

Penilaian mutu dari hulu ke hilir

Penegakan hukum

Penyempurnaan ketentuan sarana produksi

Penyebaran informasi terpercaya

Penyempurnaan standar mutu obat

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3. Tersedianya obat tradisional yang memiliki khasiat nyata yang teruji

secara ilmiah, dan dimanfaatkan secara luas baik untuk pengobatan
sendiri maupun dalam pelayanan kesehatan formal.

Penelitian khasiat obat menuju rasio biaya dan

efektivitas

Peraturan penggunaan OT di pelayanan kesehatan

formal

Promosi dan advokasi OT

Pelatihan tenaga pengumpul dan produsen OT

Kerjasama dengan internasional

Koordinasi dengan instansi berwenang mengenai

informasi OT

4. Mendorong perkembangan dunia usaha di bidang obat

tradisional yang bertanggung jawab agar mampu menjadi tuan
rumah di negeri sendiri dan diterima di negara lain

Kerjasama dan koordinasi pemangku kepentingan

(good governance/tata kelola)

Insentif dan kemudahan pengembangan usaha

OT

Penyederhanaan perizinan

Promosi OT melalui ekspo nasional dan

internasional

Aktif dalam harmonisasi peraturan dan standar OT

regional dan internasional

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Budi daya dan konservasi

sumber daya obat

Keamanan dan khasiat OT

Aksesibilitas
Langkah kotranas

Penggunaan yang tepat

pengawasan

Penelitian dan pengembangan

Industrialisasi dan
komersialisasi

Dokumentasi dan database

Pengembangan SDM

Pemantauan dan evaluasi

Golongan metabolit sekunder ;

1. Flavonoid
2. Alkaloid
3. Terpenoid
4. Steroid
5. Polifenol
6. Asam fenolat
7. Xanthon
8. Tanin
9. Minyak atsiri
10. Saponin

Buatlah resume mengenai potensi bioaktivitas golongan tersebut

1. Ringkasan mengenai golongan ; definisi, klasifikasi, sifat fisika kimia
2. Contoh tanaman penghasil
3. Contoh bioaktivitas
4. Ambil 1 bioakivitas terbaik dari komponen, bahas mekanisme farmakologisnya dan
dosis penggunaannya, tunjukkan penelitian farmakologis yang mendukung
bioaktivitas / khasiat tersebut, % kadar komponen kimia dalam eksrak tanaman
tersebut.

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