BURNING POLSEK BY COMMUNITY IN CRIMINOLOGY PERSPECTIVE

(Study Polsek Bendahara in Aceh Tamiang District)

Radhali and Wahyu Ramadhani
Cut Nyak Dhien University Faculty of Law Lecturer, Indonesia
E-mail radhali02111992@gmail.com and wahyu_ramadhani95@yahoo.com

Abstrak : Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui analisis hukum terhadap pembakaran
polsek oleh masyarakat dalam perspektif kriminologi, untuk mengetahui kepercayaan
masyarakat terhadap kepolisian pasca pembakaran Polsek menurut teori-teori kriminologi.
Spesifikasi penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian bersifat deskriptif-analitis dengan
pendekatan yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian dari analisis hukum terhadap pembakaran polsek
oleh masyarakat dalam kriminologi bahwa menurut teori anomi menekankan pengaruh struktur
sosial sebagai faktor korelatif terjadinya pembakaran Polsek Bendahara. Pengaruh ini terlihat
dari adanya disparitas antara tujuan yang hendak dicapai dengan sarana yang digunakan dalam
mencapai tujuan tersebut. Hal ini akhirnya mengambil langkah-langkah pembakaran Polsek
Bendahara untuk mencapai tujuannya. Selanjutnya tingkat kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap
kepolisian pasca pembakaran Polsek menurut teori-teori kriminologi menunjukkan bahwa 1.
Teori asosiasi diferensial dapat digunakan sebagai alat analisis untuk mencari penyebab orang
atau kelompok melakukan pembakaran Polsek. 2. Teori kontrol sosial digunakan sebagai alat
analisis untuk mencari faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan orang atau kelompok melakukan
pembakaran Polsek. 3. Teori netralisasi dapat digunakan sebagai alat analisis, karena beberapa
teknik netralisasi menjadi alasan dari pembakaran Polsek Bendahara. Dari uraian Teori-teori
kriminologi tersebut dihubungkan fenomena pembakaran Polsek Bendahara saat ini sangatlah
dibutuhkan sebagai evaluasi terhadap penerapan hukum sehingga diperlukan harmonisasi
hukum dalam konteks ketentuan pidana.
Kata Kunci: Pembakaran, Masyarakat, Kriminologi
BURNING POLSEK BY COMMUNITY IN CRIMINOLOGY PERSPECTIVE
(Study Polsek Bendahara in Aceh Tamiang District)
PEMBAKARAN POLSEK OLEH MASYARAKAT DALAM PERSPEKTIF KRIMINOLOGI
(Studi Polsek Bendahara Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang)

Abstract : The purpose of this research is to find out the legal analysis of the burning of police
stations by the public in a criminological perspective, to determine the public's trust in the
police after the burning of the police according to criminological theories. The research
specifications used are descriptive-analytical research with normative juridical approach. The
results of a legal analysis of the burning of police by the community in criminology that
according to anomic theory emphasizes the influence of social structure as a correlative factor
for the burning of the Treasurer Police Station. This influence can be seen from the disparity
between the objectives to be achieved and the means used in achieving these goals. This finally
took steps to burn the Bendahara Police Station to achieve its goals. Furthermore, the level of
public trust in the police after the burning of the police according to criminological theories
shows that 1. The theory of differential association can be used as an analytical tool to find the
cause of a person or group to burn a police station. 2. The social control theory is used as an
analytical tool to look for factors that cause people or groups to burn down the police station. 3.
The theory of neutralization can be used as an analysis tool, because some neutralization
techniques are the reason for the burning of the Treasurer Police Station. From the description
of the criminology theories, it is connected with the phenomenon of burning of the treasurer of
the current police.
Keywords: Burning, Society, Criminology.
Introduction
Law enforcement is the process of making
efforts for the establishment or functioning of legal
norms as a real guideline for behavior in legal
relations in public and state life.1
In Indonesia, one of the tasks of law
enforcement is given authority to the Republic of
Indonesia Police to make efforts to arrest in
accordance with the legislation in the territory of the
Unitary Republic of Indonesia. The National Police
of the Republic of Indonesia aims to realize
domestic security which includes maintaining the
security and public order, orderly and upholding the
law, carrying out protection, protection and service
to the community, and maintaining the peace of
society by upholding human rights.2
In criminology, criminology as a social
science continues to experience growth and
improvement. This development and improvement
is due to the pattern of social life of people who
continue to experience changes and differ from one
place to another and also different from a certain
time or era with another time or time so that the
study of the problem of crime and irregularities also
experience development and improvement in seeing,
understanding, and studying social problems that
exist in society and the substance in them.
Aceh is one of the Islamic Shariah areas
where the population understands Islamic values. In
Aceh Tamiang District, there was a burning of the
Treasury Sector Police (Polsek) office, in this case
the arson was carried out by a mob from the local
community.3 So in the case of burning the Sector
Police by the community certainly has a bad value
and image by the community to the law enforcement
authorities especially the Treasurer Police.
The incident began with the arrest of
someone on the wanted list (DPO), but in this case
the police from a police officer shot the person after
being arrested on the grounds that the suspect
escaped from the police, therefore after being known
by the local community, there was tantrum the
1
Jimly Asshiddiqie, Law Enforcement Papers,
academia.edu, www. decudesk.com, 2013, p. 1
2
Article 4 of Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the
Indonesian National Police
3
https://news.detik.com/berita/d-
4269370/gedung-polsek-di-aceh-tamiang-
dibakar-massa
masses from the community so that there was a
burning of the police station by the community.
Problems
There are problems with this problem :
1. Legal Analysis of Police Station Burning by the
Community in Criminology Perspectives.
2. Level of Public Confidence in the Police after
Burning Police Sector According to
Criminological Theories.
Research Methods
The writing of this research uses normative
legal research (juridical normative) by conducting a
study of library materials in order to collect
secondary data. Normative legal research is carried
out by examining literature (literature) which is
secondary data, which is in a state ready for
publication, the form and contents have been
compiled by previous researchers and can be
obtained without being bound by time and place.4
The data analysis method used is qualitative,
meaning that the data obtained leads to a theoretical
study in the form of principles, legal doctrines and
the content of the rule of law first systematically
described, then qualitative analysis is carried out.5
Discussion
a. Legal Analysis of Police Station Burning by
the Community in Criminology Perspectives
Sector Police (Subsequently Written by the
Sector Police) Treasurer is part of the working area
of the Resort Police (Polres) in the legal area of
Aceh Tamiang Regency. In 2018 precisely on
October 23, 2018 there was a burning of the police
station by the people who were located in Bendahara
District.6 This caused a stir in the community,
government and mass media. As we know that the
police are protectors and protectors for the people.
4
Soerjono Soekanto and Sri Mamudji, 2001,
Normative Legal Research: a Short Review, Raja
Grafindo Persada, 5th Printing, Jakarta, p. 37.
5
Wahyu Ramadhani, Dkk, The Legality Of The
Capture Operation Hands (OTT) Corruption
Eradication Commission Against The Governor
Of Aceh, Law Jurnal Fakultas Hukum
Universitas Syiah Kuala, Vol. 2(3) Desember
2018, p. 459.
6
https://news.detik.com/berita/d-
4269370/gedung-polsek-di-aceh-tamiang-
dibakar-massa
 In the chronology of the Bendahara Police
Station arson, the arrest of one of the residents in
Bendahara District, Aceh Tamiang District, was the
motive of the arrest because of tripping over a
narcotics crime case. But in this case the law
enforcers who are members of the Treasury
Narcotics Criminal Investigation shot a suspect after
being arrested so that the suspect died. So this is
where the masses of the people were angry, which
burned the treasury police. It is known that the
suspect who died was a victim of wrongful arrest so
that this conflict occurred to cause arson police.
In theoretical criminological studies is
science based on experience, which like other
similar sciences, looks at phenomena that try to
investigate the causes of these phenomena in ways
that are available to them.7
According to Sutherland, criminology
consists of three main parts:8
a. Sociology of law (criminal), the scientific
analysis of the condition of conditions that affect
the development of criminal law;
b. The etiology of crime, which is a scientific
attempt to find the causes of crime;
c. Penology, basically is the science of punishment,
but Sutherland includes rights related to crime
control both repressive and preventive.
When we explore the science of
Criminology, the Anomic Theory was put forward
by the French Sociologist, Emille Durkheim (1858-
1917), and Robert Merton. Durkheim's opinion was
put forward earlier than Merton. Durkheim uses the
term anomi to refer to a condition that is
deregulated. According to him, rapid and tense
social change in society has a big influence on all
groups in society. The main values and values that
have been accepted by the community become
vague and even disappear. These conditions
encourage the occurrence of norm uncertainty and
even the absence of norms.9
The existence of a social structure that each
survives to achieve the same goal for all members
without providing the same tools (tools) to achieve
7
Topo Santoso and Eva Achyani Zulfa, 2004,
Criminology, PT Grafindo Raja Persada, p. 5.
8
Ibid. p. 11.
9
Hardianto Djanggih, Nurul Qamar,
Application of Criminological Theories in the
Prevention of Cyber Crimes, Pandecta, Journal
of Unnes, Volume 13. Number 1. June 2018, p.
13.
that goal. This can result in no match between what
is requested in culture and what is permitted in the
structure. This can result in the breakdown of social
norms because there is no standard for behavior.10
Based on Merton's theory, then there are two
elements within the community that determines the
order, namely the common goal in society, and the
means or tools available to achieve this goal
(acceptable means). Imbalance between the
achievement of objectives with the means used, it
causes members of the public can make a deviation
in achieving that goal.11
Based on the above it emphasizes the
influence of social structure as a correlative factor
for the burning of the Treasurer Police Station. This
influence can be seen from the disparity between the
objectives to be achieved and the means used in
achieving these goals. This finally makes a strain
(strain) on a person, or community groups so that
they take steps in the form of burning the Treasurer
Police to achieve its goals.
b. Level of Public Confidence in the Police after
Burning Police Sector According to
Criminological Theories.
In criminal etiology (breaking laws)
discussed is the flow of schools (schools of thought),
criminology, theories of criminology, and various
perspectives of criminology. Reactions to violations
of the law (reacting to the breaking laws) discuss
theories of punishment and efforts to deal with/
prevent crime in the form of preventive, repressive,
and rehabilitative measures.12
The discrepancy between the facts with
wishful thinking that results in tension (strain) and
frustration which in turn will lead to psycho-
physical response in individuals and ends with
violence or resistance. 13 Van Dijk et al., States that
individuals may react to tension (strain) in various
10
Mahmud Muladi, 2008, Criminal Policy
integral approach to penal policy and no-penal
policy in combating violent crime, Medan,
library press nations in, p. 107
11
Ibid
12
Darlius, Criminological Analysis of the Crime
of Burning Public Facilities Due to the Election
of the Mayor of Palopo, Thesis of the Faculty of
Law, Hasanuddin University Makassar, 2014, p.
10.
13
Widodo. 2013, Fighting cyber crime,
motivational characteristics, and coping
strategies in criminological perspectives.
Yogyakarta: Aswaja Pressindo, p. 67
ways, which can receive the destination (+), reject
(), or discard and replace it with another purpose (±).
Acceptance, rejection and replacement can also be
applied as ingredients.14
There are several theories in limu
criminology as follows:
1. Differential Association Theory
Differential Association Theory was
proposed by an American sociologist, Edwin H.
Sutherland in 1939 which was later refined in 1947.
This theory was built on three theories, namely
Ecological and Cultural Transmission Theory from
Shaw and McKay; Symbolic Interactionism from
George Mead; and Culture Conflict Theory.15
In 1939, Sutherland put forward the theory of
systematic criminal behavior, and culture conflict,
social disorganization, and differential association.
Romli Atmasasmita argued that a systematic
understanding is career crimes or organized
practices of crime. Understanding the organized
practice of crime is behavior that supports the norms
that have developed in society.16
In 1947, Sutherland replaced the term "social
disorganization" with "differential social
organization". Through the replacement of the term,
Sutherland wants to show the existence of a variety
of social conditions with internal values and goals.
Each to be used as a different means in achieving
goals.
This theory recognizes the existence of a
variety of separate social organizations, but between
one another competing with each other based on
their own norms and values. Larry J. Siegel
explained that differential association theory
examines elements in society that affect a person
who commits an evil act.17
14
Hardianto Djanggih and Nurul Qamar,
Application of Criminology Theories in Cyber
Cyber Crime, Volume 13. Number 1. June 2018,
p. 13
15
Rahmawati, Ineu, The Analysis Of Cyber Crime
Threat Risk Management To Increase Cyber
Defense, Journal of Defense & National
Defense, Vol 7 (2) 2017, p. 61
16
Wibowo, Ari. Theoretical Review of the
Discourse of Criminalization of Lgbt. Journal of
Legal Horizon, Vol. 11 No. 1, 2015. p. 103
17
Nurfitria, Indah, Criminological Analysis of
Criminal Acts of Abuse of Abuses in
Governmental Position in Bandar Lampung,
Jurnal Poenale,Vol. 3 No 3, 2015., p. 7
In addition, this theory wants to find and
discover how the values and norms are
communicated or transferred from the community to
other community groups. Furthermore, in the
context of Differential Association theory, Ronald
L. Akers and Chistine S. Seller express the
following:
Diferential association has both behavioral-
interactional and normative dimensions. The
interactional dimention is the direct association
and interaction with who others engage in
certains kind a of behavior; as well as the
indirect association and identification with more
distance reference group. The normative
dimentional is the different pattern of norm and
values to which and individual is exposed
through this association.18
Based on the opinion of Akers and Seller it is
known that, differential associations have two
dimensions, namely interactional dimensions of
behavior and dimensions based on norms.
Interactional dimensions of behavior are interactions
and associations that are carried out directly with
other people in certain behaviors; as well as indirect
identification and association with reference groups.
Dimensions based on norms are different patterns of
exemplary norms and values that guide individuals
in associations.
Under these conditions, after review and
linked to the above theory the level of public
confidence in the police declined and society can no
longer uphold the norms of justice to be achieved to
the police as well as evidence of protect the public
as the police have declined so most people are
reluctant to report something in the police station.
2. Social Control Theory
Control theory is a classification theory that
claims not to ask why people commit a crime, but
why do they not commit a crime? These theories
assume everyone has the desire to commit a crime
and deviate, and try to answer why some people
refrain from doing so.
Control Theories. A classification of theories
that claim to ask not why do people commit
criminal acts, but why do they not commit
criminal acts? These theories assume everyone
18
Hadi, Satrio Nur. Criminological Analysis of
the Mode of Operation of Child Crimes in
Bandar Lampung. Poenale Journal, Vol. 3 No 2,
2015. p. 6
 has the desire to commit criminal and deviant
acts, and seeks to answer why some people
refrain from doing so. (Akers and Seller).19
John Hagan asserted that social control
theory departs from the assumption that every
individual in society has the same opportunity to
become someone who violates the law or someone
who obeys the law. Social control theory asks the
basic question, why does not everyone break the law
or why do people obey the law.
The four elements of social ties that exist in
each of these societies are as follows:20
1. Linkage (Attachment), related to the extent to
which someone pay attention to the desires
and expectations of others. They are not
sensitive to the demands of others, nor do
they feel the need to worry about existing
norms. This sensitivity is interdependent with
the quality of the relationship between one
another, the more sympathy and empathy for
others, the more they feel the need to pay
attention to others, so that it will form social
bonds that can prevent deviant behavior.
Hirschi divides attachments into two groups,
namely total attachments and partial
attachments. Total attachment is a condition
when someone releases a sense of ego in him
and then replaces it with a sense of
togetherness. Understanding partial
attachment is the presence of someone who
can control or supervise someone.
2. Connections related to one's own interests
(Commitment), which refers to the
calculation of profit and loss for one's
involvement in deviant acts. Van Dijk, et all.
argues, that this element emphasizes the
economic rational aspects, so that those who
inventory material and emotions in society,
the more risk of loss that must be borne if
they commit violations of norms.
3. Involvement, which refers to the idea that if
someone is preoccupied with some
conventional activities then he will not have
time to think about let alone commit evil
deeds. Thus, someone who integrates well
with society, has less time to violate norms.
19
Hardianto Djanggih and Nurul Qamar,
Application of Criminology Theories in Cyber
Cyber Crime, Vol. 13. No 1. June 2018. p. 17
20
Ibid.
4. Values and Norms (Belief), namely referring
to the situation of the diversity of the
appreciation of the principles of society
among community members. if there is no
conviction that the values and norms of
shared life are worth obeying, there will be a
possibility of violation of the law.
Furthermore Reiss distinguish two kinds of
control are:
a. personal control, namely the ability of a
person to refrain from achieving his goals in
a way that violates the norm;
b. social control, namely the ability of the
community or social groups to implement
norms or regulations.
3. Neutralization Theory
Larry J. Siegel revealed, Major premise
youth learn ways of neutralizing moral restrain and
periodically drifting in and out of criminal behavior
patterns. Explains way may delinquents don't adult
criminals. Explains why youthful law violators can
participate in conventional behavior. (Larry J.
Siegel). The main opinion of the theory of
neutralization (neutralization theory), that a person
will learn to neutralize the morals that control
human behavior, then do deviant behavior.21
In addition, this theory explains how young
people do deviations, and how young people are
involved in deviant behavior. David Matza asserted,
Theory neutralization stresses youth's learning of
behavior rationalizations that enable them to
overcome societal values and norms and engage in
illegal bahaviour. The theory of neutralization
emphasizes the learning process of young people to
rationalize deviant behavior that is done so that it is
expected to be able to outsmart the working of social
values and norms in society. John Hagan argues as
follows:
At base, neutralization theory assumsed that
peoples action are guided by their thought.
Thus, the question asked by this theory is, what
is it about the thought of otherwise good people
that sometimes turn them bad? It can be noted
that question posed assumsed that most people
most of the time, are guided by “good” thought.
In other words, neutralization theory, assumsed
there is general agreement in our society about
“the good think life” and the approriate ways of
optaining them.
21
Ibid, p. 19
 The theory of neutralization assumes that
human behavior is controlled by the thoughts of
actors. This theory asks, what is behind the thoughts
of good people that sometimes makes them turn into
people who behave badly or badly or deviate from
the norms of society? Based on this question, this
theory assumes that most people, in most of their
time, when doing something an action is controlled
by good thoughts, but why do people who generally
have good thoughts to do deviant acts or commit
crimes.
To answer that question, Sykes and Matza
argued, that The delinquent, is an apologenic failure,
who drifs in to deviant lifestyle througt of
justification "we call these justifications of devian
behavior techniques of neutralization; and we
believe these techniqies make up the crucial
component of Sutherland's definitions forable to the
violation of law.22 Perpetrators of crime are an
apologetic failure, that is those who fail to apologize
for their actions, then carried into a lifestyle that
deviates from the norm. The process takes place
smoothly, and it is used by the offender as a
justification for his behavior.
Justification for my perversions involves
many complicated components as the process of
lawlessness as defined by Shuterland. Furthermore,
Sykes and Matza describe 5 (five) neutralization
techniques that can be carried out by perpetrators of
crimes, namely as follows.
a. Denial of Responsibility, which is the
perpetrator describes himself as people who
are powerless in dealing with the pressures
of society (for example, lack of affection
from parents, are in a bad relationship or
environment).
b. Denial of Injury, the perpetrator is of the
view that the actions carried out do not
cause great harm to the community.
c. Denial of Victim, which is the perpetrator
understands himself as "the claimant
retaliates", while the victims of his actions
are considered as guilty.
d. Condemnation of the Condemners, the
perpetrators assume that people who
condemn the actions that have been carried
out as hypocrites, hypocrites, as
22
Hagan, John. (Without years). Modern
Criminology, Crime, Criminal Behavior and its
Control. Mc Graw-Hill Inc. Singapore, p. 156
perpetrators of covert crime, because of
envy, and so on.
e. Appeal to Higher Loyalities, namely the
perpetrator feels that he is trapped between
the will of the community and the legal
provisions that exist in the community with
the needs of smaller groups, ie groups
where they are located or joined.
Based on the explanation of the theory of
neutralization above, it can be understood that the
theory of neutralization reveals that deviant or evil
behavior is done by someone because it is based on
his own thinking and is driven by several conditions
outside the individual, so that the perpetrator always
looks for justification for his actions through the
process of rationalization. Application of
Criminology Theories for Cyber Crime Countering
Crime, penology, and sociology etiology in
criminology in general aims to study crime from
various aspects.23
In the context of criminology, the dynamics
of critical thinking on criminological theories is very
important to understand the processes that make an
act a crime and the processes that make a person or
group experience ritual labeling as a villain. So that
from a correct understanding of these processes, it
can then be used as a basis for establishing the right
policy strategy in tackling crime.24
Based on the description of criminological
theories above, it can be understood that the use of
criminological theories on cases / cases of cyber
crime is very necessary (urgent) because it is used as
a basis for decision makers (decision makers) in
combating cyber crime (cyber crime) to be right on
target and effective in accordance with the
characteristics of my head and its mode.
From the description of the 3 (three)
crimonological theories above, it can be concluded
as follows. 1. Differential association theory can be
used as an analytical tool to find the cause of a
person or group burning a police station. According
to the theory, basically crime is the result of a
23
Indra, S Josua, Nur Rochaeti, & R.B. Sularto,
Criminology Study Related to Criminal Law
Enforcement of Criminal Acts on Forest and
Land Burning in Riau Province, Diponegoro
Law Review, Vol. 6 No.2, 2017., p. 3
24
Kholiq, M. Abdul. The Urgency of Critical
Thinking and Development of Indonesian
Criminology in the Future. Journal of Law Ius
Quia Iustum, Vol. 7 No. 15, 2000, p. 173
learning and communication process that takes place
from someone in an intimate group. The theory is in
line with the characteristics of the burning of police
by the community because of incompatibility in
carrying out the duties of law enforcement officers,
criminals have learned the actions of other parties in
the same work; similarly the principle of differential
association cannot be ruled out in studying crime. 2.
The theory of social control can be used as an
analytical tool to look for factors that cause people
or groups to burn down the police station.
According to this theory, the perpetrators burn
because the social ties in a person are strong or even
someone already has a social bond with the
community. 3. The neutralization theory can be used
as an analysis tool, because some neutralization
techniques as proposed by Sykes and Mat / a may
also be the reason for the burning of the Treasurer
Police Station. From the description of the
criminology theories, it is connected with the
phenomenon of burning of the Treasurer Police
Department at this time is very much needed as an
evaluation of the application of the law so that it is
necessary to harmonize the law in the context of
criminal provisions in the field of information
technology.
Conclusion
The legal analysis of the burning of the
police station by the community in criminology that
according to anomic theory the influence of social
structure as a correlative factor in the burning of the
Treasurer Police Sector is seen from the disparity
between the objectives to be achieved and the means
used to achieve these goals. This finally makes a
strain (strain) on a person, or community groups so
that they take steps in the form of burning the
Treasurer Police to achieve its goals.
Public trust in the police after the burning of
the police station according to criminological
theories based on the description of the 3 (three)
criminological theories above can be summarized as
follows. 1. Differential association theory can be
used as an analytical tool to find the cause of a
person or group burning a police station. According
to the theory, basically crime is the result of a
learning and communication process that takes place
from someone in an intimate group. The theory is in
line with the characteristics of the burning of police
by the community because of incompatibility in
carrying out the duties of law enforcement officers,
criminals have learned the actions of other parties in
the same work; similarly the principle of differential
association cannot be ruled out in studying crime. 2.
The theory of social control can be used as an
analytical tool to look for factors that cause people
or groups to burn down the police station. According
to this theory, the perpetrators burn because the
social ties in a person are strong or even someone
already has a social bond with the community. 3.
The neutralization theory can be used as an analysis
tool, because some neutralization techniques as
proposed by Sykes and Mat / a may also be the
reason for the burning of the Treasurer Police
Station. From the description of the criminology
theories, it is connected with the phenomenon of
burning of the Treasurer Police at this time
Suggestion
It is recommended to law enforcement
officers especially the Indonesian National Police so
that in the case of arrest of a criminal offender who
has been caught so as not to shoot a perpetrator both
in the case of being caught red-handed or the
perpetrator escaping from the police apparatus that
does not threaten the safety of the apparatus, it must
be apprehended in accordance with Standard
Operating Procedure (SOP) and always safeguard
human rights which are the rights of the perpetrators
as citizens who must be protected.
REFERENCES
Darlius, Criminological Analysis of the Crime of
Burning Public Facilities Due to the Election
of the Mayor of Palopo, Thesis of the Faculty
of Law, Hasanuddin University Makassar,
2014,
Hadi, Satrio Nur. Criminological Analysis of the
Mode of Operation of Child Crimes in
Bandar Lampung. Poenale Journal, Vol. 3
No 2, 2015. p. 1-14
Hagan, John. (Without years). Modern Criminology,
Crime, Criminal Behavior and its Control.
Mc Graw-Hill Inc. Singapore.
Hardianto Djanggih, Nurul Qamar, Application of
Criminological Theories in the Prevention of
Cyber Crimes, Pandecta, Journal of Unnes,
Volume 13. Number 1. June 2018, p. 10-23
https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4269370/gedung-
polsek-di-aceh-tamiang-dibakar-massa
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